List of endangered languages in Europe
An endangered language is a language that is at risk of falling out of use, generally because it has few surviving speakers. If it loses all of its native speakers, it becomes an extinct language. A language may be endangered in one area but show signs of revitalisation in another, as with the Irish language.
Levels of language endangerment
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization defines five levels of language endangerment between "safe" (not endangered) and "extinct":[1]
- Vulnerable - "most children speak the language, but it may be restricted to certain domains (e.g., home)"
- Definitely endangered - "children no longer learn the language as mother tongue in the home"
- Severely endangered - "language is spoken by grandparents and older generations; while the parent generation may understand it, they do not speak it to children or among themselves"
- Critically endangered - "the youngest speakers are grandparents and older, and they speak the language partially and infrequently"
- Extinct - "there are no speakers left; included in the Atlas if presumably extinct since the 1950s"
The list below includes the findings from the third edition of Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger (2010; formerly the Red Book of Endangered Languages), as well as the online edition of that publication, both published by UNESCO.[2]
List of languages
Albania • Armenia • Azerbaijan • Belarus • Belgium • Bosnia and Herzegovina • Bulgaria • Croatia • Cyprus • Czech Republic • Denmark • Estonia • Finland • France • Georgia • Germany • Greece • Hungary • Ireland • Italy • Kazakhstan • Latvia • Liechtenstein • Lithuania • Luxembourg • Moldova • Monaco • Montenegro • Netherlands • North Macedonia • Norway • Poland • Portugal • Romania • Russia • San Marino • Serbia • Slovakia • Slovenia • Spain • Sweden • Switzerland • Turkey • Ukraine • United Kingdom
| Language | Status | Notes | ISO 639-3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Albania | |||
| Aromanian | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, North Macedonia, Serbia, Kosovo | rup |
| Judezmo | Severely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Algeria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, North Macedonia, Morocco, Romania, Serbia, Turkey | lad |
| Romani | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom | rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy |
| Torlakian | Vulnerable[1] | Also spoken in: Bulgaria, North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia | bos, hrv, srp |
| Armenia | |||
| Pontic Greek | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Georgia, Greece, Russia, Turkey, Ukraine | pnt |
| Suret | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Iran, Iraq, Syria, Turkey | aii, cld |
| Austria | |||
| Alemannic | Vulnerable[3] | Also spoken in: France, Germany, Italy, Liechtenstein, Switzerland | gsw, swg, wae |
| Bavarian | Vulnerable[1] | Also spoken in: Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Switzerland | bar |
| Burgenland Croatian | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Hungary, Slovakia | bos, hrv, srp |
| Romani | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Albania, Czech Republic, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom | rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy |
| Yiddish | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom | ydd |
| Azerbaijan | |||
| Budukh | Severely endangered[1] | bdk | |
| Juhuri | Definitely endangered[1] | Caucasus. Also spoken in: Russia | jdt |
| Khinalug | Severely endangered[1] | kjj | |
| Kryz | Severely endangered[1] | kry | |
| Lezgian | Vulnerable[1] | Also spoken in: Russia | lez |
| Rutul | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Russia | rut |
| Talysh | Vulnerable[1] | Also spoken in: Iran | tly |
| Tat | Severely endangered[1] | ttt | |
| Tsakhur | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Russia | tkr |
| Udi | Severely endangered[1] | (Azerbaijan) | udi |
| Belarus | |||
| Belarusian | Vulnerable[1] | Also spoken in: Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Russia, Ukraine | bel |
| Polesian | Vulnerable[1] | Also spoken in: Poland, Ukraine | |
| Romani | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom | rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy |
| Yiddish | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom | ydd |
| Belgium | |||
| Champenois | Severely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: France | fra |
| Limburgian-Ripuarian | Vulnerable[1] | Also spoken in: Germany, Netherlands | ksh, lim |
| Lorrain | Severely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: France | fra |
| Moselle Franconian | Vulnerable[1] | Also spoken in: France, Germany, Luxembourg | ltz |
| Picard | Severely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: France | pcd |
| Walloon | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: France, Luxembourg | wln |
| West Flemish | Vulnerable[1] | Also spoken in: France, Netherlands | vls, zea |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | |||
| Judezmo | Severely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Albania, Algeria, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, North Macedonia, Morocco, Romania, Serbia, Turkey | lad |
| Romani | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom | rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy |
| Bulgaria | |||
| Aromanian | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Albania, Greece, North Macedonia, Serbia | rup |
| Crimean Tatar | Severely endangered[1] | (Dobruja). Also spoken in: Romania, Russia, Ukraine | crh, jct |
| Deli Orman Gagauz | Critically endangered[1] | (Deli Orman) | bgx, gag |
| Judezmo | Severely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Albania, Algeria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Greece, North Macedonia, Morocco, Romania, Serbia, Turkey | lad |
| Maritime Gagauz | Severely endangered[1] | (Maritime). Also spoken in: Romania | bgx, gag |
| Romani | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Czech Republic, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom | rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy |
| Torlakian | Vulnerable[1] | Also spoken in: Albania, North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia | bos, hrv, srp |
| Croatia | |||
| Arbanasi | Severely endangered[1] | ||
| Istriot | Severely endangered[1] | ist | |
| Istro-Romanian | Severely endangered[1] | ruo | |
| Judezmo | Severely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Albania, Algeria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Greece, North Macedonia, Morocco, Romania, Serbia, Turkey | lad |
| Romani | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom | rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy |
| Venetian | Vulnerable[1] | Also spoken in: Italy, Slovenia | vec |
| Vojvodina Rusyn | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Serbia | |
| Cyprus | |||
| Cypriot Arabic | Severely endangered[1] | acy | |
| Czech Republic | |||
| Bavarian | Vulnerable[1] | Also spoken in: Austria, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Switzerland | bar |
| East Franconian | Vulnerable[1] | Also spoken in: Germany | vmf |
| Romani | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom | rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy |
| Yiddish | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom | ydd |
| Denmark | |||
| Faroese | Vulnerable[1] | fao | |
| Low Saxon | Vulnerable[1] | Also spoken in: Germany, Netherlands, Poland, Russia | act, drt, frs, gos, nds, sdz, stl, twd, vel, wep |
| Scanian | Vulnerable[1] | Also spoken in: Sweden | swe |
| South Jutish | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Germany | jut |
| Yiddish | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom | ydd |
| Estonia | |||
| Romani | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Croatia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom | rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy |
| Võro-Seto | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Russia | est |
| Yiddish | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom | ydd |
| Finland | |||
| Inari Saami | Severely endangered[1] | smn | |
| Karelian | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Russia | krl |
| North Saami | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Norway, Russia, Sweden | sme |
| Olonetsian | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Russia | olo |
| Romani | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom | rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy |
| Skolt Saami | Severely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Norway, Russia | sms |
| Yiddish | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom | ydd |
| France | |||
| Alemannic | Vulnerable[3] | Also spoken in: Austria, Germany,Italy, Liechtenstein, Switzerland | gsw, swg, wae |
| Alpine Provençal | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Italy | oci |
| Auvergnat | Severely endangered[1] | oci | |
| Basque | Vulnerable[1] | Also spoken in: Spain | eus |
| Breton | Severely endangered[1] | bre | |
| Burgundian | Severely endangered[1] | fra | |
| Champenois | Severely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Belgium | fra |
| Corsican | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Italy | cos |
| Franc-Comtois | Severely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Switzerland | fra |
| Franco-Provençal | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Italy, Switzerland | frp |
| Gallo | Severely endangered[1] | fra | |
| Gascon | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Spain | oci |
| Languedocian | Severely endangered[1] | oci | |
| Ligurian | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Italy, Monaco | lij |
| Limousin | Severely endangered[1] | oci | |
| Lorrain | Severely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Belgium | fra |
| Moselle Franconian | Vulnerable[1] | Also spoken in: Belgium, Germany, Luxembourg | ltz |
| Norman | Severely endangered[1] | nrn | |
| Picard | Severely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Belgium | pcd |
| Poitevin-Saintongeais | Severely endangered[1] | fra | |
| Provençal | Severely endangered[1] | oci | |
| Rhenish Franconian | Vulnerable[1] | Also spoken in: Germany | pfl |
| Romani | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom | rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy |
| Walloon | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Belgium, Luxembourg | wln |
| West Flemish | Vulnerable[1] | Also spoken in: Belgium, Netherlands | vls, zea |
| Yiddish | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom | ydd |
| Georgia | |||
| Abkhaz | Vulnerable[1] | Also spoken in: Russia, Turkey | abk |
| Bats | Severely endangered[1] | bbl | |
| Bohtan Neo-Aramaic | Severely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Russia | bhn |
| Homshetsma | Severely endangered[1] | (Caucasus). Also spoken in: Russia | hye |
| Laz | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Turkey | lzz |
| Mingrelian | Definitely endangered[1] | xmf | |
| Ossete | Vulnerable[1] | Also spoken in: Russia | oss |
| Pontic Greek | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Armenia, Greece, Russia, Turkey, Ukraine | pnt |
| Svan | Definitely endangered[1] | sva | |
| Udi | Severely endangered[1] | (Georgia) . | udi |
| Urum | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Russia, Ukraine | uum |
| Germany | |||
| Alemannic | Vulnerable[3] | Also spoken in: Austria, France, Italy, Liechtenstein, Switzerland | gsw, swg, wae |
| Bavarian | Vulnerable[1] | Also spoken in: Austria, Czech Republic, Hungary, Italy, Switzerland | bar |
| East Franconian | Vulnerable[1] | Also spoken in: Czech Republic | vmf |
| Limburgish–Ripuarian | Vulnerable[1] | Also spoken in: Belgium, Netherlands | lim |
| Low Saxon | Vulnerable[1] | Also spoken in: Denmark, Netherlands, Poland, Russia | act, drt, frs, gos, nds, sdz, stl, twd, vel, wep |
| Moselle Franconian | Vulnerable[1] | Also spoken in: Belgium, France, Luxembourg | ltz |
| North Frisian | Severely endangered[1] | frr | |
| Rhenish Franconian | Vulnerable[1] | Also spoken in: France | pfl |
| Romani | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom | rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy |
| Saterlandic | Severely endangered[1] | stq | |
| Sorbian | Definitely endangered[1] | dsb, hsb | |
| South Jutish | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Denmark | jut |
| Yiddish | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom | ydd |
| Greece | |||
| Aromanian | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Albania, Bulgaria, North Macedonia, Serbia | rup |
| Arvanitika | Severely endangered[1] | aat | |
| Cappadocian Greek | Critically endangered[1] | cpg | |
| Corfiot Italkian | Critically endangered[1] | ||
| Gagauz (South Balkans) | Severely endangered[1] | (South Balkans) . Also spoken in: North Macedonia, Turkey | bgx, gag |
| Judezmo | Severely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Albania, Algeria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, North Macedonia, Morocco, Romania, Serbia, Turkey | lad |
| Megleno-Romanian | Severely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: North Macedonia | ruq |
| Pontic Greek | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Armenia, Georgia, Russia, Turkey, Ukraine | pnt |
| Romani | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom | rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy |
| Tsakonian | Critically endangered[1] | tsd | |
| Hungary | |||
| Bavarian | Vulnerable[1] | Also spoken in: Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Italy, Switzerland | bar |
| Burgenland Croatian | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Austria, Slovakia | bos, hrv, srp |
| Romani | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom | rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy |
| Rusyn | Vulnerable[1] | Also spoken in: Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Ukraine | rue |
| Yiddish | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom | ydd |
| Ireland | |||
| Irish | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: United Kingdom | gle |
| Shelta | Critically endangered[4] | sth | |
| Italy | |||
| Alemannic | Vulnerable[3] | Also spoken in: Austria, France, Germany, Liechtenstein, Switzerland | gsw, swg, wae |
| Algherese (Catalan) | Definitely endangered[1] | cat | |
| Alpine Provençal | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: France | oci |
| Arbëresh | Definitely endangered[1] | aae | |
| Bavarian | Vulnerable[1] | Also spoken in: Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Switzerland | bar |
| Cimbrian | Definitely endangered[1] | cim | |
| Corsican | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: France | cos |
| Emilian | Definitely endangered[1] | egl | |
| Faetar | Definitely endangered[1] | An outlying dialect of Francoprovençal | frp |
| Franco-Provençal | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: France, Switzerland | frp |
| Friulan | Definitely endangered[1] | fur | |
| Gallo-Italic of Sicily | Definitely endangered[1] | lmo | |
| Gallurese | Definitely endangered[1] | An outlying dialect of Corsican, yet listed as being part of Sardinian by UNESCO | sdn |
| Gardiol | Severely endangered[1] | An outlying dialect of Alpine Provençal | |
| Griko | Severely endangered[1] | An outlying dialect of Greek spoken in Calabria and Salento | ell |
| Ladin | Definitely endangered[1] | lld | |
| Ligurian | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: France, Monaco | lij |
| Lombard | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Switzerland | lmo |
| Mòcheno | Definitely endangered[1] | An outlying dialect of Bavarian | mhn |
| Molise Croatian | Severely endangered[1] | svm | |
| Piedmontese | Definitely endangered[1] | pms | |
| Resian | Definitely endangered[1] | An outlying dialect of Slovene | slv |
| Romagnol | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: San Marino | rgn |
| Romani | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom | rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy |
| Sardinian | Definitely endangered[1] | src, sro | |
| Sassarese | Definitely endangered[1] | An outlying dialect of Corsican, yet listed as being part of Sardinian by UNESCO | sdc |
| Sicilian | Vulnerable[1] | scn | |
| South Italian | Vulnerable[1] | nap | |
| Swabian German | Severely endangered[1] | swg | |
| Swiss German | Severely endangered[1] | gsw | |
| Töitschu | Severely endangered[1] | An outlying dialect of Alemannic | gsw, swg, wae |
| Venetian | Vulnerable[1] | Also spoken in: Croatia, Slovenia | vec |
| Walser | Severely endangered[1] | wae | |
| Yiddish | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom | ydd |
| Kazakhstan | |||
| Dungan | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Kyrgyzstan | dng |
| Latvia | |||
| Belarusian | Vulnerable[1] | Also spoken in: Belarus, Lithuania, Poland, Russia, Ukraine | bel |
| Latgalian | Vulnerable[1] | Also spoken in: Russia | lav |
| Livonian | Critically endangered[1] | liv | |
| Romani | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom | rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy |
| Yiddish | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom | ydd |
| Liechtenstein | |||
| Alemannic | Vulnerable[3] | Also spoken in: Austria, France, Germany, Italy, Switzerland | gsw, swg, wae |
| Lithuania | |||
| Belarusian | Vulnerable[1] | Also spoken in: Belarus, Latvia, Poland, Russia, Ukraine | bel |
| Karaim | Severely endangered[1] | (Lithuania). | kdr |
| Romani | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom | rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy |
| Yiddish | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom | ydd |
| Luxembourg | |||
| Moselle Franconian | Vulnerable[1] | Also spoken in: Belgium, France, Germany | ltz |
| Walloon | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Belgium, France | wln |
| Yiddish | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Norway, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom | ydd |
| Moldova | |||
| Gagauz (Bessarabia) | Critically endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Bulgaria, Romania, Russia, Ukraine | bgx, gag |
| Monaco | |||
| Ligurian | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: France, Italy | lij |
| Montenegro | |||
| Romani | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom | rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy |
| Netherlands | |||
| Limburgish | Vulnerable[1] | Also spoken in: Belgium, Germany | lim |
| Low Saxon | Vulnerable[1] | Also spoken in: Denmark, Germany, Poland, Russia | act, drt, frs, gos, nds, sdz, stl, twd, vel, wep |
| Romani | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom | rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy |
| West Flemish | Vulnerable[1] | Also spoken in: Belgium, France | vls, zea |
| West Frisian | Vulnerable[1] | fry | |
| Yiddish | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom | ydd |
| North Macedonia | |||
| Aromanian | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Serbia | rup |
| Megleno-Romanian | Severely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Greece | ruq |
| Romani | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom | rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy |
| Norway | |||
| Lule Saami | Severely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Sweden | smj |
| North Saami | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Finland, Russia, Sweden | sme |
| Pite Saami | Critically endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Sweden | sje |
| Skolt Saami | Severely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Finland, Russia | sms |
| South Saami | Severely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Sweden | sma |
| Yiddish | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom | ydd |
| Poland | |||
| Belarusian | Vulnerable[1] | Also spoken in: Belarus, Latvia, Lithuania, Russia, Ukraine | bel |
| Kashubian | Severely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Canada | csb |
| Low Saxon | Vulnerable[1] | Also spoken in: Denmark, Germany, Netherlands, Russia | act, drt, frs, gos, nds, sdz, stl, twd, vel, wep |
| Polesian | Vulnerable[1] | Also spoken in: Belarus, Ukraine | |
| Romani | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom | rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy |
| Rusyn | Vulnerable[1] | Also spoken in: Hungary, Romania, Slovakia, Ukraine | rue |
| Vilamovian | Severely endangered[1] | wym | |
| Yiddish | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Netherlands, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom | ydd |
| Portugal | |||
| Asturian-Leonese | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Spain | ast, ext, mwl |
| Romania | |||
| Banat Bulgarian | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Serbia | bul |
| Crimean Tatar | Severely endangered[1] | (Dobruja) . Also spoken in: Bulgaria, Russia, Ukraine | crh, jct |
| Csángó | Severely endangered.[1] | hun | |
| Gagauz (Bessarabia) | Severely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Bulgaria, Moldova, Russia, Ukraine | bgx, gag |
| Judezmo | Severely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Albania, Algeria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, North Macedonia, Morocco, Turkey, Serbia | lad |
| Nogay | Severely endangered[1] | (Dobruja) . | nog |
| Romani | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom | rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy |
| Rusyn | Vulnerable[1] | Also spoken in: Hungary, Poland, Slovakia, Ukraine | rue |
| Torlakian | Vulnerable[1] | Also spoken in: Albania, Bulgaria, North Macedonia, Serbia | bos, hrv, srp |
| Transylvanian Saxon | Severely endangered[1] | ||
| Yiddish | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Netherlands, Poland, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom | ydd |
| Russia | |||
| San Marino | |||
| Emilian-Romagnol | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Italy | eml |
| Serbia | |||
| Aromanian | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, North Macedonia | rup |
| Banat Bulgarian | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Romania | bul |
| Judezmo | Severely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Albania, Algeria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, North Macedonia, Morocco, Romania, Turkey | lad |
| Romani | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom | rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy |
| Torlakian | Vulnerable[1] | Also spoken in: Albania, Bulgaria, North Macedonia, Romania | bos, hrv, srp |
| Vojvodina Rusyn | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Croatia | |
| Slovakia | |||
| Burgenland Croatian | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Austria, Hungary | bos, hrv, srp |
| Eastern Slovak | Vulnerable[1] | Also spoken in: Ukraine | slk |
| Romani | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom | rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy |
| Rusyn | Vulnerable[1] | Also spoken in: Hungary, Poland, Romania, Ukraine | rue |
| Yiddish | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom | ydd |
| Slovenia | |||
| Gottscheerish | Critically endangered[1] | ||
| Romani | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom | rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy |
| Venetian | Vulnerable[1] | Also spoken in: Croatia, Italy | vec |
| Spain | |||
| Aragonese | Definitely endangered[1] | arg | |
| Asturian-Leonese | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Portugal | ast, ext, mwl |
| Basque | Vulnerable[1] | Also spoken in: France | eus |
| Gascon | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: France | oci |
| Sweden | |||
| Dalecarlian | Definitely endangered[1] | swe | |
| Modern Gutnish | Definitely endangered[1] | swe | |
| Lule Saami | Severely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Norway | smj |
| North Saami | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Finland, Norway, Russia | sme |
| Pite Saami | Critically endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Norway | sje |
| Scanian | Vulnerable[1] | swe | |
| South Saami | Severely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Norway | sma |
| Ume Saami | Critically endangered[1] | sju | |
| Yiddish | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom | ydd |
| Switzerland | |||
| Alemannic | Vulnerable[3] | Also spoken in: Austria, France, Germany, Italy, Liechtenstein | gsw, swg, wae |
| Bavarian | Vulnerable[1] | Also spoken in: Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Italy | bar |
| Franc-Comtois | Severely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: France | fra |
| Franco-Provençal | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: France, Italy | frp |
| Lombard | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Italy | lmo |
| Romani | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom | rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy |
| Romansh | Definitely endangered[1] | roh | |
| Yiddish | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Ukraine, United Kingdom | ydd |
| Turkey | |||
| Abaza | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Russia | abq |
| Abkhaz | Vulnerable[1] | Also spoken in: Georgia, Russia | abk |
| Adyge | Vulnerable[1] | Also spoken in: Iraq, Israel, Jordan, North Macedonia, Russia, Syria | ady |
| Gagauz (South Balkans) | Severely endangered[1] | (South Balkans) Also spoken in: Greece, North Macedonia | bgx |
| Homshetsma | Definitely endangered[1] | hye | |
| Judezmo | Severely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Albania, Algeria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, North Macedonia, Morocco, Romania, Serbia | lad |
| Kabard-Cherkes | Vulnerable[1] | Also spoken in: Russia | kbd |
| Laz | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Georgia | lzz |
| Pontic Greek | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Armenia, Georgia, Greece, Russia, Ukraine | pnt |
| Romani | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom | rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy |
| Suret | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Armenia, Iran, Iraq, Syria | aii, cld |
| Western Armenian | Definitely endangered[1] | hye | |
| Zazaki | Vulnerable[1] | zza | |
| Ukraine | |||
| Belarusian | Vulnerable[1] | Also spoken in: Belarus, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Russia | bel |
| Crimean Tatar | Severely endangered[1] | (Crimea). Also spoken in Bulgaria, Romania, Russia | crh, jct |
| Crimean Turkish | Severely endangered[1] | ||
| Eastern Slovak | Vulnerable[1] | Also spoken in: Slovakia | slk |
| Gagauz | Definitely endangered[1] | (Bessarabia). Also spoken in: Moldova | bgx, gag |
| Karaim | Critically endangered[1] | (Western Ukraine) | kdr |
| Mariupolitan Greek | Severely endangered[1] | ell | |
| Nogay | Severely endangered[1] | (Crimea) | nog |
| Plautdietsch | Definitely endangered[1] | pdt | |
| Polesian | Vulnerable[1] | Also spoken in: Belarus, Poland | |
| Pontic Greek | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Armenia, Georgia, Greece, Russia, Turkey | pnt |
| Romani | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom | rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy |
| Rusyn | Vulnerable[1] | Also spoken in: Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia | rue |
| Urum | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Georgia, Russia | uum |
| Yiddish | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom | ydd |
| United Kingdom and Crown dependencies | |||
| Cornish | Critically endangered[1] | cor | |
| Guernsey French | Severely endangered[1] | (Guernsey) | fra |
| Irish | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Ireland | gle |
| Jersey French | Severely endangered[1] | (Jersey) | fra |
| Manx | Critically endangered[1] | (Isle of Man) | glv |
| Romani | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine | rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy |
| Scots | Vulnerable[1] | sco | |
| Scottish Gaelic | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Canada | gla |
| Welsh | Vulnerable[1] | Also spoken in: Patagonia | cym |
| Yiddish | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine | ydd |
See also
 |
Wikiversity has learning resources about Endangered languages of Europe |
References
- Moseley, Christopher, ed. (2010). Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger. Memory of Peoples (3rd ed.). Paris: UNESCO Publishing. ISBN 978-92-3-104096-2. Retrieved 2015-04-11.
- For the online atlas version see here
- "UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger - Interactive Map." (Alemannic was added to the list as "Vulnerable" in July, 2017)
- https://alphaomegatranslations.com/foreign-language/three-unique-languages-of-ireland/
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