Loongson

Loongson (simplified Chinese: 龙芯; traditional Chinese: 龍芯; pinyin: Lóngxīn; lit. 'Dragon Chip')[1] is a family of general-purpose MIPS64 CPUs developed at the Institute of Computing Technology (ICT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) in China.[2] The chief architect is Professor Hu Weiwu. It was formerly called Godson.

龙芯中科技术有限公司
Loongson Technology Corporation Limited
TypeMixed ownership enterprise
IndustrySemiconductor technology industry
FoundedApril 2010
FounderDr.Hu Wei Wu
HeadquartersPeople's Republic of China
Loongson Industrial Park, Building 2, Zhongguancun Environmental protection park, Haidian District, Beijing, China
Area served
global
Key people
  • chairman
  • Dr.Hu Wei Wu
ServicesChip design, motherboard design, operating system and kernel maintenance, important software and library maintenance
Number of employees
More than 400 (estimate)
WebsiteLoongson Official website
Loongson
General information
Marketed byLoongson Technology, Jiangsu Lemote Tech Co., Ltd, Dawning Information Industry, and others
Designed byInstitute of Computing Technology (ICT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Loongson Technology, Jiangsu Lemote Tech Co., Ltd
Common manufacturer(s)
Performance
Max. CPU clock rate8 MHz to 2.0 GHz
HyperTransport speeds800 MHz to 3.0 GHz
Architecture and classification
ApplicationDesktop, Server, Supercomputer, Industrial Device, Embedded Device, Aerospace
Min. feature size180 nm to 28 nm
Microarchitecturesee text
Instruction setMIPS64
LoongISA
Physical specifications
Cores
  • 1–8

Loongson is the result of a public–private partnership. BLX IC Design Corporation was founded in 2002 by ICT and Jiangsu Zhongyi Group. Based in Beijing, BLX focuses on designing the 64-bit Loongson general-purpose and embedded processors, together with developing software tools and reference platforms.

STMicroelectronics fabricates and markets Loongson chips for BLX, which is fabless.

MIPS patent issues

The current Loongson instruction set is a MIPS64, but the internal microarchitecture is independently developed by ICT. Early implementations of the family lacked four instructions patented by MIPS Technologies (US4814976A, unaligned load-store) to avoid legal issues.[3][4]

In 2007, a deal was reached by MIPS Technologies and ICT. STMicroelectronics bought a MIPS license for Loongson, and thus the processor can be promoted as MIPS-based or MIPS-compatible instead of MIPS-like.[5][6][7]

In June 2009, ICT licensed the MIPS32 and MIPS64 architectures directly from MIPS Technologies.[8]

In August 2011, Loongson Technology Corp. Ltd. licensed the MIPS32 and MIPS64 architectures from MIPS Technologies, Inc. for continued development of MIPS-based Loongson CPU cores.[9][10]

Microarchitectures

Loongson has three main families of microarchitectures, some of which are available as IP cores:[11]

  • GS1xx: basic embedded MIPS32 cores with hardware divider. 3- (GS132) or 5- (GS132E) stage pipeline.
  • GS2xx: high-end embedded MIPS32 (GS232/GS232E) or MIPS64 (GS264) cores.
    • GS232 has a 5-stage pipeline at max. 500 MHz. L1 = 16KB.
    • GS232E/GS264 has a 10-stage pipeline at max. 1000 MHz. L1 = 16 KB, L2 = 4 MB shared. Out-of-order issue.
  • GS464: consumer and server grade MIPS64 cores with four-way superscalar out-of-order issue and four-way 64 + 64 KB L1.
    • GS464 has support for MIPS64 R2 + LoongMMI (two different versions in 2E and 2F).
    • GS464E has support for MIPS64 R2 + LoongISA. The cache is much larger.
    • GS464V and GS464EV are variants to 464/464E with greatly increased vector capabilities.[12]

All loongson cores are little-endian. They use MIPS EJTAG for debugging.

Chips

Loongson 1

The first revision of the Loongson architecture, the Loongson1 (Godson-1) is a pure 32-bit CPU running at a clock speed of 266 MHz. It is fabricated with 0.18 micron CMOS process, has 8 KB of data cache, 8 KB of instruction cache and a 64-bit floating-point unit, capable of 200 double-precision MFLOPS.[13] It is intended for embedded applications, such as point of sale (POS) systems, where a high performance 64-bit architecture is not needed.

Loongson 1 Series

In April 2010, Loongson Technology Corporation Limited was formally established and settled in Loongson Industrial Park, Zhongguancun Environmental Protection Science and Technology Demonstration Park, Daoxianghu Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China. After the establishment of the company, the Loongson survey market re-established the low-end embedded product line - Loongson 1 Series. Currently known products are Loongson 1A, 1B, 1C300/1C101 (fingerprint biometric application chip), 1D (ultrasonic measurement chip), 1E04/1E300/1E1000 (1E series is Loongson Aerospace special anti-irradiation processor) 1F04/1F300 ( 1F series is 1E series supporting Loongson Aerospace special anti-irradiation bridge),[14] 1G (audio special chip), 1H (oil drilling high temperature resistant chip), 1J (anti-irradiation single-chip chip).[14]

Loongson 2 Series

The Loongson 2 adds 64-bit ability to the Loongson architecture. Initially running at 500 MHz, later revisions to Godson 2E were produced that run up to 1 GHz. The Godson 2F, released to market in early 2008, ran at 1.2 GHz.

Loongson 2E
Loongson 2E

Loongson 2F

Loongson 2G
  • 1.0 GHz, 65 nm CMOS, 3 W
  • 100 M transistors, area 60 mm2
  • Single GS464 r2 core
    • HW support X86 binary translation
  • 1 MB L2 cache
  • On-chip DDR2/3 controller
  • 16-bit HT
  • PCI/PCIX, LPC, GPIO, etc.

Loongson 2H
  • 1 GHz, 65 nm
  • Single GS464 core
  • Single GS232V media coprocessor (HD media decoding)
  • 512 KB L2 cache
  • 3D low-power GPU
  • DDR2/3 memory controller
  • PCIE 2.0 controller
  • SATA, USB, GMAC controller
  • LPC, SPI, UART, etc.

Loongson 3 Series

This series sees the adoption of LoongISA 1.0, an expanded instruction set that is a superset of MIPS64 release 2. It can be broken down into:[15]

  • LoongEXT, general-purpose extensions, 148 instructions
  • LoongVZ, extensions to the "VZ" system introduced in MIPS64 release 5, 5 instructions
  • LoongBT, faster x86 and ARM binary translation, 213 instructions
  • LoongSIMD, formerly LoongMMI (in Loongson 2E/F), for 128-bit SIMD, 1014 instructions
  • MIPS SIMD Architecture (MSA), DSP, and VZ modules from MIPS Release 5

Loongson 3A1000

The 65 nm Loongson 3A1000 is able to run at a clock speed near 1 GHz, with 4 CPU cores (~15 W) first and 8 cores later (40 W). In April 2010, Loongson 3A1000 was released with DDR2/3 DRAM support.

Loongson 3B1500

There are two versions of the Loongson-3B1500 (Godson-3B1500), the first[16] featuring a 32 nm 6-core processor, and the second version[17] having a 28 nm 8-core processor. Each version can be clocked from 1.2 GHz to 1.5 GHz. Loongson-3B has exceptional energy efficiency in terms of performance per watt - executing 192 GFLOPS using 40 watts. Each CPU core has 64 KB L1 cache and 128 KB L2 cache. All the cores share a common 8 MB L3 cache, which helps to reduce the cache miss rate.

Loongson 3B1500E CPU
Lemote-A1310 motherboard(with Loongson 3B1500E)

ICT has launched a Loongson-3B-based six-core desktop solution. Technical specifications:

  • Mini-ITX motherboard with Loongson-3B CPU
  • ATI RS780E (AMD 780E) southbridge with 128 MB integrated graphics
  • ATI SBx00 Azalia on-board audio
  • up to 16 GB DDR3 memory
  • Intel 82574L gigabit network interface
  • PCI, PCIe, 4 SATA ports, USB and other peripheral interfaces
  • Can optionally be equipped with AMD HD6770 discrete graphics, and HDD or SSD hard drive

This desktop solution uses an optimized version of Fedora 13, with a lot of software ported and available, such as Kingsoft (WPS) office suite. The manufacturer states that the user experience of the desktop solution has been significantly improved over its Loongson-3A based predecessor. Results of a benchmark test, conducted in April 2014, are available[18]

Loongson 3A3000

In 2017, Loongson released latest version of 3A cpu, 3A3000. As one of the domestic CPU of China, Loongson 3A3000 is being commercialized, and in the recently exhibition in Nanjing (2017), based on the Loongson 3A3000 motherboard developers computer quietly debut.

Loongson 3A3000 CPU

3A3000 is designed with quad-core 64-bit and clocked at 1.5 GHz, power consumption is only 30 W. 3A3000 single-threaded performance is lower than Intel or AMD products. For comparison, the 3A3000's performance is about one-third of the Intel i5-4460 running at about twice the clock frequency (3.2 GHz/84 W), or a relative performance of roughly 66%.

Loongson 3A4000

In late-2019, Loongson released latest versions, 3A4000 and 3B4000. The processors are designed with four cores, 8MB of L3 cache and operating clocks between 1.8 GHz to 2 GHz.

A "LoongISA 2.0" was introduced for GS464V R2. Compared to LoongISA 1.0, the DSP module is removed, and a few sets are added:

  • LoongSX
  • LoongASX
  • LoongEXT3 (updated)
  • LoongAMU

Hardware-assisted x86 emulation

The Loongson 3 adds over 200 new "LoongBT" instructions over Loongson 2. Their addition has the specific benefit of speeding up Intel x86 CPU emulation at a cost of 5% of the total die area. The new instructions help with emulation performance, for example QEMU (the only known example). The new instructions reduce the impact of executing x86/CISC-style instructions in the MIPS pipeline. With added improvements in QEMU from ICT, Loongson-3 achieves an average of 70% the performance of executing native binaries when running x86 binaries from nine benchmarks.[19]

Supported software

Unlike processors from Intel, Advanced Micro Devices or VIA Technologies, Loongson does not directly support the x86 instruction set. The processor's main operating system is Linux, while in theory any OS with MIPS support should also work. For example, Windows CE was ported to a Loongson-based system with minimal effort.[20] In 2010, Lemote ported an Android distribution to the Loongson platform.[21]

Loongson machines are used in the package-building and CI infrastructure of Debian and Golang, respectively. This is partially because of Loongson's status as the only vendor producing application-grade MIPS CPUs for retail.[22][23]

Many operating systems work on Loongson:[24]

Linux
See also: Comparison of Linux distributions § Instruction set architecture support

BSD

Compiler support

The GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) is the main compiler for software development on the Loongson platform.[47][48]

ICT also ported Open64 to the Loongson II platform.[49]

User applications

Open source applications on Linux Platform can be ported with little effort. Most common open-source applications (including OpenOffice.org, Mozilla Firefox, Pidgin, and MPlayer) and applications written for the Java platform are supported.[50] For .NET applications, an unofficial port of the Mono Common Language Runtime is available online.[51]

Loongson microprocessor specifications
Series Model Frequency
(MHz)		 Architecture
MicroArchitecture Year Cores Process
(nm)		 Transistor
(million)		 Die Size
(mm²)		 Power
(W)		 Voltage
(V)		 Cache (KiB) Peak Floating Point Performance
(GFLOPS)		 Performance
[ SPEC CPU2000]		 Remarks
L1(Single Core) L2 L3
Data instruction
Godson 1 266 MIPS-II 32-bit N/A 2001 1 180 22 71.4 1.0 Un­known 8 8 N/A N/A 0.6 19/25 [52]
FCR_SOC 266 MIPS-II 32-bit N/A 2007 1 180 Un­known Un­known Un­known Un­known 8 8 N/A N/A 0.6 Un­known [53][54]
2B 250 MIPS-III 64-bit N/A 2003 1 180 Un­known Un­known Un­known Un­known 32 32 N/A N/A Un­known 52/58
2C 450 MIPS-III 64-bit N/A 2004 1 180 13.5 41.5 Un­known Un­known 64 64 N/A N/A Un­known 159/114
2E 1000 MIPS-III 64-bit GS464 (r1)(Prototype) 2006 1 90 47 36 7 1.2 64 64 512 N/A Un­known 503/503
Loongson 1 1A 300 MIPS32 GS232 2010 1 130 22 71.4 1.0 Un­known 16 16 N/A N/A 0.6 Un­known [55]
1B 266 MIPS32 GS232 2010 1 130 13.3 28 0.6 Un­known 8 8 N/A N/A Un­known Un­known [56]
1C 300 MIPS32 GS232 2013 1 130 11.1 28.3 0.5 Un­known 16 16 N/A N/A Un­known Un­known [57]
1C101 8 MIPS32 GS132R 2018 1 130 Un­known Un­known Un­known Un­known N/A N/A N/A N/A Un­known Un­known [58]
1D 8 MIPS32 GS132 2014 1 130 1 6 3 × 10−5 Un­known N/A N/A N/A N/A Un­known Un­known [59]
Loongson 2 2F 1200 MIPS-III 64-bit GS464 (r1) 2007 1 90 51 43 5 1.2 64 64 512 N/A 3.2 Un­known [60]
2G 1000 MIPS64 GS464 (r2) 2012 1 65 Un­known Un­known Un­known 1.15 64 64 4096 N/A Un­known Un­known [61]
2GP 800 MIPS64 GS464 (r2) 2013 1 65 82 65.7 8 1.15 64 64 1024 N/A 3.2 Un­known
2I
2H 1000 MIPS64 GS464 (r2) 2012 1 65 152 117 5 1.15 64 64 512 N/A 4 Un­known
2K1000 1000 MIPS64 Release 2 LoongISA 1.0 GS264E 2017 2 40 1900 79 5 1.1 32 32 256 × 2 1024 8 Un­known [62]
Loongson３ 3A1000 1000 MIPS64 Release 2

LoongISA 1.0

 GS464 (r2) 2009 4 65 425 174.5 10 1.15 64 64 256 × 4 N/A 16 568/788, Single Core 2.4/2.3 (SPEC CPU2006) [63]
3B1000 1000 MIPS64 Release2

LoongISA 1.0

 GS464 (r2) 2010 4+4 65 ＞ 600 Un­known 20 1.15 64 64 128 × 8 N/A Un­known Un­known [64]
3B1500 1200–1500 MIPS64 Release 2

LoongISA 1.0

 GS464V 2012 4+4 32 1140 142.5 30(typical)
60(vector)		 1.15–1.35 64 64 128 × 8 8192 150 Un­known [65][66]
3A1500-I 800–1000 MIPS64 Release2

LoongISA 1.0

 GS464E 2015 4 40 621 202.3 15 1.15–1.25 64 64 256 × 4 4096 16 Single Core 6~7(SPEC CPU2006) [67]
3A2000
3B2000
3A3000 1500 MIPS64 Release 2

LoongISA 1.0

 GS464E 2016 4 28 ＞ 1200 155.78 30 1.15–1.25 64 64 256 × 4 8192 24 1100/1700, Single Core 11/10 & Multi Core 36/33(SPEC CPU2006) [68][69]
3B3000 GS464E
3A4000 1800-2000 MIPS64 Release 5

LoongISA 2.0

 GS464EV(GS464v) 2019 4 28 ? ? <30 W@1.5 GHz

<40 W@1.8 GHz

<50 W@2.0 GHz[70]

 0.95-1.25 64 64 256 x 4 8192 128 Single Core >20/>20 (SPEC CPU2006)(@2.0 GHz)
3B4000
This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

Loongson-based systems
Lemote FuLoong and YeeLoong with a Loongson 2F microprocessor
Lemote's Fulong MiniPC on top of a CD-ROM drive as reference

In March 2006, a €100 Loongson II computer design called Longmeng (Dragon Dream) was announced by Lemote.

In June 2006 at Computex'2006, YellowSheepRiver announced the Municator YSR-639,[71] a small form factor computer based on the 400 MHz Loongson 2.

Currently, Loongson boxes that come with a 667 MHz Godson 2E processor or an 800 MHz Godson 2F processor are sold in China at CNY 1599 (US$200) or CNY 1800 respectively without monitor, mouse, or keyboard.

As of July 2008, two manufacturers have announced Loongson 2F products for sale outside China.

  • Van der Led, a Dutch company, announced an 8.9" subnotebook, named Jisus, in April 2008.[72] As of September 2008, however, no orders have been fulfilled, the manufacturer does not respond to inquiries, and the product is no longer on their catalogue.
  • EMTEC, a French company, announced in June 2008[73] a 10-inch subnotebook under the brand name GdiumHome - Gdium Products | Gdium.com (beta), to be sold for "less than 399€" running Mandriva Linux. EMTEC announced the subnotebook would be available for sale in September in Europe, the United States, and China. EMTEC has already shown the devices in public events,[74] and is reaching out to the developer community through the "one laptop per hacker" program.[75]

As of November 2008 the new 8.9" netbook from the Chinese manufacturer Lemote that replaced mengloong, Yeeloong (Portable Dragon),[76] running Debian, is available[77] in Europe from the Dutch company Tekmote Electronics.

Loongson 3A laptop

Loongson insiders[78] revealed a new model based on the Loongson 3A quad-core laptop has been developed and is expected to launch in August 2011. With a similar design to the MacBook Pro[79] from Apple Inc., it will carry a Linux operating system by default.

In September 2011, Lemote announced the Yeeloong-8133 13.3" laptop featuring 900 MHz, quad-core Loongson-3A/2GQ CPU.[80]

Supercomputers

On 26 December 2007, China revealed its first Loongson based supercomputer with performance 1 TFLOPS of peak performance, and about 350 GFLOPS measured by LINPACK in Hefei, designated as KD-50-I.[81] This supercomputer was designed by a joint team led by Chen Guoliang at the computer science technology department of the University of Science and Technology of China and ICT (the secondary contractor). KD-50-I is the first Chinese built supercomputer to utilize domestic Chinese CPUs, with a total of more than 336 Loongson-2F CPUs, and nodes are interconnected by Ethernet. The size of the computer was roughly equivalent to a household refrigerator and the cost was less than RMB800,000 (approximately US$120,000, €80,000).[82]

On 20 April 2010, USTC announced successful development of Loongson 3A based KD-60-1. The new supercomputer is a cluster of standard blade servers with a total of over 80 quad-core Loongson processors, providing theoretical peak performance of 1 TFLOPS and reduces power consumption by 56% compared to the KD-50-I system that has similar performance.[83]

On 26 December 2012, USTC announced successful development of Loongson 3B based KD-90-1. The new supercomputer is a cluster of standard blade servers with a total of over 10 octo-core Loongson processors, providing theoretical peak performance of 1 TFLOPS, and reduces power consumption by 62% compared to the KD-60 system that has similar performance.[84]

Dawning 6000
Main article: Dawning Information Industry § Dawning 6000

The high-performance Dawning 6000, which has a projected speed of over one quadrillion operations per second, will incorporate the Loongson processor as its core. Dawning 6000 is currently jointly developed by the Institute of Computing Technology under the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Dawning Information Industry Company. Li Guojie, chairman of Dawning Information Industry Company and director and academician of the Institute of Computing Technology, said research and development of the Dawning 6000 is expected to be completed in two years.

TopStar ATX

Topstar has also released a pair of Mini-ATX based motherboards, the TEB-6040M and TEB-5040.

Major events

Development of the first Loongson chip was started in 2001.

On 25 June 2008, Hu Weiwu (chief designer of Loongson processors) gave a keynote speech at ISCA 2008, held in Beijing. The topic of the speech was "Research and Development of Godson processors".[85]

2010 January, Jiangsu province plans to buy 1.5 million Loongson PCs.[86]

See also

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