List of wars involving the Ottoman Empire

This is a list of wars involving the Ottoman Empire ordered chronologically, including civil wars within the empire.

Rise (1299–1453)

1265–1453 Byzantine–Ottoman Wars
1320–1326 Siege of Bursa
1345–1522 Conquest of Anatolia
1345–1393 Bulgarian–Ottoman Wars
1341–1347 Byzantine civil war of 1341–47
1352–1499 Serbian–Ottoman Wars
1366–1526 Ottoman–Hungarian Wars
1369 Conquest of Adrianople
1373–1379 Byzantine civil war of 1373–79
1386–1463 Bosnian–Ottoman Wars
1388 Battle of Bileća
1389 Battle of Kosovo (1389)
1391 Siege of Constantinople (1391)
1394–1396 Siege of Constantinople (1394–96)
1394–1396 Crusade of Nicopolis
1395 Battle of Rovine
1396–1718 Ottoman–Venetian Wars
1397–1402 Siege of Constantinople (1397–1402)
1402 Battle of Ankara
1402–1413 Ottoman Interregnum
1404 Uprising of Konstantin and Fruzhin
1411 Siege of Constantinople (1411)
1415–1419 Ottoman–Venetian War
1416–1420 Revolt of Sheikh Bedreddin
1422 Siege of Constantinople (1422)
1422–1430 Siege of Thessalonica
1432–1479 Ottoman–Albanian Wars
1432–1436 Albanian Revolt of 1432–1436
1443–1699 Polish–Ottoman Wars
1443–1444 Crusade of Varna
1447–1448 Albanian–Venetian War
1448 Battle of Kosovo (1448)
1453 Siege of Constantinople (1453)

Rise of the Ottoman Empire

INCOMPLETE:EDITING IN PROGRESS

Ottoman victory

Ottoman defeat

Another result (e.g. a treaty or peace without a clear result, status quo ante bellum, result of civil or internal conflict, result unknown or indecisive)

Ongoing conflict

Date	Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Result
1285	Siege of Kulaca Hisar	Kayı tribe	Byzantine Empire	Victory[1][2] Osman Gazi conquers the Byzantine castle of Kulaca Hisar.
1302	Battle of Bapheus and Battle of Dimbos	Kayı tribe Ottoman Empire	Byzantine Empire	Victory Kayi tribe transitions into Ottoman Empire.[3] Byzantium loses control over Bithynia[4] and allows gradual Ottoman expansion into Byzantine controlled Asia Minor
1317/1320–1326	Siege of Bursa	Ottoman Empire	Byzantine Empire	Victory Ottomans become the major power in Asia Minor
1328–1331	Siege of Nicaea	Ottoman Empire	Byzantine Empire	Victory Ottomans conquer Bithynia from Byzantium[5]
1345-47	Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347	Ottoman Empire(1345–1347) John VI Kantakouzenos Serbia (1342–1343) Beylik of Aydin (1342/3–1345) Beylik of Saruhan	John V Palaiologos Anna of Savoy John XIV Kalekas Alexios Apokaukos Zealots of Thessalonica Serbia (1343–1347) Second Bulgarian Empire Principality of Karvuna	Victory Ottoman ally John VI Kantakouzenos defeats regents, and is recognized as senior emperor
1352-57	Byzantine civil war of 1352–1357	Ottoman Empire(1345–1347) John VI Kantakouzenos Serbia (1342–1343) Beylik of Aydin (1342/3–1345) Beylik of Saruhan	John V Palaiologos Anna of Savoy John XIV Kalekas Alexios Apokaukos Zealots of Thessalonica Serbia (1343–1347) Second Bulgarian Empire Principality of Karvuna	Partial Defeat John V Palaiologos becomes sole ruler, deposes the Ottoman allies Kantakouzenoi, while Ottomans score major victory over Serbians at Demotika
1355	Battle of Ihtiman	Ottoman Empire	Second Bulgarian Empire	Partial Defeat[6] Heavy losses stall Ottoman advance on Bulgarian capital of Sofia, however Ottomans are able to inflict a crushing blow on Bulgarian.
1364	Battle of Sırpsındığı	Ottoman Empire	Serbian Empire Second Bulgarian Empire Wallachia Banate of Bosnia Hungarian Kingdom	Victory Ottomans conquer Adrianople and make it new capital
1371	Battle of Maritsa	Ottoman Empire	Serbian Empire	Victory[7] Ottomans conquer parts of Macedonia and Thrace
1371	Byzantine civil war of 1373–79	John V Palaiologos Ottoman Empire Republic of Venice	Andronikos IV Palaiologos Savcı Bey Republic of Genoa	Victory Byzantine Empire cedes Gallipoli to Ottomans[8] and essentially become Ottoman vassals
1382-1393	Ottoman Conquest of Bulgaria	Ottoman Empire	Bulgarian Empire Tsardom of Vidin	Victory Ottomans conquer Bulgaria and the Second Bulgarian Empire falls in 1396[9]
1388	Battle of Bileća	Ottoman Empire	Kingdom of Bosnia	Defeat Bosnians and Serbs ally against Ottoman threat, culminating in Battle of Kosovo
1388	Battle of Kosovo (1389)	Ottoman Empire	Moravian Serbia District of Branković Kingdom of Bosnia Knights Hospitaller	Unknown Result Some sources claim Tactically Inconclusive[10][11][12][13][14][15] whereas some claim Victory[16][17][18][19] Heavy losses on both sides devastate less numerous Serbs, while Ottomans are able to bring troops from the east. Ottoman Sultan Murad I and Serbian Prince Lazar are killed and Bayezid I becomes new sultan.[20] Serbian lords eventually became vassals of the Ottomans[21]
1394-1395	Bayezid's Campaign against Wallachia	Ottoman Empire Moravian Serbia	Wallachia	Tactical Defeat[22][23][24][25] Ottoman advance in Wallachia halted till Crusade of Nicopolis
1394-1395	Siege of Constantinople (1394–1402)	Ottoman Empire	Byzantine Empire Crusade of Nicopolis Kingdom of France	Siege pulled[26][27] Bayezid I is forced to march to Ankara to meet Timurid Amir Timur[28]
1396	Crusade of Nicopolis	Ottoman Empire Moravian Serbia Moravian Serbia[29]	Holy Roman Empire Bohemian Crown Duchy of Savoy Swiss Confederacy Kingdom of France Duchy of Burgundy Kingdom of Hungary Voivodship of Transylvania Kingdom of Croatia Principality of Wallachia[30] Knights Hospitaller Republic of Venice Republic of Genoa Second Bulgarian Empire[31] Polish Crown Crown of Castile Crown of Aragon Kingdom of Portugal Kingdom of Navarre Teutonic Order Byzantine Empire	Victory Ottomans defeat Crusades and no new Anti-Ottoman alliance is formed till the 1440s Ottomans maintain pressure on Constantinople, tightened control over the Balkans, and became a greater threat to central Europe Collapse of Second Bulgarian Empire
1402	Battle of Ankara	Ottoman Empire	Timurid Empire	Defeat Bayezid I is captured by Timur and dies in captivity, leaving the Ottoman empire without a sultan Ottoman Interregnum begins Ottoman Empire on the brink of collapse
1402 - 1413	Ottoman Interregnum	Mehmed Çelebi Serbian Despotate	İsa Çelebi Süleyman Çelebi Musa Çelebi	Mehmed Victory Mehmed Çelebi becomes Mehmed I Ottoman Empire is re-united
1421-1522	2nd Conquest of Anatolia	Ottoman Empire	Beylik of Karaman Beylik of Isfendiyar Beylik of Aydin Empire of Trebizond Sultanate of Eretna Beylik of Teke Byzantine Empire Beyliks of Canik Beylik of Germiyan Beylik of Menteşe Beylik of Karasi Beylik of Saruhan	Victory Ottomans conquer Anatolia

Classical Age (1453–1566)

1456 Siege of Belgrade (1456)
1461 Conquest of Trebizond
1462 Night Attack at Târgoviște
1462 Ottoman–Genoese War
1463–1479 Ottoman–Venetian War
1463 Siege of Jajce
1473 Battle of Otlukbeli
1473–1479 Moldavian–Ottoman Wars
1475 Battle of Vaslui
1476 Battle of Valea Albă
1479 Battle of Breadfield
1480 Siege of Rhodes (1480)
1480–1481 Invasion of Otranto
1481–1589 Ottoman–Portuguese Wars
1481 Ottoman–Portuguese War
1484–1486 Moldavian–Ottoman Wars
1485–1503 Polish–Ottoman War
1485–1491 Ottoman–Mamluk War
1490–1494 War of the Hungarian Succession
1493–1593 Hundred Years' Croatian–Ottoman War
1499–1503 Ottoman–Venetian War (1499–1503)
1509–1513 Ottoman Civil War
1511 Şahkulu Rebellion
1514–1823 Ottoman–Persian Wars
1514 Battle of Chaldiran
1516–1517 Ottoman–Mamluk War
1517 Siege of Jeddah
1518 Conquest of Tlemcen
1519–1659 Jelali revolts
1521 Siege of Belgrade (1521)
1522 Siege of Rhodes (1522)
1526 Battle of Mohács
1526–1791 Ottoman–Habsburg Wars
1527–1528 Habsburg invasion of Hungary
1529 Ottoman invasion of Hungary
1529 Conquest of Peñón of Algiers
1529 Siege of Vienna
1530–1552 Little War in Hungary
1531 Siege of Diu (1531)
1532–1555 Ottoman–Safavid War
1534 Conquest of Tunis (1534)
1535 Conquest of Tunis (1535)
1536–1559 Italian War of 1536–1538
1536–1537 Siege of Klis
1537–1540 Ottoman–Venetian War (1537–40)
1538 Siege of Diu (1538)
1538–1559 Ottoman–Portuguese War
1542–1546 Italian War of 1542–1546
1547 Invasion of Guria
1551 Conquest of Tripolitania
1551 Invasion of Gozo
1551–1559 Italian War of 1551–1559
1552 Siege of Temesvár
1552 Siege of Eger
1553 Invasion of Corsica
1554 Conquest of Fez
1557–1578 Conquest of Habesh
1558 Invasion of Morocco
1558 Expedition to Mostaganem
1558 Invasion of the Balearic Islands
1559–1564 Spanish-Turkish War[32]
1559 Ottoman Civil War
1560 Battle of Djerba
1562–1873 Expeditions to Aceh
1564–1565 Ottoman-Macedonian Wars
1565 Great Siege of Malta
1566-1568 Austro-Turkish War

Transformation (1566–1703)

1568–1918 Russo-Turkish Wars
1568–1570 Russo-Turkish War
1569–1580 Spanish-Turkish War[32]
1570–1572 Russo–Crimean War
1570–1573 Ottoman–Venetian War
1571 Battle of Lepanto
1574 Conquest of Tunis (1574)
1576 Moroccan Civil War
1578 Moroccan–Portuguese War
1578 Caucasian Campaign
1578–1590 Ottoman–Safavid War
1586–1589 Ottoman–Portuguese War
1585 Ottoman–Druze War
1589 Beylerbeyi Event
1590–1610 Celali rebellions
1593–1606 Long War
1593–1617 Moldavian Magnate Wars
1593–1788 Serbian–Ottoman Wars
1598 First Tarnovo Uprising
1603–1618 Ottoman–Safavid War
1610–1614 Spanish-Turkish War[32]
1611 Epirus Revolt of 1611
1611–1613 Ottoman–Druze War
1618–1619 Spanish-Turkish War[32]
1620–1621 Polish–Ottoman War
1622–1628 Abaza rebellion
1623–1639 Ottoman–Safavid War
1631–1635 Ottoman–Druze War
1633–1634 Polish–Ottoman War
1645–1669 Cretan War
1648 Atmeydanı Incident
1656 Çınar Incident
1658–1667 Druze power struggle
1663–1664 Austro–Turkish War
1666–1671 Polish–Cossack–Tatar War
1672–1676 Polish–Ottoman War
1676–1681 Russo-Turkish War
1683–1699 Great Turkish War
1686 Second Tarnovo Uprising
1688 Chiprovtsi Uprising
1689 Karposh's Rebellion
1700–1721 Great Northern War

Old Regime (1703–1789)

Decline and modernization (1789–1908)

1792–1802 French Revolutionary Wars
1793–1795 Tripolitanian civil war
1798–1801 French campaign in Egypt and Syria
1798–1802 War of the Second Coalition
1801–1805 First Barbary War
1803–1815 Napoleonic Wars
1803 Souliote War
1803 Invasion of Mani (1803)
1803–1807 Rise of Muhammad Ali
1804–1817 Serbian–Ottoman Wars
1804–1813 First Serbian Uprising
1806 1806 Edirne Incident
1806–1812 Russo-Turkish War
1807 Invasion of Mani (1807)
1807–1809 Anglo-Turkish War
1807–1808 Ottoman coups of 1807–08
1811–1818 Ottoman–Saudi War
1815 Invasion of Mani (1815)
1815 Second Barbary War
1815–1817 Second Serbian Uprising
1821–1832 Greek War of Independence
1821 Wallachian uprising of 1821
1821–1823 Ottoman–Qajar War
1828–1829 Russo-Turkish War
1829–1830 Revolt of Atçalı Kel Mehmet
1830–1903 French conquest of Algeria
1831–1832 Great Bosnian uprising
1831–1833 Egyptian–Ottoman War
1833–1839 Albanian Revolts of 1833–39
1834 1834 Arab revolt in Palestine
1835–1858 Libyan revolt
1838 1838 Druze revolt
1839–1841 Egyptian–Ottoman War
1843–1844 Albanian Revolt of 1843–44
1847 Albanian Revolt of 1847
1848 Wallachian Revolution of 1848
1852–1878 Serbian–Ottoman Wars
1852–1862 Herzegovina Uprising (1852–1862)
1852–1853 Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1852–53)
1853–1856 Crimean War
1854 Epirus Revolt of 1854
1858 Battle of Grahovac
1860 Lebanon conflict
1861–1862 Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1861–62)
1862 Zeitun Rebellion (1862)
1866–1869 Cretan Revolt
1875–1877 Herzegovina Uprising (1875–1877)
1876 April Uprising
1876 Razlovtsi insurrection
1876–1878 Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1876–78)
1876–1877 First Serbian–Ottoman War
1877–1878 Russo-Turkish War
1877–1878 Second Serbian–Ottoman War
1878 Epirus Revolt of 1878
1878 Austro-Hungarian occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
1892–1893 Ottoman–Qatari War
1893–1908 Macedonian Struggle
1894 Sasun rebellion
1895–1896 Zeitun Rebellion (1895–96)
1897 Greco-Turkish War of 1897
1903 Theriso revolt
1903 Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising
1904 Sasun Uprising
1905 Shoubak revolt
1906 Ottoman–Qajar War

Dissolution (1908–1922)

1908 Young Turk Revolution
1909 31 March Incident
1909–1910 Hauran Druze Rebellion
1910 Albanian Revolt of 1910
1910 Karak revolt
1911 Albanian Revolt of 1911
1911–1912 Italo-Turkish War
1912 Albanian Revolt of 1912
1912–1918 Serbian–Ottoman Wars
1912–1913 First Balkan War
1913 Raid on the Sublime Porte
1913 Second Balkan War
1914–1918 World War I
1917–1923 Russian Civil War
1918–1920 Armenian–Azerbaijani War
1919–1923 Turkish War of Independence

References

Atsiz, Nihal (2012). Aşıkpaşaoğlu Tarihi. Otuken. p. 31. ISBN 9754378681.
Inalcik, Halil. "OSMAN I - TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi". islamansiklopedisi.org.tr (in Turkish). Retrieved 2020-12-04.
"Prof. İnalcık: Osmanlı 1302'de kuruldu: Ünlü tarihçi Prof. Dr. Halil İnalcık, Osmanlı'nın devlet niteliğini 1302 yılında Yalova'daki Bafeus Zaferi sonrası kazandığını söyledi.", NTVNSMBC, 27 July 2009. (in Turkish)
Bartusis 1997, pp. 91–92; Laiou 2002, p. 25; Nicol 1993, pp. 169–171
A History of the Byzantine State and Society, Treadgold, W., Stanford Press, 1997
Maddock, Robert (19 December 2016). Robert Maddock, The 1300 Year's War: Volume 2. ISBN 9781524549350.
Sedlar, Jean W., East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000-1500, (University of Washington Press, 1994), 385.
Treadgold (1997), p. 780
"20. The Decline of the Second Bulgarian Empire" (in Bulgarian). Archived from the original on 8 October 2011. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
(Fine 1994, p. 410)
Thus since the Turks also withdrew, one can conclude that the battle was a draw.
(Emmert 1990, p. ?)
Surprisingly enough, it is not even possible to know with certainty from the extant contemporary material whether one or the other side was victorious on the field. There is certainly little to indicate that it was a great Serbian defeat; and the earliest reports of the conflict suggest, on the contrary, that the Christian forces had won.
Daniel Waley; Peter Denley (2013). Later Medieval Europe: 1250-1520. Routledge. p. 255. ISBN 978-1-317-89018-8. The outcome of the battle itself was inconclusive.
Ian Oliver (2005). War and Peace in the Balkans: The Diplomacy of Conflict in the Former Yugoslavia. I.B.Tauris. p. vii. ISBN 978-1-85043-889-2. Losses on both sides were appalling and the outcome inconclusive although the Serbs never fully recovered.
John Binns (2002). An Introduction to the Christian Orthodox Churches. Cambridge University Press. p. 197. ISBN 978-0-521-66738-8. The battle is remembered as a heroic defeat, but historical evidence suggests an inconclusive draw.
John K. Cox (2002). The History of Serbia. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 30. ISBN 978-0-313-31290-8. The Ottoman army probably numbered between 30,000 and 40,000. They faced something like 15,000 to 25,000 Eastern Orthodox soldiers. [...] Accounts from the period after the battle depict the engagement at Kosovo as anything from a draw to a Christian victory.
Heike Krieger (2001). The Kosovo Conflict and International Law: An Analytical Documentation 1974-1999. Cambridge University Press. p. 31. ISBN 0-521-80071-4. Discussions of the Kosovo conflict often start with the battle of Kosovo Polje (the Field of Blackbirds) in 1389 when the Serbs were defeated by the Ottoman Empire
Michael Waller; Kyril Drezov; Bülent Gökay (2013). Kosovo:The Politics of Delusion. Routledge. p. 172. ISBN 978-0-7146-5157-6. 1389: A Serbian-led Christian army (including Albanians) suffers a catastrophic defeat by Ottoman forces at the Battle of Kosovo.
Petar V. Grujic (2014). Kosovo Knot. RoseDog Books. p. 39. ISBN 978-1-4809-9845-2. In the epic battle of Kosovo Polje, just west from present-day Pristina, Serb grand duke (knez) Lazar Hrebeljanovic, who led the joined Christian forces, lost the battle (and life) to Turkish sultan Murad I
Tonny Brems Knudsen; Carsten Bagge Laustsen (2006). Kosovo between war and peace. Routledge. p. 23. ISBN 0-714-65598-8. The highpoint of this conflict, the Battle of Kosovo Polje, ended in Serbian defeat and the death of Prince Lazar, beheaded by the Turks
Imber, Colin. The Ottoman Empire: The Structure of Power, 2nd ed. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009, p. 85. ISBN 0-230-57451-3.
Fine, John (1994). The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. University of Michigan Press. p. 575. ISBN 9780472082605.
Fine 1994, p. 424
Norman Angell (2004). Peace Theories and the Balkan War. Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4191-4050-1.
Jim Bradbury (2004). The Routledge Companion to Medieval Warfare. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-22126-9.
Norman L. Forter; Demeter B. Rostovsky (1971). The Roumanian Handbook. Ayer Publishing. ISBN 978-0-405-02747-5.
Taeschner, Franz (1990). Necmi Ülker, çev. "1453 Yılına Kadar Osmanlı Türkleri". Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi. İzmir: Ege Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Tarih Bölümü. 5 (1): 296. ISSN 0257-4152.
Baştav 1989, p. 91.
Dahmus, Joseph Henry (1983). "Angora". Seven Decisive Battles of the Middle Ages. Burnham Incorporated Pub.
Alexandru Madgearu, The Wars of the Balkan Peninsula: Their Medieval Origins, ed. Martin Gordon, (Scarecrow Press, 2008), 90.
The Crusades and the military orders: expanding the frontiers of latin christianity; Zsolt Hunyadi page 226
Valeriia Fol, Bulgaria: History Retold in Brief, (Riga, 1999), 103.
War in the Modern Great Power System: 1495--1975.

Odan, Serada. "Thread: List of Wars Involving the Ottoman Empire." Ummahcom Muslim Forum RSS. N.p., n.d. Web. 04 Mar. 2015.
"List of Wars Involving the Ottoman Empire." List of Wars Involving the Ottoman Empire. N.p., n.d. Web. 04 Mar. 2015.

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[1] Atsiz, Nihal (2012). Aşıkpaşaoğlu Tarihi. Otuken. p. 31. ISBN 9754378681.

[2] Inalcik, Halil. "OSMAN I - TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi". islamansiklopedisi.org.tr (in Turkish). Retrieved 2020-12-04.

[3] "Prof. İnalcık: Osmanlı 1302'de kuruldu: Ünlü tarihçi Prof. Dr. Halil İnalcık, Osmanlı'nın devlet niteliğini 1302 yılında Yalova'daki Bafeus Zaferi sonrası kazandığını söyledi.", NTVNSMBC, 27 July 2009. (in Turkish)

[4] Bartusis 1997, pp. 91–92; Laiou 2002, p. 25; Nicol 1993, pp. 169–171

[5] A History of the Byzantine State and Society, Treadgold, W., Stanford Press, 1997

[6] Maddock, Robert (19 December 2016). Robert Maddock, The 1300 Year's War: Volume 2. ISBN 9781524549350.

[7] Sedlar, Jean W., East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000-1500, (University of Washington Press, 1994), 385.

[Treadgold780-8] Treadgold (1997), p. 780

[prosveta-9] "20. The Decline of the Second Bulgarian Empire" (in Bulgarian). Archived from the original on 8 October 2011. Retrieved 8 August 2011.

[fine410-10] (Fine 1994, p. 410)
Thus since the Turks also withdrew, one can conclude that the battle was a draw.

[emmert-11] (Emmert 1990, p. ?)
Surprisingly enough, it is not even possible to know with certainty from the extant contemporary material whether one or the other side was victorious on the field. There is certainly little to indicate that it was a great Serbian defeat; and the earliest reports of the conflict suggest, on the contrary, that the Christian forces had won.

[12] Daniel Waley; Peter Denley (2013). Later Medieval Europe: 1250-1520. Routledge. p. 255. ISBN 978-1-317-89018-8. The outcome of the battle itself was inconclusive.

[13] Ian Oliver (2005). War and Peace in the Balkans: The Diplomacy of Conflict in the Former Yugoslavia. I.B.Tauris. p. vii. ISBN 978-1-85043-889-2. Losses on both sides were appalling and the outcome inconclusive although the Serbs never fully recovered.

[14] John Binns (2002). An Introduction to the Christian Orthodox Churches. Cambridge University Press. p. 197. ISBN 978-0-521-66738-8. The battle is remembered as a heroic defeat, but historical evidence suggests an inconclusive draw.

[Cox-30-15] John K. Cox (2002). The History of Serbia. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 30. ISBN 978-0-313-31290-8. The Ottoman army probably numbered between 30,000 and 40,000. They faced something like 15,000 to 25,000 Eastern Orthodox soldiers. [...] Accounts from the period after the battle depict the engagement at Kosovo as anything from a draw to a Christian victory.

[16] Heike Krieger (2001). The Kosovo Conflict and International Law: An Analytical Documentation 1974-1999. Cambridge University Press. p. 31. ISBN 0-521-80071-4. Discussions of the Kosovo conflict often start with the battle of Kosovo Polje (the Field of Blackbirds) in 1389 when the Serbs were defeated by the Ottoman Empire

[17] Michael Waller; Kyril Drezov; Bülent Gökay (2013). Kosovo:The Politics of Delusion. Routledge. p. 172. ISBN 978-0-7146-5157-6. 1389: A Serbian-led Christian army (including Albanians) suffers a catastrophic defeat by Ottoman forces at the Battle of Kosovo.

[18] Petar V. Grujic (2014). Kosovo Knot. RoseDog Books. p. 39. ISBN 978-1-4809-9845-2. In the epic battle of Kosovo Polje, just west from present-day Pristina, Serb grand duke (knez) Lazar Hrebeljanovic, who led the joined Christian forces, lost the battle (and life) to Turkish sultan Murad I

[19] Tonny Brems Knudsen; Carsten Bagge Laustsen (2006). Kosovo between war and peace. Routledge. p. 23. ISBN 0-714-65598-8. The highpoint of this conflict, the Battle of Kosovo Polje, ended in Serbian defeat and the death of Prince Lazar, beheaded by the Turks

[20] Imber, Colin. The Ottoman Empire: The Structure of Power, 2nd ed. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009, p. 85. ISBN 0-230-57451-3.

[21] Fine, John (1994). The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. University of Michigan Press. p. 575. ISBN 9780472082605.

[Late-22] Fine 1994, p. 424

[Peace-23] Norman Angell (2004). Peace Theories and the Balkan War. Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4191-4050-1.

[Warfare-24] Jim Bradbury (2004). The Routledge Companion to Medieval Warfare. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-22126-9.

[Handbook-25] Norman L. Forter; Demeter B. Rostovsky (1971). The Roumanian Handbook. Ayer Publishing. ISBN 978-0-405-02747-5.

[26] Taeschner, Franz (1990). Necmi Ülker, çev. "1453 Yılına Kadar Osmanlı Türkleri". Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi. İzmir: Ege Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Tarih Bölümü. 5 (1): 296. ISSN 0257-4152.

[FOOTNOTEBaştav198991-27] Baştav 1989, p. 91.

[28] Dahmus, Joseph Henry (1983). "Angora". Seven Decisive Battles of the Middle Ages. Burnham Incorporated Pub.

[Madgearu90-29] Alexandru Madgearu, The Wars of the Balkan Peninsula: Their Medieval Origins, ed. Martin Gordon, (Scarecrow Press, 2008), 90.

[Hunyadi-30] The Crusades and the military orders: expanding the frontiers of latin christianity; Zsolt Hunyadi page 226

[31] Valeriia Fol, Bulgaria: History Retold in Brief, (Riga, 1999), 103.

[Levy-32] War in the Modern Great Power System: 1495--1975.