List of rulers of Taiwan

This is a list of the highest-ranked rulers based on the island of Taiwan.

Dutch and Spanish Formosa (1624–1662)

Dutch Formosa (1624–1662)

The Dutch Empire, during the period of the Dutch United Provinces and under the auspices of the Dutch East India Company (VOC), attempted to conquer Macau in 1622. Later they colonized the Pescadores Islands, where they built a fort in Makung. In 1624, the Chinese attacked, and the Dutch were driven to Taiwan (then called Formosa, meaning "beautiful island"). That year they established Fort Zeelandia on Taiwan's southwest coast. In 1637, the Dutch conquered Favorolang (also Favorlang; present day Huwei, Yunlin). The names listed here are the Dutch governors:[1]

Dutch Formosa (Nederlands Formosa)
No.	Portrait	Name	From	Until
1		Martinus Sonck	1624	1625[2]
2		Gerard Frederikszoon de With	1625	1627
3		Pieter Nuyts	1627	1629
4		Hans Putmans	1629	1636
5		Johan van der Burg	1636	1640[2]
6		Paulus Traudenius	1640	1643
7		Maximilian le Maire	1643	1644
8		François Caron	1644	1646
9		Pieter Anthoniszoon Overtwater	1646	1649
10		Nicolas Verburg	1649	1653
11		Cornelis Caesar	1653	1656
12		Frederick Coyett	1656	1662

Spanish Formosa (1626–1642)

In response to the Dutch settlements, the Spanish settled at Keelung on the northeast coast of the island in 1626 and built Fort San Salvador. Later they built another outpost, Fort San Domingo, at Tamsui in the northwest. In 1629 these forts had a combined total of about 200 Spaniards and 400 Filipinos. By 1635, the Tamsui settlement was abandoned; however, the Keelung settlement remained in Spanish hands until 1642, when a Dutch force of 11 ships and 1,000 men attacked the fort of 446 people. The Spanish surrendered.

Governor of Keelung
Spanish Formosa (Isla Hermosa Española) - Keelung (Cheylam)
No.	Portrait	Name	From	Until	Governor-General of the Spanish East Indies	Monarch
1		Antonio Carreño de Valdes 伐爾得斯	May 16, 1626	1629	Fernándo de Silva Ad Interim (July 1624 – June 29, 1626)	Philip IV House of Habsburg (31 March 1621 – 17 September 1665)
1		Antonio Carreño de Valdes 伐爾得斯	May 16, 1626	1629	Juan Niño de Tabora (June 29, 1626 – July 22, 1632)
2		Juan de Alcarazo 阿尔卡拉索	1629	1634	Juan Niño de Tabora (June 29, 1626 – July 22, 1632)
					Lorenzo de Olaza y Lecubarri Real Audiencia (July 22, 1632 – 1633)
					Juan Cerezo de Salamanca Ad Interim (August 29, 1633 – June 25, 1635)
3		Alonso García Romero 羅美洛	1634	1639
3		Alonso García Romero 羅美洛	1634	1639	Sebastián Hurtado de Corcuera (June 25, 1635 – August 11, 1644)
4		Pedro Palomino 帕囉米諾	1639	1640
5		Gonzalo Portillo 波爾的里奧	1640	1642

Governor of Tamsui
Spanish Formosa (Isla Hermosa Española) - Tamsui (Tamchuy)
No.	Portrait	Name	From	Until	Governor-General of the Spanish East Indies	Monarch
1		Antonio Carreño de Valdes 伐爾得斯	1627	1629	Juan Niño de Tabora (June 29, 1626 – July 22, 1632)	Philip IV House of Habsburg (31 March 1621 – 17 September 1665)
2		Luis de Guzmán 格司曼	1629	1634	Juan Niño de Tabora (June 29, 1626 – July 22, 1632)
					Lorenzo de Olaza y Lecubarri Real Audiencia (July 22, 1632 – 1633)
					Juan Cerezo de Salamanca Ad Interim (August 29, 1633 – June 25, 1635)
3		Bartolomé Díaz Barrera 奧就	1634	1637
3		Bartolomé Díaz Barrera 奧就	1634	1637	Sebastián Hurtado de Corcuera (June 25, 1635 – August 11, 1644)
4		Francisco Hernández 赫爾南勒茲	1637	1642

Kingdom of Tungning (1662–1683)

The Southern Ming (Ming Dynasty loyalists) invaded Taiwan under Koxinga, expelling the Dutch and capturing Fort Zeelandia. They established the Kingdom of Tungning.

Kingdom of Tungning 【東寧王國】
No.	Portrait	Name (Birth–Death)	Title(s)	Reign (Lunar calendar)
1		Koxinga (Zheng Chenggong) 鄭成功 Zhèng Chénggōng (Mandarin) Tēⁿ Sêng-kong (Taiwanese) Chhang Sṳ̀n-kûng (Hakka) (1624–1662)	Prince of Yanping (延平王) Prince Wu of Chao (潮武王)	14 June 1661 Yongli 15-5-18	23 June 1662 Yongli 16-5-8
2		Zheng Xi 鄭襲 Zhèng Xí (Mandarin) Tēⁿ Si̍p (Taiwanese) Chhang Si̍p (Hakka) (1625–?)	Protector (護理)	23 June 1662 Yongli 16-5-8	November 1662 Yongli 17
3		Zheng Jing 鄭經 Zhèng Jīng (Mandarin) Tēⁿ Keng (Taiwanese) Chhang Kîn (Hakka) (1642–1681)	Prince of Yanping (延平王) Prince Wen of Chao (潮文王)	November 1662 Yongli 17	17 March 1681 Yongli 35-1-28
4		Zheng Kezang 鄭克𡒉 Zhèng Kèzāng (Mandarin) Tēⁿ Khek-chong (Taiwanese) Chhang Khiet-chong (Hakka) (1662–1681)	Prince Regent (監國)	17 March 1681 Yongli 35-1-28	19 March 1681 Yongli 35-1-30
5		Zheng Keshuang^* 鄭克塽 Zhèng Kèshuǎng (Mandarin) Tēⁿ Khek-sóng (Taiwanese) Chhang Khiet-sóng (Hakka) (1670–1707)	Prince of Yanping (延平王) Duke Haicheng (海澄公)	19 March 1681 Yongli 35-1-30	5 September 1683 Yongli 37-8-13

* Regency of Feng Xifan from 1682 to 1683.

Taiwan under Qing rule (1683–1895)

Taiwan-Amoy Circuit (1683–1721)

The Qing Dynasty invaded Taiwan; the Ming rulers surrendered and were expelled.

Taiwan-Xiamen Circuit Commissioner (福建分巡台灣廈門道, 1687—1727)

No.	Commissioner	Start of office

Taiwan Circuit (1721–1885)

Qing rule was reestablished after a month-long revolt. The Taiwan Circuit was established in 1727 with its seat in Taiwan-fu, unlike its predecessor, the Taiwan-Amoy Circuit, which was based in Xiamen. The Taiwan Circuit Commissioner had its powers checked by the Taiwan Circuit Investigating censors.

Taiwan Circuit Commissioner (福建分巡台灣道)

No.	Commissioner	Start of office

Taiwan Circuit Investigating Censor (巡視台灣監察御史)

Start of office	Investigating Censor (Manchu-banner)	No.	No.	Investigating Censor (Han)	Start of office
1722	Aisin Gioro Wudali (PR)	1	1	Huang Shujing	1722
1724	Shanjibu (BB)	2	2	Ding Shiyi	1724
1724	Shanjibu (BB)	2	3	Jing Kaoxiang	1725
1726	Suolin (BR)	3	4	Wang Jijing	1726
1726	Hesuse (PR)	4	4	Wang Jijing	1726
			5	Yin Qin	1727
			6	Xia Zhifang	1728
1730	Xideshen (PR)	5	7	Li Yuanzhi	1730
1730	Xideshen (PR)	5	8	Gao Shan	1730
1732	Jueluobiaiyou (BR)	6	8	Gao Shan	1730
1732	Jueluobiaiyou (BR)	6	9	Lin Tianmu	1733
1734	Durtai (PY)	7	9	Lin Tianmu	1733
1734	Durtai (PY)	7	10	Yan Ruihong	1735
1736	Bai Qitu (PB)	8	10	Yan Ruihong	1735
1737	Romubu (PB)	9	11	Shan Demo	1737
1737	Romubu (PB)	9	12	Yang Erchou	1739
1740	Shuge (PW)	10	12	Yang Erchou	1739
1740	Shuge (PW)	10	13	Zhang Mei	1741
1742	Shu Shan (BY)	11	13	Zhang Mei	1741
1742	Shu Shan (BY)	11	14	Xiong Xuepeng	1743
1744	Liu Shiqi (BR)	12	14	Xiong Xuepeng	1743
1744	Liu Shiqi (BR)	12	15	Fan Xian	1745
1747	Yiling'a (BB)	13	16	Bai Ying	1747
1749	Shuchang (PY)	14	17	Yang Kaiding	1749
1751	Lizhu (BB)	15	18	Qian Qi	1751
1756	Guanbao (PY)	16	19	Li Youtang	1756
1759	Shilin (PW)	17	20	Tang Shichang	1760
1763	Yongtai (PR)	18	21	Li Yiqing	1763
1767	Mingshan (BY)	19	22	Zhu Pilie	1767
1771	Karchongyi (BW)	20	23	Wang Xianzeng	1771
1777	Tusiyi (BB)	21	24	Meng Shao	1777
1781	Sedai (PR)	22	25	Lei Lun	1781

Taiwan Military Circuit Commissioner (福建分巡臺灣兵備道, 1767-1791)

No.	Commissioner	Start of office

Provincial Censor-ranked Taiwan Military Circuit Commissioner (按察使銜分巡台灣兵備道, 1791-1895)

No.	Commissioner	Start of office

Governor of Fukien-Taiwan Province (1885–1895)

Great Qing Empire 【大清】
No.	Portrait	Name (Birth–Death)	Ancestry	Original Post	Term of Office (Lunar calendar)		Monarch
1		Liu Mingchuan 劉銘傳 Liú Míngchuán (Mandarin) Lâu Bêng-thoân (Taiwanese) Liù Mèn-chhòn (Hakka) (1836–1896)	Hefei, Anhui	Governor of Fukien	12 October 1885 Guangxu 11-9-5	4 June 1891 Guangxu 17-4-28	Guangxu Emperor 光緒皇帝
—		Shen Yingkui[3] 沈應奎 Shěn Yìngkuí (Mandarin) Tîm Èng-khe (Taiwanese) Chhṳ̀m En-khùi (Hakka)	Pinghu, Zhejiang	Civil Affairs Minister, Fukien Province	4 June 1891 Guangxu 17-4-28	25 November 1891 Guangxu 17-10-24
2		Shao Youlian 邵友濂 Shào Yǒulián (Mandarin) Siō Iú-liâm (Taiwanese) Seu Yû-liàm (Hakka) (1840–1901)	Yuyao, Zhejiang	Governor of Hunan	9 May 1891 Guangxu 17-4-2	13 October 1894 Guangxu 20-9-15
3		Tang Jingsong 唐景崧 Táng Jǐngsōng (Mandarin) Tn̂g Kéng-siông (Taiwanese) Thòng Kín-chhiùng (Hakka) (1841–1903)	Guanyang, Guangxi	Civil Affairs Minister, Fukien-Taiwan Province	13 October 1894 Guangxu 20-9-15	20 May 1895 Guangxu 21-4-26

Republic of Formosa (1895)

The Republic of Formosa was a short-lived republic that existed on the island of Taiwan in 1895 between the formal cession of Taiwan by the Qing Dynasty of China to the Empire of Japan by the Treaty of Shimonoseki and its being taken over by Japanese troops. The Republic was proclaimed on 23 May 1895 and extinguished on 21 October, when the Republican capital Tainan was taken over by the Japanese.

Republic of Formosa【臺灣民主國】
No.	Portrait	Name (Birth–Death)	Place of Birth	Term of Office		Days
1		Tang Ching-sung 唐景崧 Táng Jǐngsōng (Mandarin) Tn̂g Kéng-siông (Taiwanese) Thòng Kín-chhiùng (Hakka) (1841–1903) President	Guilin, Guangxi, China	25 May 1895 Yongqing 1-5-25 Guangxu 21-5-2 Meiji 28-5-25	5 June 1895 Yongqing 1-6-5 Meiji 28-6-5	13
2		Liu Yung-fu 劉永福 Liú Yǒngfú (Mandarin) Lâu Éng-hok (Taiwanese) Liû Yún-fuk (Hakka) (1837–1917) Commander-in-chief	Qinzhou, Guangxi, China	5 June 1895 Yongqing 1-6-5 Meiji 28-6-5	21 October 1895 Yongqing 1-10-21 Meiji 28-10-21	138

Taiwan under Japanese rule (1895–1945)

After establishing control over the island, the Japanese used the French Empire model of an occupying force and were instrumental in the industrialization of the island; they built railroads, a sanitation system and a public school system, among other things. Around 1935, the Japanese began an island-wide assimilation project to bind the island more firmly to the empire.

In 1941, war broke out when the Japanese attacked the U.S. naval port of Pearl Harbor in Hawaii. By 1945, desperate plans were in place to incorporate popular representation of Taiwan into the Imperial Diet to end colonial rule of the island and transfer occupying troops to the front lines to fight the Allies. The names listed here are the Japanese governor-generals:

Military Rikken Seiyūkai Kenseikai Rikken Minseitō

Empire of Japan 「大日本帝國」
No.	Portrait	Name	Origin	Occupation	Affiliation	Term of Office	Monarch
1		Kabayama Sukenori 樺山資紀	Kagoshima	Admiral (Imperial Japanese Navy) (Viscount)	Military	10 May 1895	Emperor Meiji 明治天皇
2		Katsura Tarō 桂太郎	Yamaguchi	Lieutenant General (Imperial Japanese Army) (Viscount)	Military	2 June 1896
3		Nogi Maresuke 乃木希典	Yamaguchi	Lieutenant General (Imperial Japanese Army) (Baron)	Military	14 October 1896
4		Kodama Gentarō 兒玉源太郎	Yamaguchi	Lieutenant General (Imperial Japanese Army) (Baron)	Military	26 February 1898
5		Sakuma Samata 佐久間左馬太	Yamaguchi	General (Imperial Japanese Army) (Viscount)	Military	11 April 1906
5		Sakuma Samata 佐久間左馬太	Yamaguchi	General (Imperial Japanese Army) (Viscount)	Military	11 April 1906	Emperor Taishō 大正天皇
6		Andō Teibi 安東貞美	Nagano	General (Imperial Japanese Army) (Baron)	Military	1 May 1915
7		Akashi Motojiro 明石元二郎	Fukuoka	Lieutenant General (Imperial Japanese Army)	Military	6 June 1918
8		Den Kenjirō 田健治郎	Hyōgo	Member of Terauchi Cabinet (Baron)	Seiyūkai	29 October 1919
9		Uchida Kakichi 內田嘉吉	Tokyo	Member of House of Peers	Seiyūkai	6 September 1923
10		Izawa Takio 伊澤多喜男	Nagano	Member of House of Peers	Kenseikai	1 September 1924
11		Kamiyama Mitsunoshin 上山滿之進	Yamaguchi	literary figure	Kenseikai	16 July 1926	Emperor Shōwa 昭和天皇
12		Kawamura Takeji 川村竹治	Akita	Member of House of Peers	Seiyūkai	16 June 1928
13		Ishizuka Eizō 石塚英藏	Fukushima	Member of House of Peers	Minseitō	30 July 1929
14		Ōta Masahiro 太田政弘	Yamagata	Director of Kwantung Leased Territory	Minseitō	16 January 1931
15		Minami Hiroshi 南弘	Toyama	Member of House of Peers	Seiyūkai	2 March 1932
16		Nakagawa Kenzō 中川健蔵	Niigata	Undersecretary of Education	Minseitō	26 May 1932
17		Seizō Kobayashi 小林躋造	Hiroshima	Admiral (Imperial Japanese Navy)	Military	2 September 1936
18		Hasegawa Kiyoshi 長谷川清	Fukui	Admiral (Imperial Japanese Navy)	Military	27 November 1940
19		Andō Rikichi 安藤利吉	Miyagi	General (Imperial Japanese Army)	Military	30 December 1944

Taiwan after World War II (from 1945)

Following the end of World War II in 1945, under the terms of the Instrument of Surrender of Japan, the control of Taiwan was to be transferred to the Republic of China (ROC). ROC troops were authorized to come to Taiwan to accept the surrender of Japanese military forces and occupy Taiwan[4] on behalf of the Allied Powers in General Order No. 1, issued by Douglas MacArthur, the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers, on 2 September 1945. ROC troops were later transported to Keelung by the U.S. Navy, and Japanese handed the control of Taiwan to the ROC on 25 October 1945. Following its defeat in the Chinese Civil War in 1949, Premier Yan Xishan proclaimed the ROC Government's relocation to Taiwan (where it exists until today), thus replacing the Provincial Chairperson as the highest-ranked executive official on Taiwan. This lasted until March 1950, when Chiang Kai-shek resumed his duties as President in Taipei.

Kuomintang Democratic Progressive Party

Governor of Taiwan Province (1945–1949)

Republic of China (ROC)【中華民國】
No.	Portrait	Name (Birth–Death)	Term of Office		Political Party
Chief Executive of Taiwan Province
1		Chen Yi 陳儀 (1883-1950)	29 August 1945	22 April 1947	Kuomintang
Chairperson of the Taiwan Provincial Government
1		Wei Tao-ming 魏道明 (1899-1978)	16 May 1947	5 January 1949	Kuomintang
2		Chen Cheng 陳誠 (1897–1965)	5 January 1949	8 December 1949	Kuomintang

Presidents of the Executive Yuan of the Republic of China (1949–1950)

Republic of China (ROC)【中華民國】- Taiwan
No.	Portrait	Name (Birth–Death)	Term of office		Political party
30		Yan Xishan 閻錫山 (1883–1960)	8 December 1949	1 March 1950	Kuomintang
			8 December 1949	1 March 1950

President of the Republic of China (from 1 March 1950)

Republic of China (ROC)【中華民國】- Taiwan
No.	Portrait	Name (Birth–Death)	Term of Office		Term	Elections	Political Party	Vice President
Presidents elected by the National Assembly
1		Chiang Kai-shek 蔣中正 (1887–1975)	1 March 1950	20 May 1954	1	—	Kuomintang	Li Zongren (1950–1954)[5] Vacant (1954)
			20 May 1954	20 May 1960	2	1954 1,507 (96.91%)		Chen Cheng
			20 May 1960	20 May 1966	3	1960 1,481 (93.97%)		Chen Cheng (1960–1965)[6] Vacant (1965-1966)
			20 May 1966	20 May 1972	4	1966 1,405 (98.60%)		Yen Chia-kan
			20 May 1972	5 April 1975	5	1972 1,308 (99.39%)		Yen Chia-kan
2		Yen Chia-kan 嚴家淦 (1905–1993)	6 April 1975	20 May 1978	5	—	Kuomintang	Vacant
3		Chiang Ching-kuo 蔣經國 (1910–1988)	20 May 1978	20 May 1984	6	1978 1,184 (98.34%)	Kuomintang	Hsieh Tung-min
3		Chiang Ching-kuo 蔣經國 (1910–1988)	20 May 1984	13 January 1988	7	1984 1,012 (95.11%)	Kuomintang	Lee Teng-hui
4		Lee Teng-hui 李登輝 (1923–2020)	13 January 1988	20 May 1990	7	—	Kuomintang	Vacant
4		Lee Teng-hui 李登輝 (1923–2020)	20 May 1990	20 May 1996	8	1990 641 (85.24%)	Kuomintang	Lee Yuan-tsu
Presidents elected by popular vote
4		Lee Teng-hui 李登輝 (1923–2020)	20 May 1996	20 May 2000	9	1996 5,813,699 (54.0%)	Kuomintang	Lien Chan
5		Chen Shui-bian 陳水扁 (born 1950)	20 May 2000	20 May 2004	10	2000 4,977,737 (39.3%)	Democratic Progressive	Annette Lu
5		Chen Shui-bian 陳水扁 (born 1950)	20 May 2004	20 May 2008	11	2004 6,446,900 (50.11%)	Democratic Progressive	Annette Lu
6		Ma Ying-jeou 馬英九 (born 1950)	20 May 2008	20 May 2012	12	2008 7,658,724 (58.45%)	Kuomintang	Vincent Siew
6		Ma Ying-jeou 馬英九 (born 1950)	20 May 2012	20 May 2016	13	2012 6,891,139 (51.60%)	Kuomintang	Wu Den-yih
7		Tsai Ing-wen 蔡英文 (born 1956)	20 May 2016	20 May 2020	14	2016 6,894,744 (56.1%)	Democratic Progressive	Chen Chien-jen
7		Tsai Ing-wen 蔡英文 (born 1956)	20 May 2020	Incumbent	15	2020 8,170,231 (57.13%)	Democratic Progressive	William Lai

References

Information from 郭弘斌 (2003)
Died in office.
As acting; Fukien-Taiwan Province Civil Affairs Minister.
HC Deb 04 February 1955 vol 536 c159W. "In September, 1945, the administration of Formosa was taken over from the Japanese by Chinese forces at the direction of the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers; but this was not a cession, nor did it in itself involve any change of sovereignty. The arrangements made with Chiang Kai-shek put him there on a basis of military occupation pending further arrangements, and did not of themselves constitute the territory Chinese."
Impeached, recalled in 1954.
Chen Cheng, Died on 5 March 1965.

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[1] Information from 郭弘斌 (2003)

[died-2] Died in office.

[3] As acting; Fukien-Taiwan Province Civil Affairs Minister.

[4] HC Deb 04 February 1955 vol 536 c159W. "In September, 1945, the administration of Formosa was taken over from the Japanese by Chinese forces at the direction of the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers; but this was not a cession, nor did it in itself involve any change of sovereignty. The arrangements made with Chiang Kai-shek put him there on a basis of military occupation pending further arrangements, and did not of themselves constitute the territory Chinese."

[F-5] Impeached, recalled in 1954.

[D-6] Chen Cheng, Died on 5 March 1965.