List of presidents of Portugal

The complete list of presidents of the Portuguese Republic consists of the 20 heads of state in the history of Portugal since the 5 October 1910 revolution that installed a republican regime. This list includes not only those persons who were sworn into office as President of Portugal but also those who de facto served as head of state since 1910. This is the case of Teófilo Braga who served as President of the Provisional Government after the republican coup d'état. Also Sidónio Pais, Mendes Cabeçadas, Gomes da Costa, as well as Canto e Castro and Óscar Carmona in their early months, were not sworn into office as presidents of the Republic, usually being prime ministers, but de facto accumulated this function, thus combining in practice head of state and head of government in one person. See the notes for more information.

For Portuguese heads of state prior to 1910, see list of Portuguese monarchs.
President of the
Portuguese Republic
Incumbent
Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa
since 9 March 2016
StyleExcellency
ResidenceBelém Palace
Term lengthFive years, renewable once; may run for third and final non-consecutive term.
Inaugural holderManuel de Arriaga
Formation5 October 1910
Websitehttp://www.presidencia.pt/
Portugal
This article is part of a series on the
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Presidents

The numbering reflects the uninterrupted terms in office served by a single man. For example, Jorge Sampaio served two consecutive terms and is counted as the 19th president (not the 19th and 20th). Teófilo Braga served as the first and sole president of the Provisional Government, and therefore is not considered to be the first president, although he would serve again as head of state and be the second president after the resignation of Manuel de Arriaga. However, Bernardino Machado served two non-consecutive terms, and he is counted as both the third and the eighth presidents. Because of this, the list below contains 20 presidencies, but only 19 presidents.

Under the Constitution of Portugal adopted in 1976, in the wake of the 1974 Carnation Revolution, the president is elected to a five-year term; there is no limit to the number of terms a president may serve, but a president who serves two consecutive terms may not serve again in the next five years after the second term finishes.

The official residence of the president of Portugal is the Belém Palace.

The current president of Portugal is Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa, the winner of the 2016 presidential election.

The colors indicate the political affiliation of each president.

     Republican
     Democratic
     National Republican/Sidonist
     Evolutionist Party/Republican Liberal
     National Union/Popular National Action
     Democratic Renewal
     Socialist
     Social Democratic
     No party

First Republic (1910–1926)
No. President
(Birth–Death)		 Portrait Elected Term of office Political party Ref.
President of the Provisional Government of the Republic (1910–1911)
- Teófilo Braga[1]
(1843–1924)		 – October 5, 1910 August 24, 1911 Republican
Presidents of the Republic (1911–1926)
1 Manuel de Arriaga
(1840–1917)		 1911 August 24, 1911 May 26, 1915[R] Republican
later Democratic 		[2][3]
2 Teófilo Braga
(1843–1924)		 May
1915		 May 29, 1915 October 5, 1915 Democratic [2][4]
3 Bernardino Machado
(1851–1944)		 August
1915		 October 5, 1915 December 5, 1917[C] Democratic [2][5]
- Ministry
(Head of State ex officio)
President: Sidónio Pais		 – December 12, 1917 April 28, 1918 – [2][6]
4 Sidónio Pais[7]
(1872–1918)		 April
1918		 April 28, 1918 December 14, 1918[A] National Republican
or "Sidonist" 		[2][6]
- Ministry
(Head of State ex officio)
President: João do Canto e Castro		 – December 14, 1918 December 16, 1918 –
5 João do Canto e Castro[8]
(1862–1934)		 December
1918		 December 16, 1918 October 5, 1919 National Republican
or "Sidonist" 		[2][9]
6 António José de Almeida
(1866–1929)		 1919 October 5, 1919 October 5, 1923 Evolutionist Party
later Republican Liberal 		[2][10]
7 Manuel Teixeira Gomes
(1860–1941)		 1923 October 5, 1923 December 11, 1925[R] Democratic [2][11]
8 Bernardino Machado
(1851–1944)
2nd time		 1925 December 11, 1925 May 31, 1926[C] Democratic [2][5]

Second Republic (1926–1974)
No. President
(Birth–Death)		 Portrait Elected Term of office Political party Ref.
Ditadura Nacional (National Dictatorship) (1926–1932)
9 José Mendes Cabeçadas[12]
(1883–1965)		 – May 31, 1926 June 17, 1926[C] Military officer [2][13]
- Ministry
(Head of State ex officio)
President: Manuel Gomes da Costa		 – June 17, 1926 June 29, 1926 –
10 Manuel Gomes da Costa[12]
(1863–1929)		 – June 29, 1926 July 9, 1926[C] Military officer [2][14]
- Ministry
(Head of State ex officio)
President: Óscar Carmona		 – July 9, 1926 November 16, 1926 – [2][15]
11 Óscar Carmona[12][16]
(1869–1951)		 – November 16, 1926 March 25, 1928 Military officer [2][15]
Estado Novo (New State) (1932–1974)
11 Óscar Carmona
(1869–1951)		 1928 April 15, 1928 April 26, 1935 Military officer
from 1932
National Union		 [2][15]
1935 April 26, 1935 April 15, 1942
1942 April 15, 1942 April 20, 1949
1949 April 20, 1949 April 18, 1951[D]
- António de Oliveira Salazar[17]
(1889–1970)
(interim)		 – April 18, 1951 July 21, 1951 National Union
12 Francisco Craveiro Lopes
(1894–1964)		 1951 July 21, 1951 August 9, 1958 National Union [2][18]
13 Américo Tomás
(1894–1987)		 1958 August 9, 1958 August 9, 1965 National Union
from 1970
People's National Action		 [2][19]
1965 August 9, 1965 August 9, 1972
1972 August 9, 1972 April 25, 1974[C]

Third Republic (1974–present)
No. President
(Birth–Death)		 Portrait Elected Term of office Political party Ref.
Presidents appointed in the aftermath of the Carnation Revolution (1974–1976)
- National Salvation Junta[20]
President: António de Spínola		 – April 25, 1974 May 15, 1974 – [21]
14 António de Spínola
(1910–1996)		 – May 15, 1974 September 30, 1974[R] Military officer [2][21]
15 Francisco da Costa Gomes
(1914–2001)		 – September 30, 1974 July 13, 1976 Military officer [2][22]
Presidents elected under the Constitution of the Republic (1976–present)
16 António Ramalho Eanes
(born 1935)		 1976 July 14, 1976 January 14, 1981 Military officer
from 1985
Democratic Renewal		 [2][23]
1980 January 14, 1981 March 9, 1986
17 Mário Soares
(1924–2017)		 1986 March 9, 1986 March 9, 1991 Socialist [2][24]
1991 March 9, 1991 March 9, 1996
18 Jorge Sampaio
(born 1939)		 1996 March 9, 1996 March 9, 2001 Socialist [2][25]
2001 March 9, 2001 March 9, 2006
19 Aníbal Cavaco Silva
(born 1939)		 2006 March 9, 2006 March 9, 2011 Social Democratic [2][26]
2011 March 9, 2011 March 9, 2016
20 Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa
(born 1948)		 2016 March 9, 2016 March 9, 2021 Social Democratic [27]
2021 March 9, 2021 Incumbent
  • Left office early:
[A] Assassinated.
[D] Died in office of natural causes.
[R] Resigned.
[C] Forced to resign due to a coup d'état.

Timeline
Presidents of Portugal (1910–Present)
Marcelo Rebelo de SousaCavaco SilvaJorge SampaioMário SoaresAntónio de SpínolaAmérico TomásCraveiro LopesOliveira SalazarÓscar CarmonaGomes da CostaManuel Teixeira GomesAntónio José de AlmeidaSidónio PaisBernardino MachadoManuel de ArriagaTeófilo Braga

Birthplaces
Birthplaces of the presidents of the Portuguese Republic. Not shown are Manuel de Arriaga (born in Horta, Azores, Portugal), Teófilo Braga (born in Ponta Delgada, Azores, Portugal), and Bernardino Machado (born in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil).

Presidents by time in office
Rank by
length
of terms		PresidentLength by
time served		Number of
terms		Party
1Óscar Carmona24 years, 286 days5National Union
2Américo Tomás15 years, 259 days3National Union
3Mário Soares10 years, 0 days2Socialist
Jorge Sampaio10 years, 0 days2Socialist
Aníbal Cavaco Silva10 years, 0 days2Social Democratic
4António Ramalho Eanes9 years, 238 days2Independent
5Francisco Craveiro Lopes7 years, 12 days1National Union
6Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa4 years, 327 days (Incumbent)1Social Democratic
7António José de Almeida4 years, 0 days1Evolutionist Party
8Manuel de Arriaga3 years, 278 days1Democratic
9Bernardino Machado2 years, 239 days2Democratic
10Manuel Teixeira Gomes2 year, 67 days1Democratic
11Francisco da Costa Gomes1 year, 288 days1Independent
12Teófilo Braga1 year, 87 days1Democratic
13Sidónio Pais1 year, 2 days1National Republican
14João do Canto e Castro295 days1National Republican
15António de Spínola158 days1Independent
16Manuel Gomes da Costa22 days1Independent
17José Mendes Cabeçadas17 days1Independent
InterimAntónio de Oliveira Salazar94 days-National Union

See also

Notes
  1. Teófilo Braga served as President of the Provisional Government, the de facto head of government and head of state, from the republican revolution of 1910 to the election of Manuel de Arriaga, the 1st President of Portugal.
  2. Braga, Paulo Drumond 1965- (2010). "Os Presidentes da República Portuguesa : sociologia de uma função". Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  3. "Manuel de Arriaga - PREVIOUS PRESIDENTS: - PRESIDENCIA.PT". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-09-03.
  4. "Teófilo Braga". PRESIDENCY OF THE PORTUGUESE REPUBLIC. Retrieved 2016-08-17.
  5. "Bernardino Machado - PREVIOUS PRESIDENTS: - PRESIDENCIA.PT". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-09-03.
  6. "Sidónio Pais - PREVIOUS PRESIDENTS: - PRESIDENCIA.PT". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-09-03.
  7. After leading a coup d'état, Sidónio Pais became President of the Revolutionary Junta and later Prime Minister (President of the Ministry). He then abolished the post of Prime Minister, assuming himself as the head of government as President of the Republic. He was assassinated in 1918.
  8. Canto e Castro was head of the Council of Ministers that served as the head of state of Portugal after the assassination of Sidónio Pais in 1918, from December 14 to December 16. He then became interim president until the election of António José de Almeida.
  9. "Canto e Castro - PREVIOUS PRESIDENTS: - PRESIDENCIA.PT". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-09-03.
  10. "António José de Almeida - PREVIOUS PRESIDENTS: - PRESIDENCIA.PT". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-09-03.
  11. "Teixeira Gomes - PREVIOUS PRESIDENTS: - PRESIDENCIA.PT". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-09-03.
  12. Mendes Cabeçadas, Gomes da Costa and Óscar Carmona were the heads of the revolutionary provisional governments during the year of 1926. Although not called Presidents, they were de facto heads of state.
  13. "Mendes Cabeçadas - PREVIOUS PRESIDENTS: - PRESIDENCIA.PT". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-09-04.
  14. "Gomes da Costa - PREVIOUS PRESIDENTS: - PRESIDENCIA.PT". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-09-04.
  15. "Óscar Carmona - PREVIOUS PRESIDENTS: - PRESIDENCIA.PT". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-09-04.
  16. Óscar Carmona served initially as head of the revolutionary government after a counter-coup deposed Gomes da Costa. He was de facto head of state between July 9 and November 16, 1926. However he officially took office as President of the Republic on November 16, 1926. Six years later, in 1932, the Estado Novo was proclaimed and the National Union, the only legal party, was formed by António de Oliveira Salazar. Carmona joined the party and was the party's candidate for every presidential election (that were considered fraudulent) until 1951, when he died.
  17. António de Oliveira Salazar, the dictatorial President of the Council of Ministers (Prime Minister) occupied the post of president interim between the death of Óscar Carmona and the election of Francisco Craveiro Lopes.
  18. "Craveiro Lopes - PREVIOUS PRESIDENTS: - PRESIDENCIA.PT". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-09-04.
  19. "Américo Tomás - PREVIOUS PRESIDENTS: - PRESIDENCIA.PT". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-09-04.
  20. Between the Carnation Revolution on April 25, 1974 and May 15 of the same year, António de Spínola was the head of the National Salvation Junta, being the de facto head of state and government. After May 15 Adelino da Palma Carlos became the Prime Minister, and Spínola continued as de jure head of state as President of the Republic.
  21. "António de Spínola - PREVIOUS PRESIDENTS: - PRESIDENCIA.PT". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-10-05.
  22. "Costa Gomes - PREVIOUS PRESIDENTS: - PRESIDENCIA.PT". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-10-05.
  23. "Ramalho Eanes - PREVIOUS PRESIDENTS: - PRESIDENCIA.PT". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-10-05.
  24. "Mário Soares - PREVIOUS PRESIDENTS: - PRESIDENCIA.PT". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-10-05.
  25. "Jorge Sampaio - PREVIOUS PRESIDENTS: - PRESIDENCIA.PT". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-10-05.
  26. "Aníbal Cavaco Silva - PREVIOUS PRESIDENTS: - PRESIDENCIA.PT". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-10-05.
  27. "Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-10-05.

References
  • Jornal de Notícias (January–May 2006). Museu da Presidência da República/Jornal de Notícias (ed.). Presidents de Portugal - Fotobiografias (1st ed.). Porto.
  • "Portal da História". Biografias dos Presidentes. Retrieved February 8, 2006.
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