Foreign relations of Portugal

Foreign relations of Portugal are linked with its historical role as a major player in the Age of Discovery and the holder of the now defunct Portuguese Empire. Portugal is a European Union member country and a founding member of NATO. It is a committed proponent of European integration and transatlantic relations. Augusto Santos Silva is the current Minister of Foreign Affairs of Portugal.

Portugal
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Historical

Historically, the focus of Portuguese diplomacy has been to preserve its independence, vis-à-vis, the danger of annexation by Spain, and the maintenance of the Anglo-Portuguese Alliance, which officially came into being in 1386, and with the United Kingdom as a successor to England, it is still in place today.

Other goals have also been constant such as the political stability of the Iberian peninsula and the affirmation of Portuguese interests in Europe and the Atlantic (also in the Indian and Pacific Oceans throughout different moments in history).

International organizations
Angela Merkel and José Manuel Barroso

Portugal was a founding member of NATO (1949), Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (1961), and European Free Trade Area (1960); it left the latter in 1986 to join the European Economic Community, which would become the European Union (EU) in 1993. In 1996, it co-founded the Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP). The country is a member state of the United Nations since 1955.

Recently, the primacy of the United States and inter-governmental organizations such as NATO and the United Nations have also been paramount in the affirmation of Portugal abroad.

Portugal has been a significant beneficiary of the EU. It was among the top beneficiaries of the EU-15 between 1995 and 2004 (only behind Spain and Greece in absolute terms, and behind Ireland and Greece in a per capita basis).[1] Portugal is a proponent of European integration and held the presidency of the European Union for the second time during the first half of 2000, and again in the second half of 2007. Portugal used its term to launch a dialogue between the EU and Africa and to begin to take steps to make the European economy dynamic and competitive. In 2002, the euro began to circulate as Portugal's currency. José Sócrates, as Prime Minister of Portugal, presided over the rotative Presidency of the Council of the European Union for the period July–December 2007.[2] In this post, Sócrates and his team focused on the EU-Brazil (1st EU-Brazil summit) and EU-African Union (2007 Africa-EU Summit) relations, as well as in the approval of the Treaty of Lisbon.

Portugal was a founding member of NATO; it is an active member of the alliance by, for example, contributing proportionally large contingents in Balkan peacekeeping forces. Portugal proposed the creation of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP) to improve its ties with other Portuguese-speaking countries. Additionally, Portugal has participated, along with Spain, in a series of Ibero-American Summit. Portugal held the chairmanship of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) for the year 2002. The chairman-in-office was Portuguese Foreign Minister António Martins da Cruz.

Disputes

Portugal holds claim to the disputed territory of Olivença on the Portugal-Spain border.

Bilateral relationships

Africa
Country Formal relations began Notes
 Algeria1976
  • Algeria has an embassy in Lisbon.
  • Portugal has an embassy in Algiers.
 Angola11 November 1975See Angola–Portugal relations.

Portugal ruled Angola for 400 years,[3] colonizing the territory from 1483 until independence in 1975. Angola's war for independence did not end in a military victory for either side, but was suspended as a result of a coup in Portugal, that replaced the Caetano regime with a Military junta.

  • Angola has an embassy in Lisbon and a consulates-general in Faro and Porto.
  • Portugal has an embassy in Luanda and a consulate-general in Benguela.
 Cape Verde5 July 1975See Cape Verde–Portugal relations
  • Cape Verde has an embassy in Lisbon.
  • Portugal has an embassy in Praia.
 Democratic Republic of Congo
  • DR Congo has an embassy in Lisbon.
  • Portugal has an embassy in Kinshasa.
 Egypt1906, broke off in 1956, restored in 1972
  • Egypt has an embassy in Lisbon.
  • Portugal has an embassy in Cairo.
 Equatorial Guinea
  • Equatorial Guinea has an embassy in Lisbon.
  • Portugal is accredited to Equatorial Guinea from its embassy in São Tomé and Príncipe.
 Ethiopia
  • Ethiopia is accredited to Portugal from its embassy in Paris, France.
  • Portugal has an embassy in Addis Ababa.
 Guinea-Bissau10 September 1974See Guinea-Bissau–Portugal relations
  • Guinea-Bissau has an embassy in Lisbon.
  • Portugal has an embassy in Bissau.
 Libya
  • Libya has an embassy in Lisbon.
  • Portugal has an embassy in Tripoli.
 Morocco1955
  • Morocco has an embassy in Lisbon.
  • Portugal has an embassy in Rabat.
 Mozambique25 June 1975See Mozambique–Portugal relations.

Mozambique gained independence from Portugal in 1975.

  • Mozambique has an embassy in Lisbon.
  • Portugal has an embassy in Maputo and a consulate-general in Beira.
 Nigeria
  • Nigeria has an embassy in Lisbon.
  • Portugal has an embassy in Abuja.
 São Tomé and Príncipe12 July 1975See Portugal–São Tomé and Príncipe relations.
  • Portugal has an embassy in São Tomé.
  • São Tomé and Príncipe has an embassy in Lisbon.
 Senegal
  • Portugal has an embassy in Dakar.
  • Senegal has an embassy in Lisbon.
 South Africa1911, broke off in 1978, restored in 1992See Portugal–South Africa relations.
 Tunisia
  • Portugal has an embassy in Tunis.
  • Tunisia has an embassy in Lisbon.

Americas
Country Formal relations began Notes
 Argentina26 May 1812See Argentina–Portugal relations
 Belize9 December 1992

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 December 1992.[4]

 Brazil29 August 1825See Brazil–Portugal relations.

Relations between Brazil and Portugal have spanned over four centuries, beginning in 1532 with the establishment of São Vicente, the first Portuguese permanent settlement in the Americas, up to the present day.[5] Relations between the two are intrinsically tied because of the Portuguese Empire. They continue to be bound by a common language and ancestral lines in Portuguese Brazilians, which can be traced back hundreds of years.

 Canada1946See Canada–Portugal relations.
  • Canada has an embassy in Lisbon.
  • Portugal has an embassy in Ottawa and consulates-general in Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver.
  • Both nations are part of NATO.
 Chile
  • Chile has an embassy in Lisbon.
  • Portugal has an embassy in Santiago.
 Colombia1857
  • Formal relations began in 1857.
  • Colombia has an embassy in Lisbon.
  • Portugal has an embassy in Bogotá.
 Cuba
  • Cuba has an embassy in Lisbon.
  • Portugal has an embassy in Havana.
 El Salvador
  • El Salvador is accredited to Portugal from its embassy in Paris, France.
  • Portugal is accredited to El Salvador from its embassy in Mexico City, Mexico.
 Mexico20 October 1864See Mexico–Portugal relations.
 Panama
  • Panama has an embassy in Lisbon.
  • Portugal has an embassy in Panama City.
 Peru
  • Peru has an embassy in Lisbon.
  • Portugal has an embassy in Lima.
 United StatesSee Portugal–United States relations.

Portugal was among the first nations to establish diplomatic ties with the United States. Contributing to the strong ties between the United States and Portugal are the 20,000 Americans living in Portugal and some sizable Portuguese communities in Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Jersey, California, and Hawaii. The latest census estimates that 1.3 million individuals living in the United States are of Portuguese ancestry, with a large percentage coming from the Portuguese Autonomous region of the Azores.

 UruguaySee Portugal–Uruguay relations.
  • Portugal has an embassy in Montevideo.
  • Uruguay has an embassy in Lisbon.
 Venezuela
  • Portugal has an embassy in Caracas and a consulate-general in Valencia.
  • Venezuela has an embassy in Lisbon.

Asia
Country Formal relations began Notes
 ArmeniaSee Armenia–Portugal relations.
  • Armenia is accredited to Portugal from its embassy in Rome, Italy.[6]
  • Portugal is accredited to Armenia from its embassy in Moscow, Russia.[7]
 AzerbaijanSee Azerbaijan-Portugal relations.
  • Azerbaijan is accredited to Portugal from its embassy in Rabat, Morocco.
  • Portugal has an embassy in Baku.
 ChinaSee China–Portugal relations.
  • China has an embassy in Lisbon.
  • Portugal has an embassy in Beijing and consulates-general in Macau and Shanghai.
 East Timor20 May 2002See East Timor–Portugal relations.

East Timor has an embassy in Lisbon whilst Portugal has an embassy in Dili. East Timor was an overseas territory of Portugal for over 400 years. Portugal was a strong advocate of independence for East Timor, which was occupied annexed by neighboring Indonesia between 1975 and 1999, and has committed troops and money to East Timor, in close cooperation with the United Nations, East Timor's Asian neighbors.

 India1947See India–Portugal relations.
  • Relations between India and Portugal began amicably in 1947 when the former achieved independence. Relations went into decline after 1950 over Portugal's refusal to surrender its enclaves of Goa, Daman and Diu on India's west coast. By 1955, the two nations had cut off diplomatic relations, triggering a crisis which precipitated in the invasion of Portuguese India in 1961. Portugal refused to recognize Indian sovereignty over the annexed territories until 1974 when, following the Carnation Revolution, the new government in Lisbon recognized Indian sovereignty and restored diplomatic relations.
  • Relations have turned cordial since then and a number of state visits have been made, treaties have been signed. Indo-Portuguese bilateral trade grew from USD 69 million in 1991 to USD 289.52 million in 2005.
  • The Indian state of Goa hosted the 2013 Lusophony Games, the third edition of the multi-sport event for delegations representing every Portuguese-speaking National Olympic Committees.
  • Portugal has an embassy in New Delhi and a Consulate-General in its former colony Panjim, Goa.
  • India maintains an embassy in Lisbon.
 Indonesia1999See Indonesia–Portugal relations.

In 1999, Indonesia and Portugal restored diplomatic relations, which were broken off following the Indonesian invasion of East Timor in 1975.

  • Indonesia has an embassy in Lisbon.
  • Portugal has an embassy in Jakarta.
 Iran
  • Iran has an embassy in Lisbon.
  • Portugal has an embassy in Tehran.
 Israel1977

The Estado Novo regime did not recognize Israel. Full diplomatic relations with the Israeli government were established in 1977, following the portuguese revolution of 1974.[8]

  • Israel has an embassy in Lisbon.
  • Portugal has an embassy in Tel Aviv.
 JapanSee Japan–Portugal relations.
  • Japan has an embassy in Lisbon.
  • Portugal has an embassy in Tokyo.
 Kazakhstan
  • Kazakhstan has an embassy in Lisbon.
  • Portugal is accredited to Kazakhstan from its embassy in Moscow, Russia.
 North Korea1975See Portugal–North Korea relations.

In 1975, North Korea and Portugal established diplomatic relations.[9] In 2017, Portugal cuts diplomatic ties with North Korea.[10]

 Pakistan
  • Pakistan has an embassy in Lisbon.
  • Portugal has an embassy in Islamabad.
 Philippines
  • Philippines has an embassy in Lisbon.
  • Portugal is accredited to the Philippines from its embassy in Jakarta, Indonesia.
 Qatar
  • Portugal has an embassy in Doha.
  • Qatar has an embassy in Lisbon.
 Saudi Arabia
  • Saudi Arabia has an embassy in Lisbon.
  • Portugal has an embassy in Riyadh.
 South Korea17th centurySee Portugal–South Korea relations

Although far apart in geographical terms, the known contacts between República Portuguesa and Korea date from the beginning of the 17th century.

  • In 1604, a Portuguese merchant, João Mendes, traveled to East Asia via Macao to engage in trading and, after having been taken captive along with other crew in a sea battle with a Japanese foreign trade mission boat, landed in Tongyang, on the Southeastern coast of Korea.
    • But before that – throughout the 16th century – both Portuguese cartography and texts written by Portuguese Jesuit fathers provide a significant number of references to Korea. Luís de Fróis, in his History of Japan (which includes ten chapters on Korea), Tomé Pires, in his Summa Oriental, Fernão Mendes Pinto, celebrated author of The Peregrination, Fernão Vaz Dourado, Gaspar Vilela, or father Manuel Teixeira, are some of the authors and cartographers where numerous references to Korea can be found.
    • On the basis of toponyms related to Korea found in texts written and charts drawn by Portuguese travelers and cartographers, Korean historians have attributed to the Portuguese the introduction of Korea to the Western world.
    • Thus, Portugal and Korea can trace their relations back to the era when Portugal played a pioneering role in opening the sea routes between Europe and Asia, between East and West, setting out the first wave of globalization and fostering multiform contacts and exchanges between different civilizations that became the hallmark of the modern world.
    • Today, the relations between Portugal and Korea stand on solid grounds, built upon an extensive network of bilateral agreements and political visits at high level, as well as on a growing exchange of people to people contacts. With Asia taking centerpiece place in the world economy and Korea playing a leading role in Asia, trade and relations between both countries are expected to develop further.
  • On the sidelines of their meeting on 10 April the South Korean Foreign Minister Yun Byung-se and his Portuguese counterpart Rui Machete signed the Memorandum of Understanding between South Korea and Portugal concerning a Working Holiday Program.
  • The Memorandum of understanding (MOU) was brought into force on 10 April 2014, allowing an annual 200 youngsters aged 18–30 of each country to stay in the other country for up to one year traveling and working.
  • South Korea is the first country Portugal has concluded such an MOU with The bilateral MOU is expected to offer opportunities to future leaders of the two countries to better understand each other’s cultures and promote exchanges and cooperation between the two countries.
  • [11]
    • Portuguese embassy in Seoul.[12]
    • South Korean embassy in Lisbon.[13]
 Thailand
  • Portugal has an embassy in Bangkok.
  • Thailand has an embassy in Lisbon.
 TurkeySee Portugal–Turkey relations

Turkey's 161 years of political relations with Portugal date back to the Ottoman period when the Visconde do Seixal was appointed as an envoy to Istanbul. Diplomatic relations ceased during World War I and were re-established in the Republican period in 1926. A resident embassy was established in 1957.

 United Arab Emirates
  • Portugal has an embassy in Abu Dhabi.
  • United Arab Emirates has an embassy in Lisbon.
 Vietnam
  • Portugal is accredited to Vietnam from its embassy in Bangkok, Thailand.
  • Vietnam is accredited to Portugal from its embassy in Paris, France.

Europe
Country Formal relations began Notes
 AlbaniaSee Albania–Portugal relations.
  • Albania has an embassy in Lisbon.[14]
  • Portugal has an embassy in Tirana.
 Andorra22 December 1994See Andorra–Portugal relations
  • Andorra has an embassy in Lisbon.
  • Portugal is accredited to Andorra from its embassy in Madrid, Spain.
 Austria
  • Austria has an embassy in Lisbon.
  • Portugal has an embassy in Vienna.
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union.
 Belgium
  • Belgium has an embassy in Lisbon.
  • Portugal has an embassy in Brussels.
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
 Bulgaria1925See Bulgaria–Portugal relations.
  • Diplomatic relations were first established in 1925. They were severed in 1945 and were restored on 24 June 1974.
  • Bulgaria has an embassy in Lisbon.
  • Portugal has an embassy in Sofia.
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
  • In 2007, the two countries signed a police co-operation agreement.
 Cyprus
  • Cyprus has an embassy in Lisbon.
  • Portugal has an embassy in Nicosia.
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union.
 Czech Republic
  • Czech Republic has an embassy in Lisbon.
  • Portugal has an embassy in Prague.
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
 DenmarkSee Denmark–Portugal relations.
 Finland
  • Finland has an embassy in Lisbon.
  • Portugal has an embassy in Helsinki.
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union.
 FranceSee France–Portugal relations

Portuguese links to France have remained very strong and the country is considered one of Portugal's main political partners.

 Germany
 Greece
  • Greece has an embassy in Lisbon.
  • Portugal has an embassy in Athens.
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
  Holy See
  • Holy See has an apostolic nunciature in Lisbon.
  • Portugal has an embassy to the Holy See based in Rome.
 Hungary
  • Hungary has an embassy in Lisbon.
  • Portugal has an embassy in Budapest.
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
 Iceland
  • Iceland is accredited to Portugal from its embassy in Paris, France.
  • Portugal is accredited to Iceland from its embassy in Oslo, Norway.
  • Both countries are full members of NATO.
 Ireland
  • Ireland has an embassy in Lisbon.
  • Portugal has an embassy in Dublin.
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union.
 Italy
  • Italy has an embassy in Lisbon.
  • Portugal has an embassy in Rome.
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
 Kosovo7 October 2008See Kosovo–Portugal relations.

Portugal recognized Kosovo on 7 October 2008.[15][16][17] Kosovo has formally announced its decision to open an embassy in Lisbon.[18]

 MaltaSee Malta–Portugal relations.
  • Malta has an embassy in Lisbon.
  • Portugal has an embassy in Valletta.
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union.
 Netherlands
  • Netherlands has an embassy in Lisbon.
  • Portugal has an embassy in The Hague.
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union and of NATO.
 Norway
  • Norway has an embassy in Lisbon.
  • Portugal has an embassy in Oslo.
  • Both countries are full members of NATO.
 Poland
  • Poland has an embassy in Lisbon.
  • Portugal has an embassy in Warsaw.
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
 Romania1880See Portugal–Romania relations
  • Portugal has an embassy in Bucharest.
  • Romania has an embassy in Lisbon.
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
 RussiaSee Portugal–Russia relations.
 Serbia19 October 1917See Portugal–Serbia relations.

Portugal established diplomatic relations with the Kingdom of Serbia on 19 October 1917.[19] Relations continued with the successor Kingdom of Yugoslavia. The Portuguese recognized the government in exile of this state after the German occupation of 1941.[20] Relations with the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, which took power in 1945 after World War II, were only established in 1974 after the Portuguese Carnation Revolution.[21] Following the dissolution of SFR Yugoslavia during the Yugoslav wars, Portugal maintained relations with the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, later reconstituted as Serbia and Montenegro and finally as Serbia after Montenegro declared its independence in July 2006.[22] Portugal has an embassy in Belgrade. Serbia has an embassy in Lisbon.[22]

In April 1999, Portugal participated in the NATO bombing of Serbia from the Aviano air base in Italy.[23] Portugal also provided troops as part of NATO peacekeeping efforts in the breakaway Serbian province of Kosovo in 1999.[24] In April 1999, Serbia filed a complaint with the International Court of Justice regarding Portugal's use of force in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.[25] As of 2007, Portugal still had about 300 troops in Kosovo.[26]

  • In December 1997, President of Yugoslavia Slobodan Milošević received Portuguese Foreign Minister Jaime Gama to discuss strengthening bilateral relations.[27]
  • In January 2002, Jaime Gama returned to Yugoslavia in his capacity as Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) Chairman-in-Office. The OSCE was engaged in stabilizing the situation in southern Serbia following the Kosovo War.[28]
  • In November 2003, the President of Serbia and Montenegro, Svetozar Marović, visited Portugal. During this visit, he signed an agreement on the succession of Bilateral Agreements between Yugoslavia and Portugal, extending prior agreements on tourism, business, scientific, and technological co-operation, and co-operation in information.[22]
  • In July 2005, Portuguese Minister of Defense Luís Amado visited Serbia and Montenegro, where he discussed military co-operation with his Serbian counterpart.[29]
  • In May 2007, Portuguese Foreign Minister Luís Amado gave strong support for Serbian ambitions to join the European Union.[30]
  • In July 2007, Serbian Prime Minister Vojislav Koštunica visited Lisbon.[31]
  • In October 2008, Portugal recognized Kosovo's independence from Serbia.[32] (See also Kosovan–Portuguese relations.)
  • In November 2008, Portuguese Foreign Minister Luís Amado met with his Serbian counterpart Vuk Jeremić in Belgrade and voiced his support for removing the suspension of a trade agreement between Serbia and the European Union.[33] Also that month, the Serbian Minister of Science and Technological Development met a Portuguese delegation and discussed cooperation in energy efficiency, nanotechnology, and the food industry, with plans to sign a co-operation agreement on science and technology by the end of 2008.[34]
  • In February 2009, Serbian Defence Minister Dragan Šutanovac met with his Portuguese counterpart Nuno Severiano Teixeira. They signed an agreement on defense cooperation and discussed Serbia's NATO bid.[35][36]
  • In June 2009, Serbian Prime Minister Mirko Cvetković met with Portuguese parliamentary speaker Jaime Gama, and discussed improvements to bilateral cooperation.[37]

In the January–October 2006 period, bilateral trade between Serbia and Portugal were estimated at US$12.7 million.[22]

 SpainSee Portugal–Spain relations.

Historically, the two states were long-standing adversaries, but in recent years, they have enjoyed a much friendlier relationship and in 1986, they entered the European Union together.

 Sweden
  • Portugal has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Sweden has an embassy in Lisbon.
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union.
  Switzerland
  • Portugal has an embassy in Bern.
  • Switzerland has an embassy in Lisbon.
 Ukraine1991See Portugal–Ukraine relations.
  • Portugal recognized Ukraine’s independence in 1991.
  • Portugal has an embassy in Kyiv.
  • Ukraine has an embassy in Lisbon and a consulate in Porto.[40]
  • Both countries are full members of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe and of the Council of Europe.
  • As of 2015, according to United Nations statistics, there are 45,051 Ukrainians living in Portugal.[41]
 United KingdomSee Portugal–United Kingdom relations.

The relationship dates back to the Middle Ages in 1373 with the Anglo-Portuguese Alliance.

  • Portugal has an embassy in London.
  • United Kingdom has an embassy in Lisbon.
  • Both countries are full members of NATO.

Oceania
Country Formal relations began Notes
 Australia
  • Australia has an embassy in Lisbon.
  • Portugal has an embassy in Canberra and a consulate-general in Sydney.
 New Zealand
  • New Zealand is accredited to Portugal from its embassy in Paris, France.
  • Portugal is accredited to New Zealand from its embassy in Canberra, Australia.

See also

References
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  2. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 11 April 2011. Retrieved 16 May 2008.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  3. Alker, Hayward R.; Ted Robert Gurr; Kumar Rupesinghe (2001). Journeys Through Conflict: Narratives and Lessons. p. 204.
  4. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 December 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2018.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  5. "Culture of Portugal". everyculture.com. Retrieved 29 November 2010.
  6. Armenian Ministry of Foreign Affairs: direction of Armenians embassies around the world Archived 4 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine
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  8. Communiqué issued on 18 July 1977 by the Permanent Mission of Portugal to the United Nations Archived 22 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine
  9. "현재 북한과 교류하는 나라와 독재국가". kin.naver.com.
  10. Herald, The Korea (11 October 2017). "Portugal cuts diplomatic ties with N. Korea: report". koreaherald.com.
  11. http://www.mofa.go.kr/ENG/countries/europe/countries/20070823/1_24606.jsp?menu=m_30_40
  12. https://www.seul.embaixadaportugal.mne.pt/pt/
  13. http://overseas.mofa.go.kr/pt-ko/index.do
  14. Përfaqësitë Diplomatike Shqiptare në Botë, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Albania (in Albanian)
  15. "Comunicado de Imprensa – Kosovo" (in Portuguese). Ministério dos Negócios Estrangeriros. 7 October 2008. Archived from the original on 21 October 2008. Retrieved 7 October 2008.
  16. "Anunciou Luís Amado: Portugal reconhece hoje independência do Kosovo". Publico (in Portuguese). Lisbon: Publico. 7 October 2008. Archived from the original on 22 January 2009. Retrieved 7 October 2008.
  17. "Portugal recognises independent Kosovo" newkosovareport.com 7 October 2008 Link accessed 07/10/08
  18. "Diplomatic Missions of Kosovo Abroad (Albanian)" Archived 7 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine Kosovan Ministry of Foreign Affairs Link accessed 01/10/09
  19. Gerhard Schulz (1972). Revolutions and peace treaties, 1917–1920. Methuen. p. 35.
  20. Ahmet Đonlagić; Žarko Atanacković; Dušan Plenča (1967). Yugoslavia in the Second World War. Međunarodna štampa—Interpress. p. 41.
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  25. "THE APPLICATION OF THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF YUGOSLAVIA AGAINST PORTUGAL FOR VIOLATION OF THE OBLIGATION NOT TO USE FORCE" (PDF). International Court of Justice. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 5 August 2009.
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  38. Embassy of Portugal in Madrid
  39. Embassy of Spain in Lisbon
  40. "Посольство України в Португальській Республіці". Archived from the original on 4 August 2012. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  41. United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs. "Trends in International Migrant Stock: Migrants by Destination and Origin, Table 16. Total migrant stock at mid-year by origin and by major area, region, country or area of destination, 2015". United Nations Population Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs. United Nations. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
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