List of countries by economic complexity

This list orders countries by their economic complexity index (ECI), as it was defined and calculated by Cesar A. Hidalgo and Ricardo Hausmann.

this image displays the non-ubiquity of national exports
Map and Scatterplot of Countries by Economic Complexity

Country rankings
Country Complexity Rankings[1]
Rank Country Economic complexity index (2018) Change in 5 years
(2013-18)		 Change in 10 years
(2008-18)
1  Japan 2.43
2   Switzerland 2.17 1 1
3  South Korea 2.11 4 8
4  Germany 2.09 2 2
5  Singapore 1.85 1
6  Austria 1.81 2 1
7  Czech Republic 1.80 1 2
8  Sweden 1.70 3
9  Hungary 1.66 5
10  Slovenia 1.62 3 3
11  United States 1.55 1 1
12  Finland 1.55 2 1
13  United Kingdom 1.51 2 5
14  Italy 1.44 2 3
15  Slovakia 1.41 1
16  France 1.37 2 1
17  Ireland 1.36 7
18  China 1.34 6
19  Mexico 1.29
20  Israel 1.20 6 3
21  Belgium 1.18 1 1
22  Thailand 1.17 2 9
23  Poland 1.10 2
24  Denmark 1.09 3 6
25  Romania 1.09 5
26  Malaysia 1.03 3 1
27  Netherlands 0.98 5
28  Estonia 0.96 2 4
29  Belarus 0.89 7 1
30  Croatia 0.87 1 1
31  Lithuania 0.86 5 10
32  Spain 0.83 4 7
33  Portugal 0.80 1 1
34  Latvia 0.70 3 6
35  Philippines 0.67 3 10
36  Saudi Arabia 0.67 33 71
37  Bosnia and Herzegovina 0.67 4 1
38  Serbia 0.67 1 2
39  Canada 0.65 2
40  Turkey 0.64 2 2
41  Bulgaria 0.55 1 5
42  India 0.54 10 8
43  Norway 0.44 8 8
44  Ukraine 0.37 1
45  Lebanon 0.35 2
46  Tunisia 0.34 2 8
47  Costa Rica 0.33 4 10
48  Bahrain 0.30 10 37
49  Brazil 0.21 2 1
50  Cyprus 0.18 4 24
51  Jordan 0.17 1 2
52  Vietnam 0.14 11 11
53  El Salvador 0.13 2 7
54  New Zealand 0.13 5 3
55  Greece 0.11 2 3
56  Colombia 0.10 4 3
57  North Macedonia 0.07 11 8
58  Trinidad and Tobago 0.05 24 23
59  Kyrgyzstan 0.04 11 8
60  Uruguay 0.02 6 5
61  Indonesia 0.02 1 1
62  United Arab Emirates -0.01 18 6
63  South Africa -0.02 7 7
64  Russia -0.04 1 3
65  Georgia -0.04 1 21
66  Egypt -0.06 1 4
67  Eswatini -0.08 6 34
68  Tanzania -0.09 25 28
69  Mauritius -0.17 3 3
70  Dominican Republic -0.18 4 6
71  Moldova -0.18 18 13
72  Chile -0.18 1
73  Argentina -0.21 14 14
74  Panama -0.24 42 37
75  Qatar -0.31 14 36
76  Albania -0.32 7
77  Kenya -0.34 2 1
78  Sri Lanka -0.36 1 9
79  Armenia -0.39 8 32
80  Uzbekistan -0.41 18 9
81  Namibia -0.43 3 15
82  Guatemala -0.45 9 11
83  Oman -0.48 14 17
84  Botswana -0.48 11 9
85  Mali -0.49 33 8
86  Uganda -0.50 2 5
87  Australia -0.53 3 5
88  Burkina Faso -0.55 12 28
89  Paraguay -0.55 2 1
90  Cambodia -0.56 1 12
91  Morocco -0.56 6 4
92  Jamaica -0.58 11 18
93  Kazakhstan -0.59 16 1
94  Zambia -0.62 15 12
95  Senegal -0.63 7 2
96  Laos -0.63 12 5
97  Ethiopia -0.66 19 7
98  Honduras -0.67 4 1
99  Pakistan -0.68 3 20
100  Kuwait -0.70 19 33
101  Iran -0.71 31 21
102  Togo -0.78 16 12
103  Ghana -0.80 4 2
104  Peru -0.81 12 20
105  Nicaragua -0.84 3 7
106  Turkmenistan -0.84 11 2
107  Monaco -0.88 13 11
108  Bangladesh -0.88 2 14
109  Zimbabwe -0.93 2 26
110  Ivory Coast -0.96 1 5
111  Myanmar -0.97 4 6
112  Ecuador -0.97 7 13
113  Madagascar -1.01 12 18
114  Mauritania -1.03 18 13
115  Bolivia -1.04 1 12
116  Tajikistan -1.09 4 3
117  Cuba -1.11 41 37
118  Malawi -1.12 15 6
119  Venezuela -1.14 2 1
120  Liberia -1.15 16 10
121  Mozambique -1.25 8 7
122  Algeria -1.31 7 2
123  Yemen -1.31 1 4
124  Azerbaijan -1.37 1 3
125  Republic of the Congo -1.42 3 3
126  Gabon -1.43 4
127  Guinea -1.43 4 2
128  Libya -1.46 5 1
129  Cameroon -1.60 19 20
130  Papua New Guinea -1.68 3 3
131  Angola -1.71 7
132  Democratic Republic of the Congo -1.80 6 9
133  Nigeria -1.90 2 3


Factors affecting differences between countries

As an illustration, we can observe the differences between Egypt and Thailand in ECI ranking between the years of 1995 and 2015, let us use the below figures as an example:

RankCountryECI ValueYear
45Thailand0.301995
75Egypt-0.411995
24Thailand1.062015
68Egypt-0.232015
  • Difference in 1995: 0.71 ECI points for Thailand
  • Difference in 2015: 1.28824 ECI points for Thailand
  • Increase for Egypt 1995-2015: 0.18037 ECI Points
  • Increase for Thailand 1995-2015: 0.7575 ECI Points

When we dig deeper into the export data of both countries, we can deduce that the differences were mainly in the composition of their relative export baskets. The more countries direct their efforts to more sophisticated products, the more it is reflected in the ECI score, and hence their potential economic growth.

For example, from 1995-2015, Thailand appears to have phased away from largely ubiquitous products “fur: 0.1 on the Product Complexity Index ("PCI"), Leather: 0.9 PCI, footwear: -0.7 PCI”, and focused their exports into products that few other countries can make “Cars: 2.47 PCI, parts and accessories of motor vehicles: 3.18 PCI, motor vehicles for transporting good: 1.87 PCI”.

Egypt, on the other hand, also experienced an increase in complexity, albeit much less than the one experienced by Thailand. They had a relatively high growth as a share of their total export portfolio in monitors and projectors: 0.9 PCI, but they also had a growth in insulated wires which has a PCI of -0.48.

So, in general, we can observe that Thailand has expanded in products with higher PCI than the ones they phased out from, while Egypt expanded in some higher PCI products, and also some lower ones hence the difference in ECI growth between the two.

For reference data, please go to http://atlas.cid.harvard.edu.

References
  1. "Complexity rankingsThe Atlas of Economic Complexity". Harvard' Growth Lab Viz Hub. Retrieved 2020-10-31.
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