Wilhelm Crinius

Wilhelm Crinius (2 December 1920 – 26 April 1997) was a Luftwaffe fighter ace during World War II. A flying ace or fighter ace is a military aviator credited with shooting down five or more enemy aircraft during aerial combat.[1] Crinius is credited with 114 aerial victories claimed in approximately 400 combat missions. He recorded 100 victories over the Eastern Front. Of his 14 victories claimed over the Western Front, one was a four-engined bomber.[2] On 23 September 1942, Crinius became the only German fighter pilot to be awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross and the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves simultaneously.[2]

Wilhelm Crinius
Wilhelm Crinius
Born(1920-12-02)2 December 1920
Hohenhausen in Kalletal
Died26 April 1997(1997-04-26) (aged 76)
Stuhr-Fahrenhorst
Allegiance Nazi Germany
Service/branch Luftwaffe
Years of service1939–45
RankLeutnant (second lieutenant)
UnitJG 53
Battles/warsWorld War II
AwardsKnight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves
Other workSenior manager, private industry

Early life and career

Wilhelm Crinius was born in Hohenhausen, Kalletal on 2 December 1920. His father, also named Wilhelm, was a master craftsman and house painter and decorator, his mother née Tölle.[3] Crinius attended the Volksschule, a primary school, in Hohenhausen from 1927 until 1935. In 1935 he started his merchant apprenticeship at the savings and loans bank in Hohenhausen. Parallel to his apprenticeship, he attended the vocational school. He worked at the saving and loans bank in Hohenhausen as an employee from Easter 1938 until November 1938.[4]

In the summer of 1939, Crinus served in the compulsory labour service (Reichsarbeitsdienst), working in an construction unit on the Westwall, a fortified defensive line on the Germanys western border. In January 1940, Crinius joined the Luftwaffe and was trained as a pilot.[5][Note 1]

World War II

In February 1942, Gefreiter (lance corporal) Crinius was posted to 3. Staffel (3rd squadron) of Jagdgeschwader 53 (JG 53—53rd Fighter Wing) based in Sicily.[Note 2] In March and April 1942, he flew 60 missions over Malta. On 1 April, he was promoted to Unteroffizier (non-commissioned officer). In May 1942, I./JG 53 was transferred to the Eastern Front near Kursk. Crinius achieved his first victories on 9 June when he shot down two Il-2 Sturmoviks. On 8 July, Crinius shot down two Douglas Boston bombers west of Voronezh, although his aircraft was hit by Russian anti-aircraft fire and he was forced to belly-landed his Messerschmitt Bf 109 F-4 (Werknummer 10243—factory number) between the enemy lines, where he was rescued by a German patrol and safely returned to his unit.[7]

In July 1942, I./JG 53 was sent to the southern sector of the Eastern Front, where Crinius claimed his 15th kill on 1 August.[8] He claimed his 24th victory on 11 August 1942. The next day I./JG 53 relocated from Bereska to Tusov, closer to the front and Crinius shot down three Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-3s, bringing his total to 27 victories.[9] Crinius recorded his 49th victory on 27 August which was also the 1,000th victory for I. Gruppe (1st group) of JG 53.[2] After his 55th victory on 1 September he was promoted to Feldwebel (Sergeant). Hereafter Crinius was particularly successful, claiming some 40 victories in August and 46 victories in the timeframe 1–22 September, including his 100th on 22 September.[2] He was the 22nd Luftwaffe pilot to achieve the century mark.[10]

Together with Friedrich-Karl Müller, Crinius received the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub) on 23 September 1942.[11] He was the 127th member of the German armed forces to be so honored. The presentation was made by Adolf Hitler in October at the Führerhauptquartier Werwolf, Hitler's headquarters located in a pine forest about 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) north of Vinnytsia, in Ukraine. Three other Luftwaffe officers were presented with the Oak Leaves that day by Hitler, Oberleutnant Müller, Oberleutnant Wolfgang Tonne and Leutant Hans Beißwenger.[12] Crinius was promoted to Leutnant der Reserve (second lieutenant of the reserves) on 1 October 1942.[12] Following the presentation, Müller, Tonne and Crinius were ordered to Berlin where they made a propaganda appearance at the "House of the Press".[13]

In November 1942, Crinius relocated with I./JG 53 to Tunisia. In Africa, Crinius claimed another 14 victories, including a B-17 Flying Fortress on 26 December 1942 over Bizerte.[14] On 13 January 1943, he engaged in aerial combat with Royal Air Force (RAF) Supermarine Spitfire fighters near El Kala, Crinius' aircraft was hit and he was wounded in the thigh. Breaking off combat, he headed for his base but his engine then caught fire. He ditched his damaged Bf 109 G-2 (Werknummer 10805) in the sea. He spent 24 hours in the water before being rescued by French sailors and Arabs. After hospitalisation for his wounds, Crinius became a prisoner of war.[2][15]

Later life

After World War II, Wilhelm Crinius worked in private industry, serving as a director in the German branch of the Dutch Philips GmbH. He was appointed chairman of the board of directors of the Ernst Düllmann GmbH in 1971.[16] On 18 June 1989, as a pensioner, Crinius ran for the European Parliament in Hesse as candidate for the right-wing German People's Union (Deutsche Volksunion).[17] He died on 26 April 1997 in Stuhr-Fahrenhorst, Lower Saxony.[14]

Summary of career

Aerial victory claims

Matthews and Foreman, authors of Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims, researched the German Federal Archives and found records for 114 aerial victory claims. This figure includes 100 aerial victories on the Eastern Front and 14 over the Western Allies, including one four-engined bomber.[18]

Victory claims were logged to a map-reference (PQ = Planquadrat), for example "PQ 39242". The Luftwaffe grid map (Jägermeldenetz) covered all of Europe, western Russia and North Africa and was composed of rectangles measuring 15 minutes of latitude by 30 minutes of longitude, an area of about 360 square miles (930 km2). These sectors were then subdivided into 36 smaller units to give a location area 3 × 4 km in size.[19]

Awards

Notes

Comments
  1. Flight training in the Luftwaffe progressed through the levels A1, A2 and B1, B2, referred to as A/B flight training. A training included theoretical and practical training in aerobatics, navigation, long-distance flights and dead-stick landings. The B courses included high-altitude flights, instrument flights, night landings and training to handle the aircraft in difficult situations.[6]
  2. For an explanation of Luftwaffe unit designations see Organization of the Luftwaffe during World War II.
  3. According to Matthews and Foreman claimed at 12:32.[25]
  4. According to Matthews and Foreman claimed at 05:18.[25]
  5. According to Matthews and Foreman claimed at 10:35.[25]
  6. According to Matthews and Foreman claimed at 04:46.[26]
  7. According to Matthews and Foreman claimed at 13:23.[25]
  8. According to Matthews and Foreman claimed at 05:28.[25]
  9. According to Matthews and Foreman claimed at 13:27.[25]
  10. According to Matthews and Foreman claimed as a Petlyakov Pe-2.[25]
  11. According to Matthews and Foreman claimed at 10:37.[33]
  12. This claim is not listed by Matthews and Foreman.[25]
  13. According to Matthews and Foreman claimed at 11:42.[25]
  14. According to Matthews and Foreman claimed at 14:33.[33]
  15. According to Matthews and Foreman claimed at 15:48.[25]
  16. According to Matthews and Foreman claimed at 14:02.[33]
  17. According to Matthews and Foreman claimed at 14:05.[33]
  18. According to Matthews and Foreman claimed at 04:47.[25]
  19. This claim is by Matthews and Foreman,[25] but not by Prien, Stemmer, Rodeike and Bock.[21]
  20. According to MacLean on 30 April 1942.[43]
  21. According to MacLean on 25 June 1942.[43]
  22. According to Obermaier on 9 September 1942.[2]

Locations
  1. Nizhniy Chir: 48°21′51″N 43°04′54″E

References

Citations
  1. Spick 1996, pp. 3–4.
  2. Obermaier 1989, p. 53.
  3. MacLean 2007, p. 99.
  4. MacLean 2007, p. 98.
  5. Stockert 2012, pp. 82–83.
  6. Bergström, Antipov & Sundin 2003, p. 17.
  7. Prien 1998, pp. 413, 432.
  8. Prien 1998, p. 416.
  9. Prien 1998, p. 419.
  10. Obermaier 1989, p. 243.
  11. Prien 1998, p. 429.
  12. Stockert 2012, p. 83.
  13. Prien 1998, pp. 429–430.
  14. MacLean 2007, p. 97.
  15. Scutts 1994, p. 56.
  16. "Chronicle" (web). Die Zeit (in German). 18 June 1989. Retrieved 4 June 2010.
  17. "Ballot of 1989 EP elections - List 14" (PDF). Wiesbaden (in German). 18 June 1989. Retrieved 2 June 2010.
  18. Matthews & Foreman 2014, pp. 193–195.
  19. Planquadrat.
  20. Prien et al. 2006, p. 21.
  21. Prien et al. 2006, p. 31.
  22. Prien et al. 2006, p. 22.
  23. Prien et al. 2006, p. 32.
  24. Prien et al. 2006, p. 23.
  25. Matthews & Foreman 2014, p. 194.
  26. Matthews & Foreman 2014, p. 193.
  27. Prien et al. 2006, p. 24.
  28. Prien et al. 2006, p. 25.
  29. Prien et al. 2006, p. 26.
  30. Prien et al. 2006, p. 27.
  31. Prien et al. 2006, p. 33.
  32. Prien et al. 2006, p. 28.
  33. Matthews & Foreman 2014, p. 195.
  34. Prien et al. 2006, p. 29.
  35. Prien et al. 2006, p. 35.
  36. Prien et al. 2006, p. 36.
  37. Prien et al. 2006, p. 30.
  38. Prien et al. 2006, p. 37.
  39. Prien et al. 2006, p. 38.
  40. Prien et al. 2004, p. 81.
  41. Prien et al. 2010, p. 469.
  42. Thomas 1997, p. 105.
  43. MacLean 2007, p. 96.
  44. Patzwall 2008, p. 63.
  45. Scherzer 2007, p. 263.
  46. Fellgiebel 2000, p. 155.
  47. Fellgiebel 2000, p. 61.

Bibliography
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  • Bergström, Christer; Antipov, Vlad; Sundin, Claes (2003). Graf & Grislawski – A Pair of Aces. Hamilton MT: Eagle Editions. ISBN 978-0-9721060-4-7.
  • Fellgiebel, Walther-Peer (2000) [1986]. Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945 — Die Inhaber der höchsten Auszeichnung des Zweiten Weltkrieges aller Wehrmachtteile [The Bearers of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939–1945 — The Owners of the Highest Award of the Second World War of all Wehrmacht Branches] (in German). Friedberg, Germany: Podzun-Pallas. ISBN 978-3-7909-0284-6.
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