List of wars involving Albania

This is a list of wars that Albanian states and Albanian forces have been involved in.

  Albanian victory
  Albanian defeat
  Another result (e.g. a treaty or peace without a clear result, status quo ante bellum, result of civil war or internal conflict, result unknown, mixed results, stalemate, ceasefire or indecisive)
  Ongoing conflict

Medieval Albania: Principality of Arbanon to the Fall of Shkodër (11901479)

Conflict Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Result
Thopia Uprising against the Anjou
(13581368)
Albanian Thopia family Angevin Kingdom of Naples Victory
  • Most of the territory of the Kingdom of Albania other than Durrës is captured by the Thopia family from the Anjou between 1358 and 1362.
  • First Siege of Durrës from April 1362 to May 1363 by the Albanians fails.
  • Second Siege of Durrës from 1367 to 1368 leads to the Thopia's taking Durrës.
  • The Thopia's form the Princedom of Albania in 1368.
Albanian-Epirote War of 1359
(1359)
Albanian Losha Family and Shpata Family Despotate of Epirus Victory
First Albanian Siege of Ioannina
(13671370)
Albanian Losha Family

Aromanian Mazaraki Tribe
Aromanian Malakasi Tribe

Despotate of Epirus in Ioannina Ceasefire
  • Albanian forces with support from Aromanian tribes besiege and attack Ioannina from 1367 to 1370.[1]
  • An agreement is made where the daughter, Irene, of the ruler of Epirus, Thomas Preljubović marries the son, John, of the ruler of Arta, Peter Losha. This ends the siege.
Invasions of Ioannina by Gjin Bua Shpata
(1375-1379)
Despotate of Arta Despotate of Epirus in Ioannina Defeat
  • Epirote forces repel Albanian invaders.
Invasions of the Despotate of Arta (13811384)
(13811384)
Despotate of Arta Despotate of Epirus in Ioannina
Ottoman Empire
Defeat
  • Preljubović, leader of Epirus, appealed for help from the Ottomans, who provide the Epirotes with an auxiliary force.
  • Epirote and Ottoman forces defeat the Albanians and capture many fortresses in the Despotate of Arta, expanding the Despotate of Epirus.
Zetan invasion of the Princedom of Albania
(1382)
Princedom of Albania Lordship of Zeta Zetan Victory
  • Zetan forces under Balša II capture the Princedom's capital, Durrës.
  • Thopia's forces are defeated and the Princedom ceases to exist.
  • In 1385 the Princedom is restored following Zetan defeat at the Battle of Savra by the Ottomans, from whom Thopia had requested assistance.
Battle of Ioannina (1385)[2]
(Early 1385)
Despotate of Arta Despotate of Epirus Defeat
  • Albanians attack the city.
  • Shpata withdraws due to strong city defences. The two sides later negotiate peace.
Battle of Savra
(September 1385)
Lordship of Zeta Ottoman Empire Defeat
  • Outnumbered Zetan forces are defeated at Savra by the Ottomans.
  • The Princedom of Albania under Karl Topia is restored.
First Zenebishi Uprising against the Ottomans
(13851386)
Albanian Zenebishi Family Ottoman Empire Victory
Albanian-Epirote War of 138990[3]
(13891390)
Despotate of Arta (all four battles)
Aromanian Malakasi Tribe (second battle)
Despotate of Epirus (all four battles)
Thessaly (second battle)
Ottoman Empire (third and fourth battles)
Defeat
  • Albanian and Aromanian forces are defeated in four battles against Epirote, Thessalian and Ottoman forces around Jannina.
  • Albanian forces withdraw into the surrounding mountains. Peace lasts from 13911394.
Venetian Invasion of the Princedom of Albania
(1392)
Princedom of Albania Republic of Venice Defeat
  • Venice invades and successfully captures Durrës from the Princedom.
Battle of Krujë (1392)
(1392)
Forces under Niketa Thopia Forces under Helena Thopia Niketa Thopia Victory
  • Forces under Niketa Thopia capture Krujë from his cousin, Helena.
First Epirote Invasion of the Principality of Gjirokastër
(April 1399July 1400)
Albanian Zenebishi Family Despotate of Epirus
Pro-Epirote Albanian Clans
Victory
  • Epirote forces led by Esau de' Buondelmonti invade Zenebishi territory in 1399, but are routed in battle by the Albanians and Esau is captured.
  • Esau is released after a large ransom is paid in 1400, ending the war.
VonkoShpata War
(November 1400Late 1401)
Despotate of Arta Vonko's Forces Victory
  • Forces under Vonko invade and capture Arta, expelling Sgouros Shpata.
  • Maurice Shpata's forces drive Vonko out of Arta and take control of the city. Sgouros maintains control of Angelokastron.
Epirote Invasion of the Despotate of Arta (14011408)[4]
(Late 14011408)
14011403:
Despotate of Arta supported by Sgouros Shpata and Maurice Shpata

14031407:
Despotate of Arta

Ottoman Empire (1406 only)
14071408:
Despotate of Arta (supported by Maurice Shpata)

County palatine of Cephalonia and Zakynthos Sgouros and Paul are defeated, Maurice is victorious
  • Epirote forces under Carlo I Tocco invade Sgouros Shpata's area of the Despotate of Arta.
  • Maurice reinforces Sgouros but the latter is killed in battle by the Epirotes in 1403.
  • Sgouros' son, Paul, seeks Ottoman aid, ceding Angelokastron to the Ottoman Empire. However, only a small Ottoman contingent is sent which is defeated in battle in 1406.
  • Paul retreats from most of his areas the same year and cedes Naupaktos to Venice in 1407.
  • Epirotes capture Angelokastron from the Ottomans in 1408.
  • An Epirote invasion against the city of Arta is repelled by Albanians under Maurice in 1408.
Battle of Ankara
(July 1402)
Timurid Empire Ottoman Empire
Albanian Zaharia family
Albanian Jonima family
Principality of Dukagjini
Albanian Dushmani family
Serbian Despotate
Wallachia
Defeat
  • Ottomans and their European allies are defeated in battle.
Battle of Krujë (1403)
(1403)
Forces under Niketa Thopia Forces under Helena Thopia Niketa Thopia Victory
  • Forces under Niketa Thopia capture Krujë from his cousin, Helena, for the second time.
First Scutari War
(Early 1405January 1413)
Balšići Lordship of Zeta
Crnojević family
Albanian Humoj family
Serb peasants
Albanian peasants
Albanian Zaharia family (Late 1412Early 1413)
Republic of Venice
Albanian Zaharia family (Early 1405Late 1412)
Albanian Jonima family
Mixed results
  • A local rebellion breaks out in the Shkodër area in early 1405. The Balšići intervene in favour of the rebels and capture all of the region including Drivast, but fail to capture Rozafa Castle in Shkodër.
  • The Venetians retake Drivast in August 1405, followed by the Zetan coastal towns of Bar, Ulcinj and Budva.
  • Peace is negotiated in 1409 however the Venetians broke the peace agreement shortly afterwards, resulting in the Zetans resuming war in early 1410. Shkodër is besieged.
  • Peace is made in early 1413 although both sides are unsatisfied.
Thopia-Muzaka Conflict
(Late 1411)
Albanian Thopia family Albanian Muzaka family Muzaka Victory
Albanian Invasion of Epirus (1412)
(1412)
Albanian Zenebishi Family

Albanian Shpata Family

Despotate of Epirus
Greeks of Ioannina
Victory
  • Albanians invade Epirus following the expulsion of Eudocia Balsic from Ioannina and the establishment of Carolo Tocco.[5]
  • Epirote forces are defeated in battle, however Albanian forces fail to take Ioannina.
First Ottoman Invasion of the Principality of Gjirokastër
(1414)
Albanian Zenebishi Family Ottoman Empire Defeat
  • Ottomans conquer the territory of the Principality.
  • Ruler of the Principality, John Zenebishi, goes into exile in Corfu.
Second Zenebishi Uprising against the Ottomans
(1416)
Albanian Mountain Tribes
Albanian Zenebishi Family
Republic of Venice
Ottoman Empire Victory
  • Albanian Tribal Uprising along with an invasion by John Zenebishi's forces retakes lost territory.
  • The Principality of Gjirokastër is restored.
Epirote Invasion of the Despotate of Arta (1416)
(October 1416)
Despotate of Arta Despotate of Epirus Defeat
  • The Shpata's suffer defeat at a battle near Nicopolis.
  • Yaqub Shpata, ruler of the Despotate of Arta, is killed in an ambush at Bompliana in October 1416.
  • Following the death of Yaqub Epirote forces successfully invade and annex the territory previously under control by Shpata clan.[6]
Second Ottoman Invasion of the Principality of Gjirokastër
(1418)
Albanian Zenebishi Family Ottoman Empire Defeat
  • Ottomans successfully besiege Gjirokastër and reconquer the territory of the Principality.
  • Ruler of the Principality, Depë Zenebishi, goes into exile in Corfu.
Albanian Revolt of 1432–36
(143236)
Albanian rebels Ottoman Empire

Support:
Venice

Mixed results
  • Albanian rebels led by Andrea Thopia attack Ottomans in Central Albania in 1432, beginning the revolt. Krujë is unsuccessfully besieged.
  • Rebels capture Vlorë in May 1432. An Ottoman invasion force of 10,000 men is defeated in the Winter of 1432 by forces of Gjergj Arianiti at the Central valley of the Shkumbin.
  • Depë Zenebishi joins the revolt in late 1432, capturing Këlcyrë, Zagorie and Pogon that year.
  • Zenebishi's forces besiege Gjirokastër, the capital of the Sanjak of Albania, between late 1432 until early 1433 but are defeated by the Ottomans.
  • Ottoman forces pillage Kanina and Yannina in the Summer of 1433 and then invade Gjon Kastrioti's lands, bringing him out of the war.
  • Nikollë Dukagjini rebels in Summer 1433 and captures areas of the former Principality of Dukagjini including Dagnum.
  • Zenebishi's forces beseiege Kanina.
  • Ottomans recapture Vlorë in May 1434.
  • A second Ottoman invasion force is defeated, again by Gjergj Arianiti, in South-Central Albania, August 1434.
  • With Venetian aid, Ottomans take back Dagnum in 1435.
  • A third Ottoman invasion force is defeated by Gjergj Arianiti in April 1435, ending hostilities until 1436.
  • Attempts are made to ally the Albanian rebels with the Holy Roman Empire by Sigismund, however talks end when a fourth Ottoman invasion force subdues Albania in mid-1436, committing massacres against the civilian population and defeating the un-unified rebel forces.
Muzaka Revolt in Berat
(14371438)
Albanian rebels Ottoman Empire Defeat
Ottoman-Albanian Wars of 1443 to 1479
(14431479)
14431444:

Kastrioti Family
Arianiti Family


14441446:
League of Lezhë


14461450
League of Lezhë
Angevin Kingdom of Naples


14501451
Albanians under Skanderbeg
Muzaka Lordship


Angevin Kingdom of Naples


14511454:
Angevin Kingdom of Naples

Muzaka Lordship


14541456:
Angevin Kingdom of Naples

Muzaka Lordship


14561468
Angevin Kingdom of Naples

Muzaka Lordship


Republic of Venice


14681478
Angevin Kingdom of Naples


14781479
Angevin Kingdom of Naples


Republic of Venice


Lordship of Zeta (Siege of Shkodra only)

14431444

Ottoman Empire


14441446
Ottoman Empire


14461450:
Ottoman Empire


14501451
Ottoman Empire
Principality of Dukagjini
State of Arianiti


14511454:
Ottoman Empire


14541456:
Ottoman Empire


14561468
Ottoman Empire


14681478
Ottoman Empire


14781479
Ottoman Empire

Ottoman conquest of Albania halted until 1479
Albanian–Venetian War
(December 1447October 1448)
League of Lezhë Republic of Venice
Pro-Venetian Alliance:

Ottoman Empire

Victory
  • Albanians besiege Dagnum and Durazzo in December.
  • Ottomans invade Albania and besiege Svetigrad in May.
  • Albanian victory at the Battle of the River Drin in July. Scutari is besieged.
  • Balec is garrisoned by the Albanians but a Venetian offensive retakes and burns down the fortress. An Albanian assault against a Venetian fortress by Hamza Kastrioti is defeated.
  • Svetigrad falls to the Ottomans in late July.
  • Ottoman invasion repelled at the First Battle of Oranik in August.
  • With Durazzo, Scutari, and Dagnum close to surrender, Venetians make peace in October.
  • Venice keeps Dagnum and cedes all territory on the Albanian side of the Drin to the League. Venice also pays Skanderbeg a lifetime pension and provides trade privileges to the Arianiti.

Ottoman Albania and the Albanian National Awakening (14791912)

Conflict Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Result
Albanian Uprisings of 14811484
(June 14811484)
Albanian rebels
Kastrioti family
Dukagjini Family
Muzaka family
Ottoman Empire Mixed results
  • Albanian forces under Nicholas Pal Dukagjini and Lekë Dukagjini land on the north Albanian coastline in early Summer 1481, sparking rebellion in former Dukagjini territories. Lezhë and Shkodër are attacked, forcing Ottomans to send reinforcements.
  • Meanwhile, Gjon Kastrioti II lands in Durrës, gathering support from 7,000 Albanian infantrymen, and his cousin Konstandin Muzaka lands in the coastal region around Himara. Rebellion breaks out in Central and Southern Albania.
  • Forces under Gjon Kastrioti defeat a force of 2,000 to 3,000 Ottomans in August 1481 and capture Himara and Borsh Castle.
  • Rebellion in Northern, Central and Southern Albania prevents Ottomans from sending reinforcements to Italy, resulting in Otranto being recaptured by Christian forces in September 1481.
  • The rebellions are eventually crushed, and Gjon Kastrioti retreats to Italy in 1484.
Crnojević-Kastrioti Invasion of Zeta
(June 1481)
Zetan rebels
Crnojević family
Kastrioti family
Ottoman Empire Victory
  • Forces under Ivan Crnojević land near Dubrovnik following the breakout of an Ottoman civil war.
  • With aid from Zetan rebels and Albanian forces led by Gjon Kastrioti II, Ivan Crnojević re-establishes the Principality of Zeta.
Albanian Uprising of 1501
(1501)
Albanian rebels
Dukagjini Family
Ottoman Empire Defeat
  • Rebellion breaks out in Northern Albania. Following this forces under Progon Dukagjini land in Albania from Italy, in an attempt to restore the Principality of Dukagjini.
  • The rebels are defeated by the Ottomans. Progon Dukagjini agree to stop fighting in return for gaining control over Rumelia (as an Ottoman pasha) and some of the Dukagjini territories in Albania (as timar).
Seven-fold barjak Uprising
(1658)
"Seven-fold barjak" Alliance:

Republic of Venice

Ottoman Empire Unknown
Medun Uprising
(1688)
Anti-Ottoman Tribal Alliance: Ottoman Empire Victory
  • Ottoman forces are defeated in two separate battles.
  • The area of Medun along with supplies are captured.
Hoti-Kuči Uprising of 1694
(1694)
Anti-Ottoman Tribal Alliance:
  • Albanian Hoti Tribe
  • Serbo-Albanian Kuči Tribe
Ottoman Empire Unknown
Shkodran Invasion of Ulcinj
(1772)
Bushati family Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro Unknown
War in Brda (1773)
(September 1773)
Bushati family Brda Tribes: Bushati Defeat
  • The Brda tribes repulse the invasion by forces under the Bushati family.
Shkodran Invasion of Montenegro (1785)
(1785)
Bushati family Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro Victory
Shkodran Invasion of Montenegro (1796)
(Early 1796September 1796)
Bushati family Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro Defeat
  • Shkodran forces march into Montenegro northwards in 1796 but are defeated at the Battle of Martinići, near modern-day Gornji Martinići, 3.5 km north of Spuž.
  • Lješkopolje is taken by the Albanians as forces under Bushati prepares to raid Cetinje.
  • Shkodran Albanians are intercepted and engage the Montenegrin at Battle of Krusi, suffering defeat. The leader of the Shkodran Albanians, Kara Mahmud Pasha, is killed.
  • Shkodran forces fall back to Podgorica, within Ottoman territory.
Muhammad Ali's seizure of power
(March 1803 March 1811)
Forces loyal to Tahir Pasha (March 1803 April 1803)

Forces loyal to Muhammad Ali (April 1803 March 1811)
Albanian bashi-bazouks
Mamluks (April 1803 February 1804)
Mamluks loyal to al-Bardisi (February 1804 March 1804)
Militia of Cairo

Ottoman Empire

Mamluks loyal to al-Alfi (February 1804)
Mamluk beys (March 1804 March 1811)
Albanian bashi-bazouk deserters

Souliote War (1803)
(SeptemberDecember 1803)
Souliote Confederacy Albanian Muslims loyal to Ali Pasha Muslim Victory
  • Forces under Ali Pasha invade Souliote territory and crush the autonomous Confederacy.
Battle of Karpenisi
(August 1823)
Greek[7] revolutionary army (Souliote forces)[8][9][10][11][12] Ottoman Empire
Pashalik of Scutari
Greek Victory[9]
  • Greek forces launch a raid against an Ottoman-Albanian camp in Karpenisi.[7][13]
  • Commanding general of Western Greece and leader of the Souliot force, Markos Botsaris,[14] is killed, however the Greek army is still victorious.[7][15]
Ottoman-Bushati War
(March November 1831)
Bushati family

Financial Support:
Principality of Serbia
Vocal Support:
Bosnia Eyalet
Egypt Eyalet under Muhammad Ali

Ottoman Empire Defeat
  • The Ottomans demand that Mustafa Bushati, leader of the Pahsalik of Scutari, hand over the districts of Dukakin, Debar, Elbasan, Ohrid and Trgovište.
  • Bushati refuses and, with support from Serbia, invades Ottoman lands in Europe, taking Prizren and Skopje followed by Sofia in mid-March.
  • Ottomans besiege Shkodër in April and the rebels are defeated at Skopje in May. Bushati withdraws from Prizren and Skopje to defend Shkodër. After a 6-month siege, Bushati surrenders Shkodër in November, ending the war.
  • The Pashalik of Scutari is dissolved.
Albanian Revolt of 1833 in Kolonjë
(January 1833)[16]
Tosk Rebels Ottoman Empire Victory
  • Revolts begin in protest to new Ottoman reforms in Albania.
  • Following this, many revolts follow in the coming decades.
Albanian Revolt of 1833 in Shkodër
(AprilDecember 1833)
Shkodran Rebels
Malsor Rebels [16]
Ottoman Empire Victory
  • Shkodër is captured by the Rebels.
  • Ottomans unsuccessfully besiege Shkodër for three months.
  • The Ottomans give in to Albanian demands.
  • Violations of agreements by the Ottomans in 1835 starts another revolt.
Albanian Revolt of 1833 in Southern Albania
(JulySeptember 1833)
Tosk Rebels
Lab Rebels
Ottoman Empire Victory
  • Large areas of Southern Albania are captured by the Rebels, including the Castle of Berat.
  • The Ottomans give in to Albanian demands.
Albanian Revolt of 1834
(November 1834 January 1835)
Tosk Rebels
Lab Rebels
Ottoman Empire Victory
  • Berat is captured by the Rebels after two months of siege.
  • The Ottomans give in to Albanian demands in January 1835 following the fall of Berat.
  • Agreements of peace are violated by the Ottomans later in 1835, starting another revolt.
Albanian Revolt of 1835 in South Albania
(JanuaryMay 1835)
Tosk Rebels
Lab Rebels
Çam Rebels
Ottoman Empire Defeat
  • Rebels march against Ioannina.
  • Ottoman reinforcements force the Rebels to retreat.
Albanian Revolt of 1835 in Myzeqe
(May 1835)
Myzeq Rebels Ottoman Empire Defeat
  • Rebellion is suppressed.
Albanian Revolt of 1835 in North Albania
(MaySeptember 1835)
Shkodran Rebels
Reinforcements:[16]
Kosovar Volunteers
Malsor Volunteers
Gheg Volunteers
Mirdita Tribesmen
Mati Tribesmen
Dibran Volunteers
Ottoman Empire Victory
  • Large areas of North Albania rise up in revolt, with Shkodër besieged and the rebels defeat the Ottomans in battle.
  • Albanian reinforcements to the Shkodrans are sent from Postribe, Kosovo, Malësia, Ulqin (now Ulcinj), Podgorica, Mirditë, Mat and Dibra.
  • Ottoman forces are defeated in battle by the insurgents in July.
  • Ottomans trick many rebels into withdrawing through a false ceasefire, and successfully capture Lezhë in order to relieve Shkodër.
  • Ottomans carry out Albanian demands in order to calm the situation.
Albanian Revolt of 1836 in South Albania
(JuneAugust 1836)
Tosk Rebels
Lab Rebels
Ottoman Empire Mixed results
  • Albanian rebellion in Vlora is suppressed.
Albanian Revolt of 1837 in Mat
(JanuaryFebruary 1837)[16]
Mati Tribesmen Ottoman Empire Mixed results
  • Rebellion in Mat is suppressed.
Albanian Revolt of 1837 in Myzeqe
(JuneAugust 1837)
Myzeq Rebels
Tosk Rebels
Ottoman Empire Defeat
  • Rebel victory at the Battle of Berat.
  • Rebel defeat at the Battle of Frakulla.
  • Local leaders captured and rebellion in Myzeqe is suppressed.
Albanian Revolt of 1837 in North Albania
(JuneAugust 1837)[16]
Kosovar Rebels
Gheg Rebels
Ottoman Empire Defeat
Albanian Revolt of 1837 in Dibër
(SeptemberNovember 1837)[16]
Dibran Rebels Ottoman Empire Victory
  • Upper and Lower Dibër are captured by the rebels.
  • Ottomans meet rebel demands.
Albanian Revolt of 1839 in South Albania
(AugustSeptember 1839)
Tosk Rebels
Lab Rebels
Ottoman Empire Victory
Albanian Revolt of 1839 in Prizren
(September 1839)[16]
Kosovar Rebels Ottoman Empire Victory
  • Prizren is captured by rebels in protest of new reforms.
  • Ottomans drop reforms and the revolt ends.
Uprising of Dervish Cara
(July 1843June 1844)
Gheg Rebels
Kosovar Rebels
Shkodran Rebels
Tosk Rebels
Ottoman Empire
Catholic Mirdita Tribesmen
Defeat
  • Albanians under Dervish Cara capture large areas in northern Albania, Kosovo and Macedonia.
  • Ottomans promise Albanian autonomy but then launch an invasion, retaking areas and suppressing the rebellion, aided by Catholic Mirdita tribesmen under Bibë Dodë.
Albanian Revolt of 1843–44 in Dibër
(July 1843November 1844)
Dibran Rebels Ottoman Empire Mixed results
  • Ottoman Pyrrhic victory in the Battle of Gjuricë.
  • Rebellion defeated but some rebel demands met.
Albanian Revolt of 1845
(MayJuly 1845)
Kosovar Rebels
Gheg Rebels
Ottoman Empire
Malsor Albanian Conscripts
Mirdita Albanian Conscripts
Mati Albanian Conscripts
Shkodran Albanian Conscripts
Gheg Albanian Conscripts from Gucia and Plava
Serbian Vasojevići Conscripts
Serbo-Albanian Kuči Conscripts
Rebel Defeat
  • Rebels capture areas in northern Albania, Kosovo and Macedonia.
  • Ottomans with Albanian and Serbian irregulars retake areas and end the revolt.
Albanian Revolt of 1847
(JulyDecember 1847)
Tosk Rebels
Lab Rebels
Çam Rebels
Ottoman Empire Defeat
  • Rebels defeat the Ottomans in four separate battles and besiege the castles of Berat and Gjirokastër. Large areas of Southern Albania are captured.
  • Ottomans organise a false amnesty, in which many of the rebel leaders are captured.
  • Ottomans lift the sieges and areas are retaken.
Montenegrin Civil War of 1847[17][18][19] Brda Tribes
  • Serbian Piperi Tribe
  • Serbo-Albanian Kuči Tribe
  • Serbian Bjelopavlići Tribe

Crmnica Tribes

Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro Defeat
  • Following a poor harvest and increased centralisation by the Montenegrin Prince, tribes in Brda and Crmnica rise up and attempt to secede from Montenegro.
  • The rebellion is quickly crushed and the ringleaders shot.
Albanian Revolt of 1862
(1862)
Catholic Mirdita Rebels
Vocal Support:
Second French Empire
Ottoman Empire
Albanian volunteers under Bibë Dodë Pasha
Alleged Support:
Austro-Hungarian Empire
British Empire
Defeat
  • Rebels raid Dodë's property Kallmet and take control of the road connecting Shkodër to Prizren.
  • Dodë calls in Ottoman forces who crush the uprising.
Battles for Plav and Gusinje (18781880) League of Prizren
Support:
Ottoman Empire
Principality of Montenegro Victory
  • Montenegrin victory at the First Battle of Velika.
  • Albanian victories at the Second Battle of Velika and the Battle of Novšiće.
  • Montenegro drops claims to Plav and Gusinje and instead Ulcinj is ceded to Montenegro by the Ottomans.
  • As a result of the secession of Ulcinj to Montenegro, the League of Prizren Secessionist War breaks out in 1880.
League of Prizren Secessionist War
(18801881)
League of Prizren Ottoman Empire
Principality of Montenegro
The Great Powers
Defeat
  • League of Prizren captures areas of Kosovo and prevents Montenegrin annexation of Ulcinj.
  • Great Powers blockade Ulcinj and request the Ottomans "to pacify" the League.
  • Ottoman forces take Prizren, dismantle the League and deport the leaders of the League from Kosovo. They then invade Ulcinj and deliver it to Montenegro.
Albanian Revolt of 1909
(1909)
Malsor Tribesman Ottoman Empire Defeat
  • Rebellion crushed.
  • Albanian clans retreat to Montenegro.
Albanian Revolt of 1910
(MayJune 1910)
Kosovar Rebels
Shkodran Rebels
Dibran Rebels
Malsor Tribesman
Support:
Kingdom of Serbia
Ottoman Empire Defeat
  • Areas of the Kosovo Vilayet captured by the Rebels are partially retaken by the Ottomans.
  • Ottomans invade Shkodër and Dibran territories, including Debre.
  • Rebellion suppressed.
  • Rebels limited to the highlands.
Albanian Revolt of 1911
(1911)
Malsor Tribesman
Shkodran Tribesmen
Ottoman Empire Peace is negotiated
  • Albanian victory in the Battle of Deçiq.
  • Compromise reached afterwards ending the revolt.
Albanian Revolt of 1912
(1912)
Kosovar Rebels
Gheg Rebels
Shkodran Rebels
Malsor Rebels
Dibran Rebels
Central Albanian Muslims
Tosk Rebels
Mati Tribesmen
Mirdita Tribesmen
Ottoman Albanian Deserters
Armaments Support:
Kingdom of Montenegro
Vocal Support:
Austria-Hungary
Kingdom of Bulgaria
British Empire
Ottoman Empire Victory

Independence to the end of the First World War (19121918)

Conflict Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Result
Serbian invasion of Albania during the First Balkan War
(19121913)
Ottoman Empire
Albanian guerrillas
Albanian Tribesmen
Kingdom of Serbia Serbian Victory
  • Serbia defeats Ottoman forces and captures large areas of Kosovo, Macedonia, Northern Albania and Central Albania. The Serbian army commits massacres against the Albanians living there.
  • Serbia forms Drač County and other counties on Albanian-populated lands captured from the Ottomans.
  • Serbia is forced to retreat from parts of Albania following the signing of the Treaty of London. Serbia annexes Kosovo and Macedonia and continues to occupy northern Albania.
  • Austro-Hungarian pressure forces Serbian retreat from Northern Albania by November 1913.
Battle of Lumë
(1912)
Albanians from Luma
Albanians from Dibra
Albanians from Gjakova highlands
Kingdom of Serbia
Victory
Siege of Shkodër
(19121913)
Ottoman Empire
Albanian volunteers
Naval Support in May 1913 only:
Kingdom of Italy
British Empire
Kingdom of Montenegro
Kingdom of Serbia
Status quo ante bellum
Greek invasion of Albania and Epirus during the First Balkan War (19121913) Ottoman Empire
Albanian guerrillas
Albanian Tribesmen
Kingdom of Greece Greek victory
  • Ottoman troops are defeated in Epirus and Albania.
  • Çamëria/Southern Epirus is annexed by Greece.
  • Northern Epirus is occupied by Greece.
  • Greeks retreat from Northern Epirus after the region is annexed by Albania following the Protocol of Florence.
  • Northern Epirus declares independence shortly after the Greek retreat, resulting in the First Northern Epirote Uprising.
Ohrid-Debar Uprising
(SeptemberOctober 1913)
State of Albania
Albanian Rebels in Macedonia
Kingdom of Bulgaria
IMRO
Kingdom of Serbia Defeat
  • Rebellion suppressed.
  • Albanian and Bulgarian forces withdraw from Macedonia.
First Northern Epirote Uprising
(MarchMay 1914)
Principality of Albania
Albanian irregulars
Kingdom of the Netherlands
Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus
Kingdom of Greece
Ceasefire
  • Northern Epirotes take control over large parts of Southern Albania (Northern Epirus).
  • Greek forces withdraw from Northern Epirus and the Greek government stays neutral against this revolution.[20]
  • Albania unsuccessfully tried to regain control of Northern Epirus.
  • The Protocol of Corfu ends hostilities and gives Northern Epirus autonomy inside of Albania.
First Peasant Revolt in Albania
(MayAugust 1914)
Principality of Albania
Kosovar Albanian Kachaks
Mirdita Tribesmen
Mati Tribesmen
Austro-Hungarian Volunteers
Romanian Volunteers
Support:
Austro-Hungarian Empire
Kingdom of the Netherlands
Muslim Albanian Rebels
Republic of Central Albania
Support:
Ottoman Empire
Muslim Albanian victory
  • Essad Pasha Toptani takes over large parts of Central Albania and forms a new state.
  • Toptani's invasion of Elbasan is repelled. Dutch forces shell Toptani's house, forcing his surrender.
  • Toptani is deported to Italy but the revolt continues.
  • Muslim Rebels defeat Dutch-Mirdita Catholic forces at the Battle of Shijak.
  • Muslim Rebels capture Berat and Vlora.
Second Peasant Revolt in Albania
(September 1914)
Principality of Albania
Kingdom of the Netherlands
Muslim Albanian Rebels Muslim Albanian victory
  • Durrës is besieged.
  • The Senate of Central Albania formed.
Second Northern Epirote Uprising
(SeptemberOctober 1914)
Principality of Albania

Republic of Central Albania

Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus Defeat
  • Northern Epirotes capture Berat from the Republic of Central Albania.
  • Greece invades Southern Albania in October.
Third Peasant Revolt in Albania
(SeptemberOctober 1914)
Principality of Albania Republic of Central Albania
Muslim Albanian Rebels
Support
Kingdom of Serbia
Kingdom of Italy
Republic of Central Albania Victory
  • Toptani invades and captures Central Albania and Dibër with Italian and Serb support and reforms the Republic of Central Albania.
  • Durrës is captured by Toptani unopposed.
Fourth Peasant Revolt in Albania
(November 1914)
Republic of Central Albania
Support:
Kingdom of Italy
Muslim Albanian Rebels Republic of Central Albania Victory
  • Rebels take control of parts of the Republic.
  • Toptani, with Italian support, keeps control of Durrës.
Italian invasion of Vlorë
(December 1914)
Principality of Albania Kingdom of Italy Defeat
Serbian army's retreat through Albania
(October 1915January 1916)
Albanian guerrillas
Albanian Tribesmen
Army of the Kingdom of Serbia Victory
  • Serbian army retreats through Albania to Corfu with heavy losses due cold, starvation and attacks from Albanians.
Austro-Hungarian Invasion of Albania
(January 1916April 1916)
Austro-Hungarian Empire
Albanian guerrillas
Kingdom of Italy
Republic of Central Albania
Austro-Hungarian Victory
  • Austria-Hungary, with assistance from Albanian guerrillas, defeats Italian forces and takes Tirana and Durrës.
  • The Republic of Central Albania is conquered, and a defensive line is set up in the south of Albania along the Vjosa river.[21]
Central Power invasion and occupation of Albania
(December 1915
Austro-Hungarian Empire
Kingdom of Bulgaria (Until September 1917)
Gheg guerrillas
Tosk guerrillas
Mati Tribesmen
Republic of Central Albania

Kingdom of Italy
French Third Republic

Kingdom of Greece

Interwar Period (19181939)

Conflict Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Result
Uprising of Dukagjini
(1919)
Kosovar Albanian Kachaks
Committee for the National Defence of Kosovo
Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes Mixed results
Vlora War
(1920)
Principality of Albania
Albanian Rebels
Kingdom of Italy Victory
  • Rebellion across Albania limits Italian control to the city of Vlora.
  • Rebels storm Vlora, forcing Italian retreat to Sazan and Italy.
  • All Italian-controlled territory in Albania is regained, excluding Sazan.
Albanian Revolt of 1922
(1922)
Principality of Albania Albanian Kachaks
Committee for the National Defence of Kosovo
Albanian Principality Victory
  • Kachaks capture parts of north-eastern Tirana.
  • British diplomat Harry Eyres convinces the Kachaks to retreat to Dibër and Kosovo.
Kachak Invasion of Albania
(1923)
Principality of Albania Kosovar Albanian Kachaks
Committee for the National Defence of Kosovo
Albanian Principality Victory
  • Kachak offensive into northern Albania captures areas in the Has and Tropojë districts.
  • Albanian offensives pushes the Kachaks back into Kosovo and captures Junik.
  • The Neutral Zone of Junik in Kosovo is ceded by Albania to Yugoslavia.
  • Resistance against Yugoslav annexation causes the Drenica-Junik Uprising.
June Revolution
(1924)
Fan Noli supporters (Albanian peasants)
Committee for the National Defence of Kosovo
Ahmet Zogu supporters (Mati Tribesmen) Noli Victory
Drenica-Junik Uprising
(1924)
Kosovar Albanian Kachaks
Committee for the National Defence of Kosovo
Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes Kachak Defeat
Yugoslav Invasion of Albania
(1924)
Ahmet Zogu supporters (Mati Tribesmen)
Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes
Fan Noli supporters (Albanian peasants)
Principality of Albania
Committee for the National Defence of Kosovo
Yugoslav-Zogu Victory
  • Fan Noli is ousted from power.
  • Ahmet Zogu forms the Albanian Republic and is made dictator.
  • Zogu's forces assassinate the leadership of the Committee for the National Defence of Kosovo.
Italian invasion of Albania
(1939)
Kingdom of Albania Kingdom of Italy Defeat

Second World War and Cold War (19391991)

Conflict Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Result
Greco-Italian War
(19401941)
Kingdom of Italy Kingdom of Greece
Air support:
British Empire
Stalemate
  • Greek tactical victory, strategic stalemate.
  • German intervention in 1941 with eventual Greek surrender.
Albanian Resistance of World War II
(19391944)
LANÇ
Legality Movement
Balli Kombëtar (Until 1943)
Kingdom of Italy (Until 1943)

Nazi Germany (From 1943)

Balli Kombëtar (From 1943)
Second League of Prizren (From 1943)

Albanian Communist Victory
  • Liberation of Albania from Axis occupation.
  • Balli Kombëtar defeated.
  • Albania becomes a Communist state.
Cold War (19451991)
Corfu Channel incident
(19461948)
Albania  United Kingdom World Court case in 1949

Albania pays compensations to Britain

Greek Civil War
(19461949)
Provisional Democratic Government

NOF partisans
Supported by:
Socialist Albania
Socialist Yugoslavia

 Kingdom of Greece

Supported by:
 United Kingdom
 United States (after 1947)

Mixed results
  • Communist forces defeated.

Post Cold War era (1991)

Conflict Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Result
Pyramid Crisis
(1997)
Berisha Government
 Greece
 Italy
 Turkey
Rebels Government victory
  • Restoration of law and order in Albania.
  • New Parliamentary elections held.
Kosovo War - Albania–Yugoslav border incident
(1999)
Albania
KLA
Supported by:
NATO
FR Yugoslavia KLA/Albanian Victory
  • Yugoslav forces retreat to Yugoslavia
  • Albanian army retakes control
  • Albania breaks diplomatic relations with Yugoslavia[22]
  • Kumanovo Treaty
  • Kosovo declares independence in 2008

See also

References

  1. Nicol, Donald MacGillivray (1984). The Despotate of Epiros, 1267-1479: A Contribution to the History of Greece in the Middle Ages. Cambridge University Press. pp. 142–5. ISBN 9780521261906. Retrieved 3 February 2013.
  2. Fine, John V. A.; Fine, John Van Antwerp (1994). The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. ISBN 0472082604. Early in 1385 John Spata attacked Ioannina but soon withdrew when he saw he could not crack the defenses created by Esau.
  3. Fine, John V. A.; Fine, John Van Antwerp (1994). The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. ISBN 0472082604. Early in 1385 John Spata attacked Jannina but soon withdrew when he saw he could not crack the defenses created by Esau.
  4. Fine, John V. A.; Fine, John Van Antwerp (1994). The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. ISBN 0472082604.
  5. Fine (1994), p. 356: "However, despite winning a major open-field battle against Tocco's forces in 1412, the Albanian allies could not take Jannina"
  6. Fine, John Van Antwerp (1994), The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest, University of Michigan Press, ISBN 978-0-472-08260-5, Carlo brought his forces south; the people of Arta submitted to him, and he entered the town in October 1416..
  7. Showalter, Dennis (2013). Imperial Wars 1815–1914. Amber Books. ISBN 9781782741251. Markos Botsaris' band of 450 Greek rebels made a night attack on an Ottoman Army of 13,000 men encamped near Karpenisi.TheGreeks inflicted1000 casualtiesalmostwithout loss, but retreated...
  8. Dontas, Domna N. (1990). The Last Phase of the War of Independence in Western Greece. ISBN 9789025609870. Retrieved 24 March 2016. As a result of these skirmishes, the Albanians were obliged to seek refuge in Karpenisi.
  9. Thomopoulos, Elaine (13 December 2011). The History of Greece. p. 62. ISBN 9780313375125. Markos Botsaris, a Souliot, participated in battles in western Greece... On the night of August 21, 1823, he led the attack on Karpenisi in central Greece by 350 Souliots, against around 1,000 Ottoman troops.
  10. Trencsenyi, Balazs; Kopecek, Michal (January 2006). National Romanticism: The Formation of National Movements. p. 173. ISBN 9789637326608. Retrieved 24 March 2016. Ali Pasha reached the bounadaries of the Souliots.
  11. Trencsenyi, Balazs; Kopecek, Michal (January 2006). National Romanticism: The Formation of National Movements. p. 173. ISBN 9789637326608. Retrieved 24 March 2016. In Albanian Marko Bocari (1788-1823). Member of a prominent Souliot Orthodox family. Exiled from his native Epirus in 1803, he joined Ali Pasha in 1820 and later he took part in the Greek War of Independence. He died in the battle of Karpenisi.
  12. Brian De Jongh; John Gandon; Geoffrey Graham-Bell (2000). The Companion Guide to Greece. ISBN 9781900639354. Retrieved 24 March 2016. A Turkish force of four thousand men was surprised one summer night in 1823 by Markos Botsaris, one of the ablest champions of Greek independence, and three hundred and fifty Souliots.
  13. Bradford, James C. (2004). International Encyclopedia of Military History. Routledge. ISBN 9781135950330. ...an Ottoman force of 10,000 Albanian mercenaries led by Mustai Pasha was routed by Markos Botsaris, who was killed in the Battle of Karpenisi (21 August 1823).
  14. Maria Lada-Minōtou (1994). The National Historical Museum. ISBN 9789608557307. Retrieved 24 March 2016. The fatal wounding of the Souliot hero Markos Botsaris at Kefalov- rysi, near Karpenisi, in a battle with the Turks in 1823, his death and his burial at Mesolonghi are the subjects of four ink drawings produced around 1830 by Athanasios latridis.
  15. Angelos Delēvorrias; Elektra Georgoula; Dēmētrēs Arvanitakēs (2005). From Byzantium to modern Greece: Hellenic art in adversity, 1453-1830 : from the collections of the Benaki Museum, Athens. ISBN 9780977659807. Retrieved 24 March 2016. The Souliot leader Marcos Botsaris (1790-1823) exhibited extraordinary bravery and military skills during the Souliots' struggle against ... The operation was successful, but Botsaris was mortally wounded in the battle at nearby Karpenisi.
  16. Pollo 1984, p. 125
  17. Michael Schuman (14 May 2014). Serbia and Montenegro. p. 19. ISBN 9781438122526. Retrieved 24 March 2016.
  18. Clissold, Henry Clifford Darby. Short History of Yugoslavia. CUP Archive. p. 79. Retrieved 24 March 2016. civil war montenegro 1847.
  19. William Miller (12 October 2012). The Ottoman Empire and Its Successors, 1801-1927. ISBN 9781136260469. Retrieved 24 March 2016.
  20. Stickney, Edith Pierpont (1926). Southern Albania Or. Northern Epirus in European International Affairs: 1912-1923. Stanford University Press. p. 43. ISBN 9780804761710. The position of the Greek government during this revolution in Northern Epirus was one of strict neutrality
  21. Jung, Peter (20 May 2003). The Austro-Hungarian Forces in World War I (1): 1914-16. p. 13. ISBN 9781841765945. Retrieved 19 April 2015.
  22. Elsie 2010, p. 246.
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