List of wars involving Nigeria

This is a list of wars involving the Federal Republic of Nigeria and its predecessor states.

Other conflicts

Mbaise Rebellion Battles against the British 1902–1917 – In 1900, the British created the Southern Nigeria Protectorate. The resistance to British colonisation from the people of modern mbaise and igbo's throughout Eastern Nigeria is well documented.
Bende Onitsha Hinterland Expedition 1905–1906 – The Bende Onitsha Hinterland Expedition is also referred to as the Ahiara Expedition due to the impact it had on the area. There was a lot of hostility between the British and the people of Mbaise following the Aro Expedition.

Oyo Empire (1682–1833)

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Result
Battle of Dahomey (1728)	Oyo Empire	Dahomey	Victory
Battle of Tabkin Kwatto (1804)	Sultanate of Gobir	Sokoto Caliphate	Decisive Fulani victory
Fulani War (1804–1808)	Sokoto Caliphate	Hausa Kingdoms	Fulani victory Establishment of the Sokoto Caliphate
Battle of Oyo Ile	Oyo Empire	Nupe	Agreement The Oyo defeated the Nupe and reclaimed Oyo Ile

Battles (1901–1902)

Battles in the Oguta/Owerri area (November 1901)
Battles of Esu Itu (December 1901)
Battles of Arochukwu (December 1901)
Battle of Edimma (January 1902)
Battle of Ikotobo (January 1902)
Battle of Ikorodaka (February 1902)
Battle of Bende (March 1902)

Colonial Nigeria/British Republic (1800–1960)

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Result
Ekumeku Movement (1883–1914)	Ekumeku Organization	British Empire	Stalemate Establishment of the Southern Nigeria Protectorate
Anglo-Aro War (1901–1902)	Aro Confederacy	United Kingdom	Defeat Defeat of the Aro People
African theatre of World War I (1914–1918)	Entente Powers: British Empire United Kingdom Australia Bechuanaland British East Africa Egypt Gold Coast India New Zealand Nigeria Northern Rhodesia Nyasaland Somaliland South Africa Southern Rhodesia Sudan Uganda France French West Africa French Equatorial Africa Morocco Belgium Belgian Congo Portugal Angola Mozambique Italy (1915–1918) Tripolitania Cyrenaica Eritrea Somalia Liberia (1917–1918)	Central Powers: German Empire Togoland Kamerun German South West Africa German East Africa Ottoman Empire Co-belligerents: Transvaal (1914–1915) Senussi Sultanate of Darfur (1914–1916) Dervish State Supported by: Ethiopian Empire (1915–1916)	Allied victory
Kamerun Campaign (1914–1916)	Entente Powers: British Empire Nigeria India France French Equatorial Africa Belgium Belgian Congo	Central Powers: Germany Kamerun	Allied victory
First Battle of Garua (1914)	British Empire British Nigeria	Germany German Kamerun	Defeat
Battle of Gurin (1915)	British Empire British Nigeria	Germany German Kamerun	Victory
Second Battle of Garua (1915)	British Empire British Nigeria France French Equatorial Africa	German Empire German Kamerun	Allied Victory
Bussa Rebellion (1915)	Nigeria	British Empire	Stalemate
Adubi War (1918)	British Empire British Nigeria	Egba rebels	Victory
East African Campaign (World War II)[1] (1940–1943)	Allied Powers: British Empire United Kingdom Australia Gold Coast India Kenya Nigeria Nyasaland Northern Rhodesia Southern Rhodesia Somaliland South Africa Sudan Belgium Belgian Congo Free Ethiopia Free France French Equatorial Africa	Axis Powers: Italy Italian East Africa Supported by: Germany	Victory Fall of Italian East Africa

First Nigerian Republic (1960–1979)

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Result
Congo Crisis (1960–1964)	Congo-Léopoldville ONUC Ireland Sweden Norway India Nigeria Ethiopia	Katanga South Kasai Belgium	Victory Katanga and South Kasai dissolved
1966 Nigerian coup d'état (1966)	Government of Nigeria	Rebel Army Officers	Government Victory Overthrow of Abubakar Balewa Assassination of 11 senior Politicians Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi seized power Instigation of Northern-led counter-coup Nigerian Civil War starts in 1967
1975 Nigerian coup d'état (1975)	Military government Supreme Military Council (SMC)	Armed Forces faction Supreme Military Council (SMC)	Coup succeeds Yakubu Gowon is ousted and replaced with Murtala Mohammed.
1976 Nigerian coup d'état attempt (1976)	Military government Supreme Military Council (SMC)	Armed Forces faction	Coup fails Murtala Mohammed is assassinated and succeeded by Olusegun Obasanjo.

Civil War (1967–1970)

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Result
Nigerian Civil War (1967–1970)	Nigeria Egypt United States United Kingdom	Biafra Portugal France	Victory Reincorporation of Biafra into Nigeria
Operation UNICORD (1967)	Nigeria	Biafra	Victory
Midwest Invasion of 1967 (1967)	Nigeria	Biafra	Victory
First Invasion of Onitsha (1967)	Nigeria	Biafra	Biafran victory
Operation Tiger Claw (1967)	Nigeria	Biafra	Nigerian victory
Fall of Enugu (1967)	Nigeria	Biafra	Victory
Second Invasion of Onitsha (1968)	Nigeria	Biafra	Victory
Abagana Ambush (1968)	Nigeria	Biafra	Indecisive
Invasion of Port Harcourt (1968)	Nigeria	Biafra	Victory
Operation OAU (1968)	Nigeria	Biafra	Defeat
Operation Hiroshima (1968)	Nigeria	Biafra	Victory
Siege of Owerri (1968–1969)	Nigeria	Biafra	Defeat
Operation Leopard (1969) (1969)	Nigeria	Biafra	Victory
Invasion of Umuahia (1969)	Nigeria	Biafra	Victory
Operation Tail-Wind (1970)	Nigeria	Biafra	Decisive Nigerian victory Capitulation of Biafra

Second Nigerian Republic (1977–1991)

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Result
Shaba I (1977)	Zaire Morocco Egypt France Belgium Supported by: United States China Sudan Nigeria	Front for the National Liberation of the Congo (FNLC) Supported by: Angola East Germany Soviet Union	Victory FNLC expelled from Shaba
Chadian–Libyan conflict (1978)	Anti-Libyan Chadian factions FAT (1978–79) FAN (1978–83) FANT (1983–87) GUNT (1986–87) France Inter-African Force Zaire[2] Nigeria[3] Senegal[3]	Libya Islamic Legion[4] Pro-Libyan Chadian factions FROLINAT GUNT (1979–86) Codos (1983–86) PLO (1987)[5][6] Supported by: Soviet Union East Germany	Victory
1983 Nigerian coup d'état (1983)	Nigeria	Nigeria Rebel Officers	Coup succeeds The ousting of the democratically elected government of President Shehu Shagari
Chadian–Nigerian War (1983)	Nigeria	Chad	Victory
1985 Nigerian coup d'état (1985)	Military government Supreme Military Council (SMC)	Armed Forces faction Armed Forces Ruling Council (AFRC)	Coup succeeds
First Liberian Civil War (1990–1997)	Liberia ULIMO ECOMOG	NPFL INPFL	Indecisive (ECOMOG mission successful)[7] Elections held, Charles Taylor becomes President.

Third Nigerian Republic (1992–1999)

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Result
Operation Restore Hope[8] (1992-1993)	UNITAF Australia Bangladesh Belgium Botswana Canada Egypt Ethiopia France Germany Greece India Italy Kuwait Malaysia Morocco New Zealand Nigeria Norway Pakistan Saudi Arabia Spain Tunisia Turkey UAE United Kingdom United States Zimbabwe Nigeria	United Somali Congress	UN operational success
Sierra Leone Civil War (1993–2002)	Sierra Leone ECOMOG United Kingdom UNAMSIL	RUF NPFL AFRC	Victory Lomé Peace Accord Defeat of the Revolutionary United Front
1998 Monrovia clashes (1998)	Johnson's forces (ex-ULIMO-J) Limited involvement: Nigeria United States	Liberian government (Taylor loyalists)	Stalemate

Fourth Nigerian Republic (1999–present)

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Result
Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)	Algeria Mauritania Tunisia Libya Mali MINUSMA[9] (from 2013) Nigeria AFISMA[10] (from 2013) Niger[11] Chad[9] France[9][12][13]	GSPC (until 2007) AQIM (from 2007) Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin (from 2017) MOJWA (2011–13) Al-Mourabitoun (2013–17) Ansar Dine (2012–17) Ansar al-Sharia (Tunisia) (from 2011)[14] Uqba ibn Nafi Brigade (from 2012)[15] Ansar al-Sharia (Libya) (2012–17) Salafia Jihadia[16] Boko Haram (from 2006, part of ISIL since 2015)[17][18] Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (from 2014) Libyan Provinces Wilayat Gharb Ifriqiyyah Wilayat al-Jazair	Ongoing
Conflict in the Niger Delta (2004–Present)	Nigeria	MEND NDPVF NDLF	Ongoing Amnesty agreement in 2009
Operation Juniper Shield (2007-Present)	Algeria Morocco Mauritania Tunisia Burkina Faso Chad Mali Niger Nigeria Senegal Supported & Trained By: United States Canada [19][20][21] France[19][22] Germany[19] Netherlands[19] Spain[19][23] United Kingdom[24][25]	al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (2007–present) Ansar Dine (2012–17) Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin (2017–present) Supported By: Boko Haram (2009–15) MOJWA (2011–13) ISIL Islamic State in the Greater Sahara (2015–present)[26]	Ongoing
Somali Civil War (2009–present)	Somalia United States United Kingdom AMISOM Nigeria (from 2010) Kenya	Al-Shabaab Hizbul Islam Islamic State in Somalia Supported by: Eritrea	Ongoing
Boko Haram insurgency (2009–present)	Nigeria Cameroon Chad Niger	Boko Haram Ansaru	Ongoing
2009 Boko Haram uprising (2009)	Nigerian Government	Boko Haram	Violence quelled
Northern Mali conflict (2012–present)	France Mali China[27] Benin Ghana Cape Verde Gambia Ghana[28] Guinea[29] Guinea-Bissau[30] Ivory Coast[29] Liberia[31] Niger[32] Nigeria[33] Sierra Leone[34] Senegal[33] Togo[35] Chad[36] Burundi[37] Gabon[38] South Africa[39] Rwanda[39] Tanzania[39] Uganda[40] Germany[41]	ISIL Ansar al-Sharia Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin	Ongoing
Operation Serval part of 2012 Northern Mali conflict and the War on Terror (2013–2014)	Mali France Nigeria Sierra Leone Poland MNLA	Islamic militants MOJWA AQIM Ansar Dine	Victory
Military intervention against ISIL (2014–present) 2014 Jos bombings	United States United Kingdom Iraq Syria Australia Belgium Canada Denmark France Germany Italy Netherlands New Zealand Norway Portugal Spain Turkey Bahrain Jordan Morocco Greece Qatar Saudi Arabia United Arab Emirates Egypt Libya Nigeria Cameroon Chad Niger Russia	Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant Boko Haram al-Nusra Front Khorasan Ahrar ash-Sham	Ongoing
Chibok ambush (2014)	Nigeria	Boko Haram	Defeat
2015 West African offensive (2015) 30 June and 1 July 2015 Borno massacres	Multinational Joint Task Force Nigeria Cameroon[42] Chad[43] Niger[44] Local militias[45] STTEP (foreign mercenaries)[46][47] Supported by: African Union[48][49] Belgium[50] Benin[44] Canada[51] China[52] Colombia[53][54] France[52] Iran[55] Israel[56] Italy[50] Spain[50] United Kingdom[52][57] United States[58][59]	ISIL Wilayat Gharb Afriqiya (from March 2015)[60] Boko Haram (until March 2015)	Multinational Joint Task Force victory
Invasion of the Gambia (2017) Dalori attack	Senegal Nigeria Ghana Mali Togo Coalition 2016	Gambia MFDC	Victory Yahya Jammeh steps down peacefully, minimal combat between the two sides.
Chad Basin campaign (2018–2020)	Multinational Joint Task Force (MJTF) Nigeria Niger Cameroon Chad Self-defense militias[61]	Islamic State West Africa Province (ISWAP) Boko Haram	Partial Multinational Joint Task Force victory Much territory is retaken from rebel forces Insurgents retain significant presence in the Chad Basin ISWAP experiences extensive leadership struggles, resulting in the successive purges of two leaders and several sub-commanders[62]

Peace agreements

Peace agreements signed

Banjul III Agreement (1990-10-24)
Bamako Ceasefire Agreement (1990-11-28)
Banjul IV Agreement (1990-12-21)
Lomé Agreement (1991-02-13)
Yamoussoukro IV Peace Agreement (1991-10-30)
Geneva Agreement 1992 (1992-04-07)
Cotonou Peace Agreement (1993-07-25)
Akosombo Peace Agreement (1994-09-12)
Accra Agreements/Akosombo clarification agreement (1994-12-21)
Abuja Peace Agreement (1995-08-19)

References

"East African Campaign".
Pike, John. "Libyan Intervention in Chad, 1980-Mid-1987". www.globalsecurity.org.
S. Nolutshungu, p. 164
Geoffrey Leslie Simons, Libya and the West: from independence to Lockerbie, Centre for Libyan Studies (Oxford, England). Pg. 57
"قصة من تاريخ النشاط العسكري الفلسطيني... عندما حاربت منظمة التحرير مع القذافي ضد تشاد - رصيف22".
Talhami, Ghada Hashem (30 November 2018). Palestinian Refugees: Pawns to Political Actors. Nova Publishers. ISBN 9781590336496 – via Google Books.
"The Ecomog Experience with Peacekeeping in West Africa – Whither Peacekeeping in Africa? – Monograph No 36, 1999." Archived 2015-01-02 at the Wayback Machine Accessed January 29, 2016.
- Despite the often discouraging prospects, the ECOMOG operation was ultimately successful for several reasons. The first was the sheer political will and tenacity of ECOWAS. The organisation did not have the option of cutting and running, for reasons that were as much self-interested as humanitarian. The second was the ability to combine three phases of conflict resolution: peacekeeping, peacemaking, and peace enforcement, thereby changing mandates of forces in the field as developments on the ground required (a flexibility due, ironically, to the autonomy enjoyed by the military command and as a result of the weak control exercised by the ECOWAS directorate).
"Unified Task Force", Wikipedia, 2020-09-19, retrieved 2020-10-17
"Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM)". Council on Foreign Relations. Archived from the original on 11 May 2015. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
"Niger army hunts for Al-Qaeda after clash". AFP. 15 June 2011.
"4600 soldats français mobilisés". Ledauphine.com. 2013-01-31. Retrieved 2013-11-22.
"Exporting Jihad". The New Yorker. 28 March 2016.
Aaron Y. Zelin, Andrew Lebovich, Daveed Gartenstein-Ross (July 23, 2013). "Al-Qa`ida in the Islamic Maghreb's Tunisia Strategy". Combating Terrorism Center.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
"Tipping point of terror". The Guardian. 4 April 2004.
"Niger attacked by both al-Qaeda and Boko Haram". BBC News. Retrieved 13 May 2016.
"Flintlock 11 Kicks off February 21 in Senegal". AFRICOM. 3 February 2011. Archived from the original on 24 December 2012.
"Canada Sends Special Forces to Aid African Al-Qaida Fight". Montreal Gazette. 2 December 2011. Archived from the original on 6 January 2012.
"French Hostage Executed after raid on Al-Qaeda base". France 24 news. 26 July 2011. Archived from the original on 10 December 2011. Retrieved 13 September 2011.
"Police in Spain arrest 5 suspected of financing terrorists". CNN. 27 September 2011. Archived from the original on 31 October 2011. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
"US Starts Anti-Al-Qaeda Military Exercise in Sahara". BBC. 3 May 2010. Archived from the original on 7 January 2014. Retrieved 26 February 2012.
"Britain Signals Maghreb Push with Anti-Terror Help". Reuters Africa. 18 October 2011. Archived from the original on 12 October 2017. Retrieved 1 July 2017.
"Islamic State in Greater Sahara (ISGS) / Islamic State in the Sahara (ISS) / Islamic State in Burkina Faso & Mali (ISISBM)". Terrorism Research and Analysis Consortium. Archived from the original on 26 October 2017. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
"Chinese army soldiers conduct first mission as peacekeepers in Mali 1612131 – Army Recognition". Armyrecognition.com. Retrieved 2014-02-11.
"Ghana agrees to send troops to Mali". Ghana Business News. 14 January 2013. Retrieved 18 January 2013.
"Mali conflict: West African troops to arrive 'in days'". Mali conflict: West African troops to arrive 'in days'. 15 January 2013. Retrieved 15 January 2013.
"APA – Int'l Support Mission for Mali to begin operations on Friday". APA. 18 January 2013. Archived from the original on 4 October 2013. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
"Ellen: Liberia Will Send Troops to Mali for Peace Mission – Heritage Newspaper Liberia". News.heritageliberia.net. Archived from the original on 21 February 2013. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
Irish, John (12 January 2013). "Niger says sending 500 soldiers to Mali operation". Reuters. Retrieved 13 January 2013.
Felix, Bate (11 January 2013). "Mali says Nigeria, Senegal, France providing help". Reuters. Retrieved 13 January 2013.
"Aid Pledged to Mali as More Troops Deploy". Wall Street Journal. 17 January 2013. Retrieved 18 January 2013.
"Les djihadistes s'emparent d'une ville à 400 km de Bamako" (in French). Retrieved 14 January 2013.
"Chad to send 2000 soldiers to Mali". Courier Mail. 17 January 2013. Retrieved 18 January 2013.
"AU to hold donor conference on Mali intervention". Africa Review. 18 January 2013. Retrieved 18 January 2013.
"WPR Article | Global Insider: Despite Early Successes, France's Mali Challenge is Long-Term". Worldpoliticsreview.com. 8 March 2004. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
"Five more African countries pledge to send troops into Mali: Nigerian minister". NZweek. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
"Forces capture Gao rebel stronghold – World News". TVNZ. Archived from the original on 27 January 2013. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
http://www.dw.com/en/bundeswehr-in-mali-dangerous-but-necessary/a-37321264
Faced with Boko Haram, Cameroon weighs death penalty for terrorism. By Tansa Musa, Reuters. YAOUNDE Wed Dec 3, 2014 9:56am EST.
Chad armoured column heads for Cameroon to fight Boko Haram. AFP for Yahoo! News, January 16, 2015 4:54 PM.
West Africa leaders vow to wage 'total war' on Boko Haram By John Irish and Elizabeth Pineau. 17 May 2014 2:19 PM.
"Vigilantes Settle Local Scores With Boko Haram". Voice of America. 15 February 2015. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
Colin Freeman (10 May 2015). "South African mercenaries' secret war on Boko Haram". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 17 March 2018.
Adama Nossiter (12 March 2015). "Mercenaries Join Nigeria's Military Campaign Against Boko Haram". The New York Times. Retrieved 16 March 2015.
Union agrees to send 7,500 troops to fight Boko Haram in Nigeria . Mashable.com, Jan 31, 2015.
The African Union Readies an Army to Fight Boko Haram, Medium.com.
"Feeling the heat: West combats extremists' advance in Africa's deserts". CNN. 27 February 2015.
Canada joins effort to free Nigerian schoolgirls. May 14, 2014 3:23 pm Updated: May 15, 2014 7:01 pm. By Murray Brewster, The Canadian Press
Kidnapped schoolgirls: British experts to fly to Nigeria 'as soon as possible'. theguardian.com, Wednesday 7 May 2014 17.33 BST.
Boko Haram: Obasanjo leads Colombian security experts to Buhari - Premium Times Nigeria
"In Pictures: Lt. General Buratai visits Colombia". The NEWS.
Iran ready to help Nigeria over abducted girls: Diplomat. Archived 14 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine Monday 19 May, 201404:53 PM GMT.
Israel sends experts to help hunt for Nigerian schoolgirls kidnapped by Islamists. The Jerusalem Post; 05/20/2014 18:03.
"British troops to help fight against Boko Haram as SAS target Isil". the Telegraph. 20 December 2014.
"Obama to deploy 300 US troops to Cameroon to fight Boko Haram | World news". The Guardian. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
"US troops deployed to Cameroon for Boko Haram fight". Al Jazeera English. 2015-10-14. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
"Boko Haram swears formal allegiance to ISIS". Associated Press. Fox News. March 8, 2015. Archived from the original on November 20, 2015. Retrieved January 8, 2017.CS1 maint: others (link)
Fergus Kelly (15 April 2019). "Nigeria-Chad operation 'kills 27 terrorists' near Wulgo as ISIS claims multiple attacks". Defense Post. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
Zenn (2020), p. 6.

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

[1] "East African Campaign".

[2] Pike, John. "Libyan Intervention in Chad, 1980-Mid-1987". www.globalsecurity.org.

[iaf-3] S. Nolutshungu, p. 164

[West_Pg._57-4] Geoffrey Leslie Simons, Libya and the West: from independence to Lockerbie, Centre for Libyan Studies (Oxford, England). Pg. 57

[5] "قصة من تاريخ النشاط العسكري الفلسطيني... عندما حاربت منظمة التحرير مع القذافي ضد تشاد - رصيف22".

[6] Talhami, Ghada Hashem (30 November 2018). Palestinian Refugees: Pawns to Political Actors. Nova Publishers. ISBN 9781590336496 – via Google Books.

[7] "The Ecomog Experience with Peacekeeping in West Africa – Whither Peacekeeping in Africa? – Monograph No 36, 1999." Archived 2015-01-02 at the Wayback Machine Accessed January 29, 2016.
Despite the often discouraging prospects, the ECOMOG operation was ultimately successful for several reasons. The first was the sheer political will and tenacity of ECOWAS. The organisation did not have the option of cutting and running, for reasons that were as much self-interested as humanitarian. The second was the ability to combine three phases of conflict resolution: peacekeeping, peacemaking, and peace enforcement, thereby changing mandates of forces in the field as developments on the ground required (a flexibility due, ironically, to the autonomy enjoyed by the military command and as a result of the weak control exercised by the ECOWAS directorate).

[8] Despite the often discouraging prospects, the ECOMOG operation was ultimately successful for several reasons. The first was the sheer political will and tenacity of ECOWAS. The organisation did not have the option of cutting and running, for reasons that were as much self-interested as humanitarian. The second was the ability to combine three phases of conflict resolution: peacekeeping, peacemaking, and peace enforcement, thereby changing mandates of forces in the field as developments on the ground required (a flexibility due, ironically, to the autonomy enjoyed by the military command and as a result of the weak control exercised by the ECOWAS directorate).

[8] "Unified Task Force", Wikipedia, 2020-09-19, retrieved 2020-10-17

[CFR-9] "Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM)". Council on Foreign Relations. Archived from the original on 11 May 2015. Retrieved 26 October 2014.

[11] "Niger army hunts for Al-Qaeda after clash". AFP. 15 June 2011.

[ledauphine-12] "4600 soldats français mobilisés". Ledauphine.com. 2013-01-31. Retrieved 2013-11-22.

[14] "Exporting Jihad". The New Yorker. 28 March 2016.

[ctc230613-15] Aaron Y. Zelin, Andrew Lebovich, Daveed Gartenstein-Ross (July 23, 2013). "Al-Qa`ida in the Islamic Maghreb's Tunisia Strategy". Combating Terrorism Center.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)

[TheGuardian-16] "Tipping point of terror". The Guardian. 4 April 2004.

[bbc.com-18] "Niger attacked by both al-Qaeda and Boko Haram". BBC News. Retrieved 13 May 2016.

[Flintlock-19] "Flintlock 11 Kicks off February 21 in Senegal". AFRICOM. 3 February 2011. Archived from the original on 24 December 2012.

[CSOR_Deployment-20] "Canada Sends Special Forces to Aid African Al-Qaida Fight". Montreal Gazette. 2 December 2011. Archived from the original on 6 January 2012.

[execution-22] "French Hostage Executed after raid on Al-Qaeda base". France 24 news. 26 July 2011. Archived from the original on 10 December 2011. Retrieved 13 September 2011.

[23] "Police in Spain arrest 5 suspected of financing terrorists". CNN. 27 September 2011. Archived from the original on 31 October 2011. Retrieved 4 November 2011.

[24] "US Starts Anti-Al-Qaeda Military Exercise in Sahara". BBC. 3 May 2010. Archived from the original on 7 January 2014. Retrieved 26 February 2012.

[25] "Britain Signals Maghreb Push with Anti-Terror Help". Reuters Africa. 18 October 2011. Archived from the original on 12 October 2017. Retrieved 1 July 2017.

[26] "Islamic State in Greater Sahara (ISGS) / Islamic State in the Sahara (ISS) / Islamic State in Burkina Faso & Mali (ISISBM)". Terrorism Research and Analysis Consortium. Archived from the original on 26 October 2017. Retrieved 25 October 2017.

[armyrecognition.com-27] "Chinese army soldiers conduct first mission as peacekeepers in Mali 1612131 – Army Recognition". Armyrecognition.com. Retrieved 2014-02-11.

[Ghana_Business_News-28] "Ghana agrees to send troops to Mali". Ghana Business News. 14 January 2013. Retrieved 18 January 2013.

[BBC-_In_Days-29] "Mali conflict: West African troops to arrive 'in days'". Mali conflict: West African troops to arrive 'in days'. 15 January 2013. Retrieved 15 January 2013.

[en.apa.az-30] "APA – Int'l Support Mission for Mali to begin operations on Friday". APA. 18 January 2013. Archived from the original on 4 October 2013. Retrieved 28 January 2013.

[31] "Ellen: Liberia Will Send Troops to Mali for Peace Mission – Heritage Newspaper Liberia". News.heritageliberia.net. Archived from the original on 21 February 2013. Retrieved 28 January 2013.

[32] Irish, John (12 January 2013). "Niger says sending 500 soldiers to Mali operation". Reuters. Retrieved 13 January 2013.

[reuters.com-33] Felix, Bate (11 January 2013). "Mali says Nigeria, Senegal, France providing help". Reuters. Retrieved 13 January 2013.

[WSJ-_Aid_Pledged-34] "Aid Pledged to Mali as More Troops Deploy". Wall Street Journal. 17 January 2013. Retrieved 18 January 2013.

[fr24-35] "Les djihadistes s'emparent d'une ville à 400 km de Bamako" (in French). Retrieved 14 January 2013.

[Courier_Mail-Chad-36] "Chad to send 2000 soldiers to Mali". Courier Mail. 17 January 2013. Retrieved 18 January 2013.

[Africa_Review-37] "AU to hold donor conference on Mali intervention". Africa Review. 18 January 2013. Retrieved 18 January 2013.

[38] "WPR Article | Global Insider: Despite Early Successes, France's Mali Challenge is Long-Term". Worldpoliticsreview.com. 8 March 2004. Retrieved 28 January 2013.

[nzweek1-39] "Five more African countries pledge to send troops into Mali: Nigerian minister". NZweek. Retrieved 28 January 2013.

[40] "Forces capture Gao rebel stronghold – World News". TVNZ. Archived from the original on 27 January 2013. Retrieved 28 January 2013.

[dw.com-41] ttp://www.dw.com/en/bundeswehr-in-mali-dangerous-but-necessary/a-37321264

[42] Faced with Boko Haram, Cameroon weighs death penalty for terrorism. By Tansa Musa, Reuters. YAOUNDE Wed Dec 3, 2014 9:56am EST.

[43] Chad armoured column heads for Cameroon to fight Boko Haram. AFP for Yahoo! News, January 16, 2015 4:54 PM.

[yahoo-44] West Africa leaders vow to wage 'total war' on Boko Haram By John Irish and Elizabeth Pineau. 17 May 2014 2:19 PM.

[IsT-45] "Vigilantes Settle Local Scores With Boko Haram". Voice of America. 15 February 2015. Retrieved 15 February 2015.

[South_African-46] Colin Freeman (10 May 2015). "South African mercenaries' secret war on Boko Haram". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 17 March 2018.

[mercenaries-47] Adama Nossiter (12 March 2015). "Mercenaries Join Nigeria's Military Campaign Against Boko Haram". The New York Times. Retrieved 16 March 2015.

[48] Union agrees to send 7,500 troops to fight Boko Haram in Nigeria . Mashable.com, Jan 31, 2015.

[Medium-49] The African Union Readies an Army to Fight Boko Haram, Medium.com.

[editioncnn-50] "Feeling the heat: West combats extremists' advance in Africa's deserts". CNN. 27 February 2015.

[Global_News-51] Canada joins effort to free Nigerian schoolgirls. May 14, 2014 3:23 pm Updated: May 15, 2014 7:01 pm. By Murray Brewster, The Canadian Press

[The_Guardian-52] Kidnapped schoolgirls: British experts to fly to Nigeria 'as soon as possible'. theguardian.com, Wednesday 7 May 2014 17.33 BST.

[53] Boko Haram: Obasanjo leads Colombian security experts to Buhari - Premium Times Nigeria

[54] "In Pictures: Lt. General Buratai visits Colombia". The NEWS.

[PressTV-55] Iran ready to help Nigeria over abducted girls: Diplomat. Archived 14 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine Monday 19 May, 201404:53 PM GMT.

[The_Jerusalem_Post-56] Israel sends experts to help hunt for Nigerian schoolgirls kidnapped by Islamists. The Jerusalem Post; 05/20/2014 18:03.

[57] "British troops to help fight against Boko Haram as SAS target Isil". the Telegraph. 20 December 2014.

[US1-58] "Obama to deploy 300 US troops to Cameroon to fight Boko Haram | World news". The Guardian. Retrieved 25 October 2015.

[US2-59] "US troops deployed to Cameroon for Boko Haram fight". Al Jazeera English. 2015-10-14. Retrieved 25 October 2015.

[Boko_Haram_joins_ISIL-60] "Boko Haram swears formal allegiance to ISIS". Associated Press. Fox News. March 8, 2015. Archived from the original on November 20, 2015. Retrieved January 8, 2017.CS1 maint: others (link)

[wulgo-61] Fergus Kelly (15 April 2019). "Nigeria-Chad operation 'kills 27 terrorists' near Wulgo as ISIS claims multiple attacks". Defense Post. Retrieved 19 April 2019.

[FOOTNOTEZenn20206-62] Zenn (2020), p. 6.

Lists of wars involving African countries
Sovereign states	Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde (Cabo Verde) Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Eswatini (Swaziland) Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire) Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe
States with limited recognition	Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland
Dependencies and other territories	Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla (Spain) Madeira (Portugal) Mayotte / Réunion (France) Saint Helena / Ascension Island / Tristan da Cunha (United Kingdom)