List of wars involving Albania

• Kingdom of Albania

• Most of the territory of the Kingdom of Albania other than Durrës is captured by the Thopia family from the Anjou between 1358 and 1362.
• First Siege of Durrës from April 1362 to May 1363 by the Albanians fails.
• Second Siege of Durrës from 1367 to 1368 leads to the Thopia's taking Durrës.
• The Thopia's form the Princedom of Albania in 1368.

• An Epirote invasion force is badly defeated by the Albanians at the Battle of Achelous and the Epirote leader, Nikephoros II Orsini, is killed.
• Albanians invade Epirus. Peter Losha forms the Despotate of Arta and Gjin Bua Shpata forms the Despotate of Angelokastron and Lepanto.
• Serbs take control of the rest of Epirus.

• Despotate of Arta

Aromanian Mazaraki Tribe
Aromanian Malakasi Tribe

• Albanian forces with support from Aromanian tribes besiege and attack Ioannina from 1367 to 1370.[1]
• An agreement is made where the daughter, Irene, of the ruler of Epirus, Thomas Preljubović marries the son, John, of the ruler of Arta, Peter Losha. This ends the siege.

• Epirote forces repel Albanian invaders.

• Preljubović, leader of Epirus, appealed for help from the Ottomans, who provide the Epirotes with an auxiliary force.
• Epirote and Ottoman forces defeat the Albanians and capture many fortresses in the Despotate of Arta, expanding the Despotate of Epirus.

• Zetan forces under Balša II capture the Princedom's capital, Durrës.
• Thopia's forces are defeated and the Princedom ceases to exist.
• In 1385 the Princedom is restored following Zetan defeat at the Battle of Savra by the Ottomans, from whom Thopia had requested assistance.

• Albanians attack the city.
• Shpata withdraws due to strong city defences. The two sides later negotiate peace.

• Outnumbered Zetan forces are defeated at Savra by the Ottomans.
• The Princedom of Albania under Karl Topia is restored.

• Albanians under John Zenebishi successfully capture the fortress of Gjirokastër.
• The Principality of Gjirokastër is declared.

• Albanian and Aromanian forces are defeated in four battles against Epirote, Thessalian and Ottoman forces around Jannina.
• Albanian forces withdraw into the surrounding mountains. Peace lasts from 1391–1394.

• Venice invades and successfully captures Durrës from the Princedom.

• Forces under Niketa Thopia capture Krujë from his cousin, Helena.

• Principality of Gjirokastër

• Epirote forces led by Esau de' Buondelmonti invade Zenebishi territory in 1399, but are routed in battle by the Albanians and Esau is captured.
• Esau is released after a large ransom is paid in 1400, ending the war.

• Forces under Vonko invade and capture Arta, expelling Sgouros Shpata.
• Maurice Shpata's forces drive Vonko out of Arta and take control of the city. Sgouros maintains control of Angelokastron.

1403–1407:
Despotate of Arta

• Forces loyal to Paul Shpata
• Forces loyal to Maurice Shpata

Ottoman Empire (1406 only)
1407–1408:
Despotate of Arta (supported by Maurice Shpata)

• Epirote forces under Carlo I Tocco invade Sgouros Shpata's area of the Despotate of Arta.
• Maurice reinforces Sgouros but the latter is killed in battle by the Epirotes in 1403.
• Sgouros' son, Paul, seeks Ottoman aid, ceding Angelokastron to the Ottoman Empire. However, only a small Ottoman contingent is sent which is defeated in battle in 1406.
• Paul retreats from most of his areas the same year and cedes Naupaktos to Venice in 1407.
• Epirotes capture Angelokastron from the Ottomans in 1408.
• An Epirote invasion against the city of Arta is repelled by Albanians under Maurice in 1408.

• Ottomans and their European allies are defeated in battle.

• Forces under Niketa Thopia capture Krujë from his cousin, Helena, for the second time.

• A local rebellion breaks out in the Shkodër area in early 1405. The Balšići intervene in favour of the rebels and capture all of the region including Drivast, but fail to capture Rozafa Castle in Shkodër.
• The Venetians retake Drivast in August 1405, followed by the Zetan coastal towns of Bar, Ulcinj and Budva.
• Peace is negotiated in 1409 however the Venetians broke the peace agreement shortly afterwards, resulting in the Zetans resuming war in early 1410. Shkodër is besieged.
• Peace is made in early 1413 although both sides are unsatisfied.

• Princedom of Albania

• Muzaka Lordship

• Forces under Niketa Thopia are heavily defeated during a skirmish with forces under Theodor Corona Musachi.
• Niketa Thopia is captured, and only released after ceding territory around the Shkumbin River to the Muzaka family.

• Principality of Gjirokastër

Albanian Shpata Family

• Despotate of Arta

• Albanians invade Epirus following the expulsion of Eudocia Balsic from Ioannina and the establishment of Carolo Tocco.[5]
• Epirote forces are defeated in battle, however Albanian forces fail to take Ioannina.

• Principality of Gjirokastër

• Ottomans conquer the territory of the Principality.
• Ruler of the Principality, John Zenebishi, goes into exile in Corfu.

• Albanian Tribal Uprising along with an invasion by John Zenebishi's forces retakes lost territory.
• The Principality of Gjirokastër is restored.

• The Shpata's suffer defeat at a battle near Nicopolis.
• Yaqub Shpata, ruler of the Despotate of Arta, is killed in an ambush at Bompliana in October 1416.
• Following the death of Yaqub Epirote forces successfully invade and annex the territory previously under control by Shpata clan.[6]

• Principality of Gjirokastër

• Ottomans successfully besiege Gjirokastër and reconquer the territory of the Principality.
• Ruler of the Principality, Depë Zenebishi, goes into exile in Corfu.

• Arianiti family
• Thopia family
• Kastrioti family (Until Summer 1433)
• Zenebishi family (From Late 1432)
• Dukagjini family (From Summer 1433)

Support:
Venice

• Albanian rebels led by Andrea Thopia attack Ottomans in Central Albania in 1432, beginning the revolt. Krujë is unsuccessfully besieged.
• Rebels capture Vlorë in May 1432. An Ottoman invasion force of 10,000 men is defeated in the Winter of 1432 by forces of Gjergj Arianiti at the Central valley of the Shkumbin.
• Depë Zenebishi joins the revolt in late 1432, capturing Këlcyrë, Zagorie and Pogon that year.
• Zenebishi's forces besiege Gjirokastër, the capital of the Sanjak of Albania, between late 1432 until early 1433 but are defeated by the Ottomans.
• Ottoman forces pillage Kanina and Yannina in the Summer of 1433 and then invade Gjon Kastrioti's lands, bringing him out of the war.
• Nikollë Dukagjini rebels in Summer 1433 and captures areas of the former Principality of Dukagjini including Dagnum.
• Zenebishi's forces beseiege Kanina.
• Ottomans recapture Vlorë in May 1434.
• A second Ottoman invasion force is defeated, again by Gjergj Arianiti, in South-Central Albania, August 1434.
• With Venetian aid, Ottomans take back Dagnum in 1435.
• A third Ottoman invasion force is defeated by Gjergj Arianiti in April 1435, ending hostilities until 1436.
• Attempts are made to ally the Albanian rebels with the Holy Roman Empire by Sigismund, however talks end when a fourth Ottoman invasion force subdues Albania in mid-1436, committing massacres against the civilian population and defeating the un-unified rebel forces.

• Muzaka family

• Albanians led by Theodor Corona Musachi rise up in the area of Berat.
• The Ottomans crush the revolt.

Kastrioti Family
Arianiti Family

1444–1446:
League of Lezhë

1446–1450
League of Lezhë
Angevin Kingdom of Naples

• State of Arianiti

1450–1451
Albanians under Skanderbeg
Muzaka Lordship

Angevin Kingdom of Naples

• State of Arianiti

1451–1454:
Angevin Kingdom of Naples

• Principality of Kastrioti
• State of Arianiti

Muzaka Lordship

1454–1456:
Angevin Kingdom of Naples

• Principality of Kastrioti
• Principality of Dukagjini

Muzaka Lordship

1456–1468
Angevin Kingdom of Naples

• Principality of Kastrioti
• Principality of Dukagjini

Muzaka Lordship

Republic of Venice

• State of Arianiti

1468–1478
Angevin Kingdom of Naples

• Principality of Kastrioti
• Principality of Dukagjini

1478–1479
Angevin Kingdom of Naples

• Principality of Dukagjini

Republic of Venice

• State of Arianiti
• Albanian resistance forces

Lordship of Zeta (Siege of Shkodra only)

Ottoman Empire

• Muzaka Lordship

1444–1446
Ottoman Empire

1446–1450:
Ottoman Empire

1450–1451
Ottoman Empire
Principality of Dukagjini
State of Arianiti

1451–1454:
Ottoman Empire

• Principality of Dukagjini

1454–1456:
Ottoman Empire

• State of Arianiti

1456–1468
Ottoman Empire

1468–1478
Ottoman Empire

• Muzaka Lordship

1478–1479
Ottoman Empire

• Muzaka Lordship

• The Ottomans are defeated in numerous battles by the Albanians, mostly under Skanderbeg.
• Albanian resistance weakens following the death of Skanderbeg in 1468.
• Krujë falls in 1478 after three previous failed sieges in 1450, 1466 and 1467.
• Shkodër falls in 1479.

• Humoj Family
• Vulkuta's Forces
• Ugrin's Forces
• Zapa Family
• Pedantari Family
• Moneta Family
• Malonši Family
• Sornja's Forces

Ottoman Empire

• Albanians besiege Dagnum and Durazzo in December.
• Ottomans invade Albania and besiege Svetigrad in May.
• Albanian victory at the Battle of the River Drin in July. Scutari is besieged.
• Balec is garrisoned by the Albanians but a Venetian offensive retakes and burns down the fortress. An Albanian assault against a Venetian fortress by Hamza Kastrioti is defeated.
• Svetigrad falls to the Ottomans in late July.
• Ottoman invasion repelled at the First Battle of Oranik in August.
• With Durazzo, Scutari, and Dagnum close to surrender, Venetians make peace in October.
• Venice keeps Dagnum and cedes all territory on the Albanian side of the Drin to the League. Venice also pays Skanderbeg a lifetime pension and provides trade privileges to the Arianiti.

• Albanian forces under Nicholas Pal Dukagjini and Lekë Dukagjini land on the north Albanian coastline in early Summer 1481, sparking rebellion in former Dukagjini territories. Lezhë and Shkodër are attacked, forcing Ottomans to send reinforcements.
• Meanwhile, Gjon Kastrioti II lands in Durrës, gathering support from 7,000 Albanian infantrymen, and his cousin Konstandin Muzaka lands in the coastal region around Himara. Rebellion breaks out in Central and Southern Albania.
• Forces under Gjon Kastrioti defeat a force of 2,000 to 3,000 Ottomans in August 1481 and capture Himara and Borsh Castle.
• Rebellion in Northern, Central and Southern Albania prevents Ottomans from sending reinforcements to Italy, resulting in Otranto being recaptured by Christian forces in September 1481.
• The rebellions are eventually crushed, and Gjon Kastrioti retreats to Italy in 1484.

• Forces under Ivan Crnojević land near Dubrovnik following the breakout of an Ottoman civil war.
• With aid from Zetan rebels and Albanian forces led by Gjon Kastrioti II, Ivan Crnojević re-establishes the Principality of Zeta.

• Rebellion breaks out in Northern Albania. Following this forces under Progon Dukagjini land in Albania from Italy, in an attempt to restore the Principality of Dukagjini.
• The rebels are defeated by the Ottomans. Progon Dukagjini agree to stop fighting in return for gaining control over Rumelia (as an Ottoman pasha) and some of the Dukagjini territories in Albania (as timar).

• Albanian Kelmendi Tribe
• Albanian Hoti Tribe
• Albanian Gruda Tribe
• Serbo-Albanian Kuči Tribe
• Serbian Vasojevići Tribe
• Serbian Bratonožići Tribe
• Serbian Piperi Tribe

Republic of Venice

• Albanian Kelmendi Tribe
• Serbo-Albanian Kuči Tribe
• Serbian Piperi Tribe

• Ottoman forces are defeated in two separate battles.
• The area of Medun along with supplies are captured.

• Albanian Hoti Tribe
• Serbo-Albanian Kuči Tribe

• Pashalik of Scutari
• Shkodran Albanians

• Pashalik of Scutari
• Shkodran Albanians

• Serbo-Albanian Kuči Tribe
• Serbian Bjelopavlići Tribe

• The Brda tribes repulse the invasion by forces under the Bushati family.

• Pashalik of Scutari
• Shkodran Albanians

• Montenegrin Nikšići tribe
• Montenegrin Paštrovići tribe
• Montenegrin Bjelice tribe

• Albanian Shkodran forces under Kara Mahmud Pasha invade Montenegro.
• Albanian forces pass through the territories of the Nikšići, Paštrovići and Bjelice.
• The Montenegrin coastline is reached and Cetinje is burnt down.

• Pashalik of Scutari
• Shkodran Albanians

• Serbian Piperi Tribe
• Serbian Bjelopavlići Tribe

• Shkodran forces march into Montenegro northwards in 1796 but are defeated at the Battle of Martinići, near modern-day Gornji Martinići, 3.5 km north of Spuž.
• Lješkopolje is taken by the Albanians as forces under Bushati prepares to raid Cetinje.
• Shkodran Albanians are intercepted and engage the Montenegrin at Battle of Krusi, suffering defeat. The leader of the Shkodran Albanians, Kara Mahmud Pasha, is killed.
• Shkodran forces fall back to Podgorica, within Ottoman territory.

Forces loyal to Muhammad Ali (April 1803 – March 1811)
Albanian bashi-bazouks
Mamluks (April 1803 – February 1804)
Mamluks loyal to al-Bardisi (February 1804 – March 1804)
Militia of Cairo

• Turkish bashi-bazouks
• Ottoman army
• Ottoman navy

Mamluks loyal to al-Alfi (February 1804)
Mamluk beys (March 1804 – March 1811)
Albanian bashi-bazouk deserters

• Pashalik of Yanina

• Forces under Ali Pasha invade Souliote territory and crush the autonomous Confederacy.

• Greek forces launch a raid against an Ottoman-Albanian camp in Karpenisi.[7][13]
• Commanding general of Western Greece and leader of the Souliot force, Markos Botsaris,[14] is killed, however the Greek army is still victorious.[7][15]

• Pashalik of Scutari
• Shkodran Albanians
• Forces loyal to North Albanian Pasha's
• Sanjak of Berat
• Sanjak of Ohrid
• Sanjak of Elbasan

Financial Support:
Principality of Serbia
Vocal Support:
Bosnia Eyalet
Egypt Eyalet under Muhammad Ali

• The Ottomans demand that Mustafa Bushati, leader of the Pahsalik of Scutari, hand over the districts of Dukakin, Debar, Elbasan, Ohrid and Trgovište.
• Bushati refuses and, with support from Serbia, invades Ottoman lands in Europe, taking Prizren and Skopje followed by Sofia in mid-March.
• Ottomans besiege Shkodër in April and the rebels are defeated at Skopje in May. Bushati withdraws from Prizren and Skopje to defend Shkodër. After a 6-month siege, Bushati surrenders Shkodër in November, ending the war.
• The Pashalik of Scutari is dissolved.

• Revolts begin in protest to new Ottoman reforms in Albania.
• Following this, many revolts follow in the coming decades.

• Shkodër is captured by the Rebels.
• Ottomans unsuccessfully besiege Shkodër for three months.
• The Ottomans give in to Albanian demands.
• Violations of agreements by the Ottomans in 1835 starts another revolt.

• Large areas of Southern Albania are captured by the Rebels, including the Castle of Berat.
• The Ottomans give in to Albanian demands.

• Berat is captured by the Rebels after two months of siege.
• The Ottomans give in to Albanian demands in January 1835 following the fall of Berat.
• Agreements of peace are violated by the Ottomans later in 1835, starting another revolt.

• Rebels march against Ioannina.
• Ottoman reinforcements force the Rebels to retreat.

• Rebellion is suppressed.

• Large areas of North Albania rise up in revolt, with Shkodër besieged and the rebels defeat the Ottomans in battle.
• Albanian reinforcements to the Shkodrans are sent from Postribe, Kosovo, Malësia, Ulqin (now Ulcinj), Podgorica, Mirditë, Mat and Dibra.
• Ottoman forces are defeated in battle by the insurgents in July.
• Ottomans trick many rebels into withdrawing through a false ceasefire, and successfully capture Lezhë in order to relieve Shkodër.
• Ottomans carry out Albanian demands in order to calm the situation.

• Albanian rebellion in Vlora is suppressed.

• Rebellion in Mat is suppressed.

• Rebel victory at the Battle of Berat.
• Rebel defeat at the Battle of Frakulla.
• Local leaders captured and rebellion in Myzeqe is suppressed.

• Gjakova, Pejë, Plava, Gucia are captured by the rebels but then retaken by the Ottomans.

• Upper and Lower Dibër are captured by the rebels.
• Ottomans meet rebel demands.

• Berat is besieged and the rebellion spreads to the Sanjak of Vlora.
• Ottomans meet Albanian demands.

• Prizren is captured by rebels in protest of new reforms.
• Ottomans drop reforms and the revolt ends.

• Albanians under Dervish Cara capture large areas in northern Albania, Kosovo and Macedonia.
• Ottomans promise Albanian autonomy but then launch an invasion, retaking areas and suppressing the rebellion, aided by Catholic Mirdita tribesmen under Bibë Dodë.

• Ottoman Pyrrhic victory in the Battle of Gjuricë.
• Rebellion defeated but some rebel demands met.

• Rebels capture areas in northern Albania, Kosovo and Macedonia.
• Ottomans with Albanian and Serbian irregulars retake areas and end the revolt.

• Rebels defeat the Ottomans in four separate battles and besiege the castles of Berat and Gjirokastër. Large areas of Southern Albania are captured.
• Ottomans organise a false amnesty, in which many of the rebel leaders are captured.
• Ottomans lift the sieges and areas are retaken.

• Serbian Piperi Tribe
• Serbo-Albanian Kuči Tribe
• Serbian Bjelopavlići Tribe

Crmnica Tribes

• Following a poor harvest and increased centralisation by the Montenegrin Prince, tribes in Brda and Crmnica rise up and attempt to secede from Montenegro.
• The rebellion is quickly crushed and the ringleaders shot.

• Rebels raid Dodë's property Kallmet and take control of the road connecting Shkodër to Prizren.
• Dodë calls in Ottoman forces who crush the uprising.

• Montenegrin victory at the First Battle of Velika.
• Albanian victories at the Second Battle of Velika and the Battle of Novšiće.
• Montenegro drops claims to Plav and Gusinje and instead Ulcinj is ceded to Montenegro by the Ottomans.
• As a result of the secession of Ulcinj to Montenegro, the League of Prizren Secessionist War breaks out in 1880.

• League of Prizren captures areas of Kosovo and prevents Montenegrin annexation of Ulcinj.
• Great Powers blockade Ulcinj and request the Ottomans "to pacify" the League.
• Ottoman forces take Prizren, dismantle the League and deport the leaders of the League from Kosovo. They then invade Ulcinj and deliver it to Montenegro.

• Rebellion crushed.
• Albanian clans retreat to Montenegro.

• Areas of the Kosovo Vilayet captured by the Rebels are partially retaken by the Ottomans.
• Ottomans invade Shkodër and Dibran territories, including Debre.
• Rebellion suppressed.
• Rebels limited to the highlands.

• Albanian victory in the Battle of Deçiq.
• Compromise reached afterwards ending the revolt.

• Albanian Rebels capture Üsküp and all of the Kosovo Vilayet, large parts of the Scutari Vilayet and Dibër (Debar) in the Monastir Vilayet.
• Ottomans agree to Albanian demands, including the formation of the Albanian Vilayet. However the outbreak of the First Balkan War prevents this vilayet from de facto forming.

• Serbia defeats Ottoman forces and captures large areas of Kosovo, Macedonia, Northern Albania and Central Albania. The Serbian army commits massacres against the Albanians living there.
• Serbia forms Drač County and other counties on Albanian-populated lands captured from the Ottomans.
• Serbia is forced to retreat from parts of Albania following the signing of the Treaty of London. Serbia annexes Kosovo and Macedonia and continues to occupy northern Albania.
• Austro-Hungarian pressure forces Serbian retreat from Northern Albania by November 1913.

• Capture of the Tower of Luma.
• Serbian withdrawal from the region of Lumë.

• Essad Pasha hands Shkodër over to Montenegro in return for Montenegrin support for the foundation of the Republic of Central Albania.
• Shkodër is assigned to the Principality of Albania in the Treaty of London. Montenegrin forces retreat from Shkodër in May 1913.

• Ottoman troops are defeated in Epirus and Albania.
• Çamëria/Southern Epirus is annexed by Greece.
• Northern Epirus is occupied by Greece.
• Greeks retreat from Northern Epirus after the region is annexed by Albania following the Protocol of Florence.
• Northern Epirus declares independence shortly after the Greek retreat, resulting in the First Northern Epirote Uprising.

• Rebellion suppressed.
• Albanian and Bulgarian forces withdraw from Macedonia.

• Northern Epirotes take control over large parts of Southern Albania (Northern Epirus).
• Greek forces withdraw from Northern Epirus and the Greek government stays neutral against this revolution.[20]
• Albania unsuccessfully tried to regain control of Northern Epirus.
• The Protocol of Corfu ends hostilities and gives Northern Epirus autonomy inside of Albania.

• Essad Pasha Toptani takes over large parts of Central Albania and forms a new state.
• Toptani's invasion of Elbasan is repelled. Dutch forces shell Toptani's house, forcing his surrender.
• Toptani is deported to Italy but the revolt continues.
• Muslim Rebels defeat Dutch-Mirdita Catholic forces at the Battle of Shijak.
• Muslim Rebels capture Berat and Vlora.

• Durrës is besieged.
• The Senate of Central Albania formed.

Republic of Central Albania

• Northern Epirotes capture Berat from the Republic of Central Albania.
• Greece invades Southern Albania in October.

• Toptani invades and captures Central Albania and Dibër with Italian and Serb support and reforms the Republic of Central Albania.
• Durrës is captured by Toptani unopposed.

• Rebels take control of parts of the Republic.
• Toptani, with Italian support, keeps control of Durrës.

• Italy occupies Sazan Island and Vlorë.

• Serbian army retreats through Albania to Corfu with heavy losses due cold, starvation and attacks from Albanians.

• Austria-Hungary, with assistance from Albanian guerrillas, defeats Italian forces and takes Tirana and Durrës.
• The Republic of Central Albania is conquered, and a defensive line is set up in the south of Albania along the Vjosa river.[21]

Kingdom of Italy
French Third Republic

• Autonomous Albanian Republic of Korçë

Kingdom of Greece

• Yugoslav forces quell rebellion in the Drenica/Dukagjini area.

• Italian protectorate over Albania

• Rebellion across Albania limits Italian control to the city of Vlora.
• Rebels storm Vlora, forcing Italian retreat to Sazan and Italy.
• All Italian-controlled territory in Albania is regained, excluding Sazan.

• Kachaks capture parts of north-eastern Tirana.
• British diplomat Harry Eyres convinces the Kachaks to retreat to Dibër and Kosovo.

• Kachak offensive into northern Albania captures areas in the Has and Tropojë districts.
• Albanian offensives pushes the Kachaks back into Kosovo and captures Junik.
• The Neutral Zone of Junik in Kosovo is ceded by Albania to Yugoslavia.
• Resistance against Yugoslav annexation causes the Drenica-Junik Uprising.

• Fan Noli becomes the head of the state and prime minister of Albania
• Ahmet Zogu flees to Yugoslavia

• Yugoslav forces annex areas of the Neutral Zone of Junik and Drenica.
• Azem Galica is killed.

• Royal Yugoslav Army
• Russian White émigré

• Fan Noli is ousted from power.
• Ahmet Zogu forms the Albanian Republic and is made dictator.
• Zogu's forces assassinate the leadership of the Committee for the National Defence of Kosovo.

• Italian occupation of Albania

• Italian Albania

• Greek tactical victory, strategic stalemate.
• German intervention in 1941 with eventual Greek surrender.

• Italian Albania

Nazi Germany (From 1943)

• German Albania

Balli Kombëtar (From 1943)
Second League of Prizren (From 1943)

• Liberation of Albania from Axis occupation.
• Balli Kombëtar defeated.
• Albania becomes a Communist state.

Albania pays compensations to Britain

• DSE

NOF partisans
Supported by:
Socialist Albania
Socialist Yugoslavia

 

• Hellenic Army

Supported by:
 United Kingdom
 United States (after 1947)

• Communist forces defeated.

• Restoration of law and order in Albania.
• New Parliamentary elections held.

• Yugoslav forces retreat to Yugoslavia
• Albanian army retakes control
• Albania breaks diplomatic relations with Yugoslavia[22]
• Kumanovo Treaty
• Kosovo declares independence in 2008