Malaysia Federal Route 5

Route background

Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah Bridge (Kuala Selangor) (left) and Sultan Ismail Bridge (Muar)(right), two major bridges along the Federal Route 5

The Federal Route 5 is one of the three north–south backbone federal highways in Peninsular Malaysia; the other two are the Federal Routes 1 and 3.[3] The FT5 highway is also the shortest among the three backbone federal highways. Generally, the Federal Route 5 runs mostly along the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia.[5]

The Kilometre Zero of the Federal Route 5 is located at Skudai, Johor, at its interchange with the Federal Route 1, the main trunk road of the central of Peninsular Malaysia. It begins as an east–west highway from Skudai to Pontian Kechil. Starting from Pontian Kechil, it becomes the main west coastal trunk road of Peninsular Malaysia.[5] At Batu Pahat, the FT5 highway forms a part of the Batu Bahat–Kluang Road from Banang Roundabout to Mount Soga Intersection, but was signed as FT5; the Batu Pahat–Kluang Road assumes the FT50 designation from Mount Soga Intersection onwards. At Mount Soga Intersection, the FT5 highway is diverted to Jalan Peserai FT5 that forms the Muar–Batu Pahat Road FT5 to Parit Jawa.[6] At Parit Jawa, the FT5 route is diverted to Jalan Abdul Rahman FT5 to Muar, where it passes three roundabouts (Khalidi Roundabout, Sulaiman Roundabout and Bentayan Roundabout) before the FT5 route is diverted once again to Jalan Bakri FT5 at Bentayan Roundabout, which later continues as the Sultan Ismail Bridge FT5 and Jalan Kesang FT5.[7]

At Parit Bunga Interchange, the FT5 route is once again diverted to the left to become Lebuh AMJ FT5. At Kesang Interchange, the FT5 route is diverted to the two-lane Melaka–Muar Road FT5, while the Lebuh AMJ itself changes its route number to FT19. Muar–Melaka Road FT5 ends at Duyong Intersection where it overlaps with the Lebuh AMJ FT19 to Semabok Interchange, where the FT5 route is diverted to Jalan Semabok FT5.[8] At Malacca City, the Federal Route 5 passes through a maze of old streets before it becomes Jalan Tengkera FT5 where it forms a part of the Melaka–Port Dickson Road FT5.[9] The Melaka–Port Dickson Road FT5 ends at Lukut, where the FT5 route is rerouted to Jalan Sepang FT5, while the road itself continues as the Seremban–Port Dickson Road FT53.[5]

At Sepang, the Federal Route 5 is rerouted to Jalan Morib FT5. At Morib, the route is diverted twice to Jalan Kelanang FT5 and then Jalan Sultan Alam Shah FT5 to Banting. At Banting, the FT5 road is rerouted to Jalan Langat FT5 to Klang.[5] At Klang, it overlaps with the Federal Route 2 at Jalan Jambatan Kota FT2/FT5 from Simpang Lima Roundabout Interchange to Simpang Tujuh Roundabout Interchange, where the Federal Route 5 is diverted to Jalan Kapar FT5 which forms a part of the Klang–Teluk Intan Road FT5, while Jalan Jambatan Kota itself continues as the Federal Highway Route 2.[10]

At Mile 5, Klang–Teluk Intan Road FT5 near Batak Rabit, the Federal Route 5 is diverted to Sultan Yusuf Bridge FT5 to Sitiawan, while the Klang–Teluk Intan Road changes its route number to FT58. Starting from Sitiawan, Perak to its northern terminus at Ipoh, the Federal Route 5 ceases to be the main coastal trunk road; its role is taken by Federal Route 60 and Federal Route 1. From Sitiawan, the Federal Route 5 is rerouted for the last time to Ipoh–Lumut Highway FT5 to its northern terminus at Jelapang near Ipoh, where the road is linked to the North–South Expressway E1 and Jalan Kuala Kangsar FT1 via Jalan Jelapang A1.[5]

History

The Federal Route 5 started as a short road from Malacca City to Merlimau, constructed in 1887.[1] About a decade later, another road from Ipoh to Lumut was constructed, featuring the Bota Bridge that crossed the Perak River.[6][11] In 1911, the state government of Johor collaborated with the British colonial government to develop a road network from Johor Bahru to Batu Pahat and Muar.[12] As a result, the Batu Pahat–Kluang–Mersing Road was completed in 1919,[13] where the section of the Banang Roundabout to Mount Soga Intersection formed a part of the present-day Federal Route 5.[6]

The next completed section was the Muar–Batu Pahat Road FT5, completed in 1929. At the same time, the Melaka–Merlimau Road FT5 was extended to Muar as well. Also completed at the same time was the Melaka–Port Dickson Road FT5, which was built as an extension of the Seremban–Port Dickson Road which was completed earlier in 1910.[14] In 1939, the coastal road sections in Selangor from Klang to Sepang and from Klang and Teluk Anson was opened to motorists. The Skudai–Pontian Road FT5 and Batu Pahat–Pontian Road FT5 were also completed in the same year.[6][15]

In 1967, the old Bota Bridge FT5 was collapsed due to a huge flood, effectively cutting off the transportation link between Ipoh and Lumut. As a result, a new replacement bridge known as the Sultan Idris Shah II Bridge FT5 was constructed with the total cost of RM3.1 million.[16] The new Sultan Idris Shah II Bridge FT5 was completed in 1973 and was opened to motorists on February 1973.[17]

Also in 1967, two bridges at Muar and Batu Pahat were opened to motorists as toll bridges. Funded by a RM9 million loan from Chase Manhattan Bank, the federal government began the construction of both bridges in 1965 and was completed in early 1967. The bridge in Muar was named as Sultan Ismail Bridge.[18] Two toll plazas were erected at Tanjung Agas and Peserai respectively.[6] However, due to numerous protests by motorists, the toll rate was reduced in 1971, before the toll collection was fully abolished in 1975.[18]

In 1970, the Kuala Selangor Bridge FT5 was proposed.[19] However, the project sparked a controversy due to delays caused by the failure of the original contractor to complete the job.[20] As a result, a new tender was opened in 1976 to get a new contractor to complete the abandoned Kuala Selangor Bridge construction job. Meanwhile, the construction of the Sabak Bernam Bridge FT5 was started in 1977.[21] The Kuala Selangor Bridge FT5, together with the Sabak Bernam Bridge FT5, were completed in 1980. The bridge in Kuala Selangor was named as Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah Bridge.[20]

The final section being completed was the Teluk Intan–Sitiawan section. Dubbed as the Sungai Perak–Lumut West Coastal Road Project, the final section of the Federal Route 5 was constructed as a project under the Fifth Malaysia Plan.[22] The project included the 1.3-km Sultan Yusuf Bridge FT5, the longest bridge along the Federal Route 5. Before the bridge was built, villagers from the opposite of the Perak River such as Telok Selandang and Kampung Lekir had to use a river ferry service operated by a nearby oil palm estate.[23] Construction of the Sultan Yusuf Bridge began in April 1986 with the total cost of RM27 million for the entire road project.[22] The bridge was completed in 1988 and was opened to motorists on 17 November 1988, resulting the full completion of the FT5 highway.[2]

The Federal Route 5 remains heavily used by travellers and commuters along the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia and is unaffected by the presence of the North–South Expressway E1 and E2, as the FT5 highway is located far from the E1 and E2 expressways, besides the fact that the FT5 highway passes through the most populated regions in Peninsular Malaysia. As a result, many sections of the FT5 highway have been upgraded either as divided highways or super four highways.[6] For example, the Klang–Teluk Intan Road has been upgraded to a super four highway, while the Ipoh–Lumut Highway FT5, Jalan Langat FT5 and Pontian Highway are all being upgraded to divided highways, in order to handle the increasing amount of traffic.

On 25 May 2015, the long-anticipated West Coast Expressway E32 began its construction after numerous delays.[24] The 233-km controlled-access expressway from Changkat Jering to Banting was built as a coastal alternative to the North–South Expressway E1 and E2 that becomes congested during holidays and festive seasons. However, the expressway construction sparked yet another controversy, as the Tanjung Karang–Hutan Melintang and Teluk Intan–Lekir sections will be using the existing Federal Route 5, heavily violating the controlled-access expressway standards defined in Arahan Teknik 8/86: A Guide on Geometric Design of Roads by Malaysian Public Works Department (JKR), hence the completed expressway may endanger the lives of local villagers and expressway users as well.[25] As a result, the Malaysian Ministry of Works is considering to re-evaluate the alignment of the expressway, especially along the Tanjung Karang–Hutan Melintang section.[26]

List of junctions and towns (south–north)

KmExitInterchange/JunctionsToRemarks
SkudaiPontian, Johorsee also Skudai–Pontian Highway
Pontian, JohorSouth
Jalan Kukup
Kukup
Tanjung Piai
Kukup Golf Resort
Junctions
Sungai Pontian Kechil Bridge
Pontian BesarWest
Jalan Ismail
Pontian District and Land Office
Pontian Esplanade

East
J112 Jalan Wan Hussein
Junctions
Masjid Daerah Pontian
Sungai Pontian Besar Bridge
Jalan Parit SikomNortheast
J115 Jalan Parit Sikom
Kampung Kayu Ara Pasong
T-junctions
Kampung Api-Api
Kampung Jawa
Sungai Ayer Baloi Bridge
Ayer BaloiNortheast
J118 Jalan Parit Panjang
FELDA Bukit Batu
Sedenak
North–South Expressway Southern Route
Kuala Lumpur
Johor Bahru
T-junctions
Kampung Parit Panjang
JelutongKampung Parit Jelutong Laut
Sungai Sanglang Bridge
Sanglang
Kampung Parit Marjunit
Sungai Pinggan Bridge
BenutSouthwest
Jalan Jaafar
Benut town centre
Jetty to Pulau Pisang ()

Northeast
Simpang Renggam
North–South Expressway Southern Route
Kuala Lumpur
Johor Bahru
Junctions
Sungai Benut Bridge

Pontian
Pontian–Batu Pahat district border
باتو ڤاهت
Batu Pahat
TampokNorth
J117 Jalan Parit Betak
Parit Betak

South
J164 Jalan Tampok Laut
Tampok Laut
Junctions
Kampung Parit Belahan Tampok
Kampung Sungai MerlongKampung Tengah
Kampung Sungai Bagan
Kampung Sungai Kluang
RengitNorth
J120 Jalan Jaya Diri
FELDA Ulu Rengit
T-junctions
Sungai Rengit Bridge
Kampung Ceruk @ Parit BotakNortheast
J9 Jalan Parit Hamid–Parit Botak
Parit Botak
Parit Hamid
Parit Raja
Ayer Hitam
Kluang
North–South Expressway Southern Route
Kuala Lumpur
Johor Bahru
T-junctions
Jalan Parit KemangEast
J122 Jalan Parit Kemang
Parit Botak
T-junctions
Taman Senggarang
SenggarangNorth
J127 Jalan Bukit Batu
T-junctions
Koris
Jalan Bukit KelicapNorthwest
J207 Jalan Bukit Kelicap
T-junctions
Taman Kelicap
Jalan Bukit KelicapSoutheast
J207 Jalan Bukit Kelicap
T-junctions
Kampung Asrakal
Jalan Sungai SulohWest
J124 Jalan Sungai Suloh
Kampung Minyak Beku
T-junctions
Banang Golf and Country Resort
Batu Pahat
(Bandar Penggaram)
Bulatan Banang
Southwest
J17 Jalan Minyak Beku
Kampung Minyak Beku

West
Batu Pahat District and Land Office
Roundabout
Batu Pahat
(Bandar Penggaram)
Mount Soga
East
Parit Raja
Ayer Hitam
Kluang
Mersing
North–South Expressway Southern Route
Kuala Lumpur
Johor Bahru
T-junctions
Batu Pahat
(Bandar Penggaram)
The Summit Batu Pahat
North
J13 Jalan Tongkang Pechah
Tongkang Pechah
Parit Sulong
Yong Peng
North–South Expressway Southern Route
Kuala Lumpur
Johor Bahru
Junctions
Sungai Batu Pahat Bridge
Batu Pahat Restaurant and Rest Plaza
Nasi Briyani Mat Shah Batu Pahat
North side
Parit Keliling Sungai Batu Pahat Bridge
The Southern Hospital South side
Peserai
Simpang LimaNorth
J19 Jalan Simpang Lima–Parit Sulong
Parit Sulong
Pagoh
Yong Peng
North–South Expressway Southern Route
Kuala Lumpur
Johor Bahru
T-junctions
Jalan Sungai NibongEast
J129 Jalan Sungai Nibong
Kampung Sungai Nibong
T-junctions
Semerah
باتو ڤاهت
Batu Pahat
Batu Pahat–Muar district border
موار
Muar
Semerah
Sungai Sarang Buaya Recreational Area
Sungai Sarang Buaya Bridge
Pekan Baru Parit YusufNorth
Jalan Parit Yusuf
Parit Sulong
Pagoh
Yong Peng
North–South Expressway Southern Route
Kuala Lumpur
Johor Bahru
T-junctions
Sungai Balang
Sungai Sudah
Sungai GerisekNorth
J-- Jalan Sungai Gerisek
Kampung Sungai Gerisek
Gerisek Hot Springs

South
J-- Jalan Tanjung Tohor
Tanjung Tohor
Junctions
Kampung Seri Menanti
Parit Bulat
Parit Pechah
Parit JamilEast
J-- Jalan Parit Jamil
Kampung Parit Jamil
T-junctions
Parit JawaNorth
J131 Jalan Bukit Mor
Bukit Mor
Bakri
Parit Sulong
Yong Peng

Northwest
J31 Jalan Parit Jawa
Parit Bakar
Junctions
Parit Keliling Parit JawaKampung Parit Jawa Laut
Medan Asam Pedas Parit Jawa
(Fish hot sour stalls)
Corner T-junctions
Parit Unas
Parit Unas Chinese Temple
Parit AhmadSouthwest
J59 Jalan Joned
Parit Ahmad Laut
T-junctions
Parit BakarNortheast
J132 Jalan Parit Bakar
Parit Bakar Darat
T-junctions
Parit Raja
Parit SakaiNorth
Muar Bypass
Muar Second Bridge
Melaka
Tangkak
Segamat
J32 Pagoh
North–South Expressway Southern Route
Kuala Lumpur
Johor Bahru
T-junctions
Bandar Maharani Gateway Arch

موار
بندر مهاراني، بندر دراج
Muar
Bandar Maharani, Bandar Diraja
(The Royal Town of Johor)
Parit Haji BakiNortheast
Jalan Sultan Ibrahim
J31 Jalan Temenggong Ahmad
Stadium Sultan Ibrahim
Taxi and Bus Terminal

Southwest
Jalan Parit Haji Baki
J59 Jalan Joned
Junctions
Muar
(Bandar Maharani, Bandar Diraja)
Bulatan Khalidi
Northwest
Jalan Abdul Rahman
Tanjung Emas
Rest House
Memorial Tun Dr Ismail

Southwest
Jalan Khalidi
J59 Jalan Joned
Roundabout
Muar
(Bandar Maharani, Bandar Diraja)
Bulatan Jubli Intan
West
Jalan Ibrahim
Tanjung Emas
Rest House
Memorial Tun Dr Ismail

Northwest
Jalan Sulaiman
Town Centre
Bangunan Sultan Abu Bakar
Istana Tanjung
Masjid Jamek Sultan Ibrahim
Malaysian Public Works Department (JKR) Muar district Headquarters

Southeast
J31 Jalan Temenggong Ahmad
Parit Jawa
Parit Bakar
Roundabout
Muar
(Bandar Maharani, Bandar Diraja)
Bulatan Bentayan
East
Jalan Bakri
Bakri
Parit Sulong
Yong Peng
Roundabout
Muar
(Bandar Maharani, Bandar Diraja)
Jalan Abdullah
Southwest
Jalan Abdullah
Town Centre
Tanjung Emas
Rest House
Bangunan Sultan Abu Bakar
Istana Tanjung
Masjid Jamek Sultan Ibrahim
Junctions
Muar
(Bandar Maharani, Bandar Diraja)
Jalan Maharani-Jalan Salleh
East
J24 Jalan Salleh
Labis
Pagoh
Bukit Pasir
North–South Expressway Southern Route
Kuala Lumpur
Johor Bahru
Junctions
موار
بندر مهاراني، بندر دراج
Muar
Bandar Maharani, Bandar Diraja
(The Royal Town of Johor)
Sungai Muar bridge
Jambatan Sultan Ismail
Start/End of bridge
موار
Muar
Sungai Muar bridge
Jambatan Sultan Ismail
Muar–Tangkak district border
تڠکق
Tangkak
Sungai Muar bridge
Jambatan Sultan Ismail
Start/End of bridge
Masjid Sultan Ismail, Muar (Masjid Kedua Muar)
Parit Keliling Sungai Muar bridge
تنجوڠ اݢس
Tanjung Agas
Tanjung Agas Industrial AreaTanjung Agas Industrial Area
Bandar Baru Tanjung Agas
Giant Hypermarket Muar
Muar bound
ST Microelectronics factory
(formerly known as STS Thompson)
ST Microelectronics factory
(formerly known as STS Thompson)
T-junctions
Tanjung Agas Rest and Service Area Melaka bound
Tanjung AgasSouthwest
Jalan Seri Tanjung Indah 1
Kampung Kenangan Tanjung Agas

Northeast
Jalan Perindustrian
Tanjung Agas Industrial Area
Junctions
KIP Mart
Tanjung Agas Muslim Cemetery
SMS MuarSouthwest
Jalan Tiong Batu
Kampung Kenangan Tun Syed Nasir

Northeast
Sekolah Menengah Sains Muar (SMS Muar)
Junctions
تنجوڠ اڬس
Tanjung Agas
Parit Haji Osman bridge
Tanjung Agas Rest and Service Area Muar bound
Jalan Kesang LautWest
J134 Jalan Kesang Laut
Kesang Laut
T-junctions
ڤاريت بوڠا
Parit Bunga
Parit Bunga
Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Parit Bunga
Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Parit Bunga
Parit Bunga–Kesangsee also Lebuh AMJ
Kesang Lebuh AMJ

Northwest
Malacca City
Alor Gajah
Jasin
T-junctions
Kesang Recreational Area
(Johor side)
V
تڠكق
Tangkak
Johor Darul Takzim
Tangkak district border
Sungai Kesang bridge
JohorMelaka border
Melaka
Jasin district border
Kesang Recreational Area
(Melaka side)
V
Sungai RambaiNorth
M14 Jalan Merlimau Darat
Parit Perawas
T-junctions
Parit PutatNorth
M19 Jalan Parit Putat
Parit Putat
T-junctions
Melaka Barter Trade PortMelaka Barter Trade PortT-junctions
Jalan Permatang TulangSouth
M117 Jalan Permatang Tulang
Permatang Tulang
T-junctions
SebatuM117 Jalan Permatang Tulang

North
Pekan Pasir

South
Permatang Tulang
Junctions
Kampung Ayer TawarNorth
M115 Jalan Merlimau Pasir
Merlimau Pasir
Batu Gajah
T-junctions
Jalan PahlawanNorth
M113 Jalan Pahlawan
Merlimau Pasir
T-junctions
Jalan Serkam PantaiSouth
M108 Jalan Serkam Pantai
Serkam Pantai
Solok Pantai
Penghulu Nattar's House
T-junctions
MerlimauNorth
M25 Jalan Merlimau–Jasin
Jasin
North–South Expressway Southern Route
Kuala Lumpur
Johor Bahru
T-junctions
Sungai Merlimau Bridge
Taman Merlimau Jaya
Merlimau Rest House
MerlimauEast
M14 Jalan Merlimau Darat
Merlimau Darat
T-junctions
Merlimau Industrial AreaT-junctions
SempangSouth
M111 Jalan Sempang Pantai
Sempang Pantai
T-junctions
Tedong
SerkamNorth
M109 Jalan Tiang Dua
Tiang Dua
Bemban
Jasin

South
M108 Jalan Serkam Pantai
Serkam Pantai
Medan Ikan Bakar Serkam
Junctions
Jalan BembanNorth
M109 Jalan Tiang Dua
Tiang Dua
Bemban
Jasin
T-junctions
Jalan Pulai PantaiSouth
M169 Jalan Pulai Pantai
Pulai Pantai
T-junctions
Jalan Serkam PantaiSouth
M108 Jalan Serkam Pantai
Serkam Pantai
Serkam Ferry Terminal
(Ferry to Pulau Besar)
T-junctions
Masjid Umbai
Makam (Mausoleum) Sultan Ali of Johor
Masjid Umbai
Makam (Mausoleum) Sultan Ali of Johor
Historical site
Umbai Ferry Terminal
Medan Ikan Bakar Umbai
VT-junctions
UmbaiNorth
M105 Jalan Paya Dalam
Paya Dalam
Tiang Dua
T-junctions
Sungai Umbai bridge
Jasin–Melaka Tengah district border
Medan Ikan Bakar Umbai VT-junctions
Pernu
Teluk MasTaman Teluk Mas
Henry Gurney Prisoners School
Junctions
Kampung Teluk Mas
Kampung Teluk MasNorth
M103 Jalan Sempang Bugis
Kampung Sempang Bugis
Kampung Bukit Batu
Kampung Balik Bukit
T-junctions
Taman EmasSouthwest
Jalan Emas
Taman Emas
T-junctions
Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan (Agama) Sharifah Rodziah
Telok Mas Layby
Craft stalls
Sempang BugisNorth
M103 Jalan Sempang Bugis
Kampung Sempang Bugis
Kampung Bukit Batu
Kampung Balik Bukit
T-junctions
Sungai Punggur Bridge
Jalan Padang TemuSouth
M100 Jalan Padang Temu
Padang Temu
Bandar Hilir
Malacca City Centre
Portuguese Square
Historical Places of Malacca
(UNESCO World Heritage Sites)
T-junctions
Kampung Alai
KandangNorth
Ayer Molek
Bemban
Jasin
T-junctions
Sungai Duyung Bridge
Duyung Lebuh AMJ

Southeast
Muar
Batu Pahat
Jasin
T-junctions
Duyung–Malacca Townsee also Lebuh AMJ
Malacca Town
Semabok
North
Jalan Ayer Leleh
Bukit Serindit

South
Lorong Bukit Senjuang
Banda Hilir
St John's Fort
Historical Places of Malacca
(UNESCO World Heritage Sites)
Junctions
Malacca Town
Malacca Town
Kota Laksamana
Kampung TengkeraMasjid Tengkera
Jalan Syed Abdullah AzizSoutheast
Jalan Syed Abdullah Aziz
Melaka Raya
Padang Temu
Muar
Historical Places of Malacca
(UNESCO World Heritage Sites)
T-junctions
KlebangNorth
M8 Klebang Highway
Alor Gajah
Batu Berendam
T-junctions
Klebang Beach V
Jalan Pokok ManggaNorth
M5 Jalan Pokok Mangga
Pokok Mangga
T-junctions
Kampung Balang TigaNorth
M7 Jalan Pulau Gadong
Pulau Gadong
Alor Gajah
Batu Berendam
T-junctions
Jalan Bukit RambaiNorth
M9 Jalan Bukit Rambai
Bukit Rambai
T-junctions
Tanjung KlingSouthwest
Jalan Pantai Dusun–Tanjung Kling
Pelabuhan Beruas
Tanjung Kling Power Station
Pantai Kundor
Pantai Dusun
Pantai Puteri
Hang Tuah's Mausoleum
T-junctions
Tangga BatuEast
Jalan Tangga Batu
Bukit Rambai
Batu Berendam
Alor Gajah
T-junctions
Jalan Pantai KundorWest
Jalan Pantai Kundor
Pantai Kundor
Pantai Dusun
Pantai Puteri
T-junctions
Petronas Oil Refinery
Sungai UdangWest
Jalan Kem Terendak
Terendak Army Camp
T-junctions
Melaka Tengah–Alor Gajah district border
Lebuh SPAEast
Lebuh SPA
Paya Rumput
Alor Gajah
Ayer Keroh
North–South Expressway Southern Route
Kuala Lumpur
Johor Bahru
T-junctions
RELA Corps Training Academy
Sungai Udang Forest Recreational Area
Sungai Udang Combat Training Facilities
Sungai Udang Army Training Forest Ground
Sungai Udang Army Camp
Taman Masjid Tanah
Kampung Solok Duku
Jalan Padang KambingWest
Jalan Padang Kambing
Padang Kambing
Pengkalan Balak
Tanjung Bidara
T-junctions
Sungai Solok Duku bridge
Kampung Solok Duku
Masjid Tanah
Masjid TanahNorth
M155 Jalan Kampung Ayer Limau
Brisu
Lubuk China
T-junctions
Masjid Tanah
Jalan Londang
Southwest
M157 Jalan Londang
Pengkalan Balak
Tanjung Bidara
Kolej Matrikulasi Melaka (KMM)
T-junctions
Masjid TanahEast
Lendu
Alor Gajah
North–South Expressway Southern Route
Kuala Lumpur
Johor Bahru
T-junctions
Kampung Tengah
Taman Tamby Chik Karim
Kampung JeramWest
Kuala Sungai Baru
Port Dickson
Kolej Universiti Islam Melaka (KUIM)
Akademi Laut Malaysia (ALAM)
T-junctions
Ramuan China Besar
Ramuan China KechilSouth
M161 Jalan Ramuan China–Kuala Sungai Baru
Kuala Sungai Baru
T-junctions
Kampung Teluk Berembang
Kampung Pengkalan PaohEast
M10 Jalan Simpang Ampat
Brisu
Simpang Ampat
Alor Gajah
Tampin
North–South Expressway Southern Route
Kuala Lumpur
Johor Bahru
T-junctions
Lubuk China
Lubuk ChinaEast
M131 Jalan Lubuk China
Titian Bitangor
Brisu
Roundabout
Melaka
Alor Gajah district border
Sungai Rembau bridge
Melaka–Negeri Sembilan border
Negeri Sembilan Darul Khusus
Rembau district border
Jalan Titian AkarNortheast
N103 Jalan Titian Akar
Kampung Titian Akar
T-junctions
Kampung SeminNortheast
N12 Jalan Kota
Kota
Rembau
T-junctions
Jalan Lubuk KualiSouth
N116 Jalan Lubuk Kuali
Lubuk Kuali
Kampung Sungai Timun
T-junctions
Kampung Pengkalan Durian
Rembau–Port Dickson district border
Jalan Pedas–LinggiNorth
N9 Jalan Pedas–Linggi
Rembau
Pedas
North–South Expressway Southern Route
Kuala Lumpur
Johor Bahru
T-junctions
LinggiNorth
N7 Jalan Rantau
Ayer Kuning
Rantau
Seremban
T-junctions
Sungai Linggi Bridge
Pengkalan Kempas
Pengkalan Kempas Historical Complex (Fort Kempas)Pengkalan Kempas Historical Complex (Fort Kempas)
Batu Bersurat Pengkalan Kempas (Pengkalan Kempas Inscription Stone)
Makam Ulama Sheikh Ahmad Makhtum (Tomb)
Historical site
T-junctions
Kampung Sungai RayaSouth
N143 Jalan Kampung Sungai Raya
Kuala Sungai Baru
Melaka
Akademi Laut Malaysia (ALAM)
T-junctions
Pasir Panjang
Pasir Panjang
Teluk Kemang BypassNorth
Teluk Kemang Bypass
Sua Betong
Seremban–Port Dickson Highway
Seremban
Kuala Lumpur
Johor Bahru

South
Eagle Ranch Resort
T-junctions
Royal Palm Springs ResortSouth
Persiaran Palm Springs
Royal Palm Springs Resort
T-junctions
Primaland Port Dickson Resort and Convention Centre
Sungai Menyala bridge
Jalan Baru Teluk PelandukNorth
Jalan Baru Teluk Pelanduk
Taman Politeknik
Politeknik Port Dickson
Seremban–Port Dickson Highway
Seremban
Kuala Lumpur
Johor Bahru
T-junctions
Kampung Baru Teluk Pelanduk
Kampung Tanjung PelandukRumah Rakyat Teluk Pelanduk
Rumah Peranginan Kerajaan Negeri Sembilan
(Negeri Sembilan State Rest House)
MES Greysands PDRM (Royal Malaysian Police)
Kompleks Peranginan Bank Negara Malaysia
(Bank Negara Resort)
Brunwell / Anexxe
Bunga Raya and Seri Mesra
EPF (KWSP) Bunglow
T-junctions
Pusat Latihan Kor Armor Diraja (Royal Armour Regiment Training Centre)Pusat Latihan Kor Armor Diraja (Royal Armour Regiment Training Centre)
Port Dickson Methodist Centre (PDMC)
T-junctions
Jalan Tanjung TuanSouthwest
N167 Jalan Tanjung Tuan
Pantai Cermin
Tanjung Biru
Pusat Latihan Rejimen Artileri Diraja
(Royal Artillery Regiment Training Centre)

Tanjung Tuan (Melaka)
(Cape Rachado)
Tanjung Tuan Forest Recreational Area
Tanjung Tuan Lighthouse
T-junctions
Kolej Tentera Darat (Malaysian Army College)Kolej Tentera Darat (Malaysian Army College)
Malaysian Peacekeping Training Centre (MPTC)
(Pusat Latihan Pengaman Malaysia)
T-junctions
Taman PoliteknikEast
Jalan Politeknik 10
Taman Politeknik
Politeknik Port Dickson
Teluk Kemang Bypass
Sua Betong
Seremban–Port Dickson Highway
Seremban
Kuala Lumpur
Johor Bahru
T-junctions
Teluk Kemang
Teluk Kemang
Bandar Baru Teluk Kemang
Bandar Baru Teluk KemangT-junctions
Sunggala RoundaboutNortheast
Sua Betong–Sunggala Highway
Sua Betong
Seremban–Port Dickson Highway
Seremban
Kuala Lumpur
Johor Bahru
Roundabout
Port Dickson
Bandar Tentera Darat
(The Army Town)
Kolej Kejururawatan Port Dickson
(Port Dickson Nursing College)
Bandar Baru SunggalaBandar Baru SunggalaT-junctions
Hospital Port Dickson
Port Dickson Golf and Country Club
Perdana Condo Resort
Marina Bay Port Dickson
Port Dickson Army Camp
Selesa Beach Resort
Si Rusa Rest and Service Area V
Royal Port Dickson Yacht Club
Port Dickson Army Camp
Jalan Sungai MenyalaEast
N8 Jalan Sungai Menyala
Rantau
Seremban–Port Dickson Highway
Seremban
Kuala Lumpur
Johor Bahru

Port Dickson, Bandar Tentera Darat (The Army Town)
Malaysian Army Parade Ground
Port Dickson Army Camp
Malaysian Army Museum
Malaysian Army Cemetery
T-junctions
Port Dickson
Bandar Tentera Darat
(The Army Town)
Port Dickson
(The Beach Town of Negeri Sembilan)
Sungai Si Rusa bridge
Si RusaBeaches
Hotel Seri Malaysia
Bagan PinangBeaches
Corus Beach ResortCorus Beach Resort
Paradise Lagoon Apartment
Jalan EssoEast
Jalan Esso
Esso Oil Refinery
T-junctions
Port Dickson (South)Northwest
Jalan Dato' Haji Abdul Samad (Jalan Pantai)
Town Centre
PD Waterfront City

East
Jalan Shell
Shell Oil Refinery
Junctions
Port Dickson South–Port Dickson Northsee also
Port Dickson Bypass
Port Dickson (North)Southwest
Jalan Seremban
Town Centre
Tuanku Jaafar Power Station
Junctions
Port Dickson
(The Beach Town of Negeri Sembilan)
Sime Darby's Port Dickson Power Plant
Sungai Lukut Kechil Bridge
Jalan Kampung Kuala LukutNorthwest
N159 Jalan Kampung Kuala Lukut
Kampung Kuala Lukut
Junctions
LukutKota Lukut
Muzium Lukut
T-junctions
LukutSelangor Royal Mausoleum (Makam Raja Jumaat)
Lukut
Klinik Kesihatan Lukut
Jalan Seremban–Port DicksonNortheast
Seremban
Mambau
Seremban–Port Dickson Highway
Seremban
Kuala Lumpur
Johor Bahru
T-junctions
Lukut Chinese Cemetery
Sungai Lukut Besar bridge
Kampung Baharu Tanah MerahWest
N4 Jalan Kampung Chuah
Kampung Chuah
Kuala Lukut
T-junctions
Tanah Merah Estate
Jalan Kampung ChuahWest
N4 Jalan Kampung Chuah
Kampung Chuah
Kuala Lukut
T-junctions
Tanah Merah
Tanah Merah Estate
Negeri Sembilan Darul Khusus
Port Dickson district border
Sungai Sepang bridge
Negeri Sembilan–Selangor border
Selangor Darul Ehsan
Sepang district border
SepangNorth
B48 Jalan Dengkil–Sepang
Dengkil
Salak Tinggi
Nilai
Kuala Lumpur
Johor Bahru
Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KLIA)
Sepang F1 Circuit
T-junctions
Jalan Hulu ChuchohNorthwest
B119 Jalan Hulu Chuchoh
Kampung Hulu Chuchoh
T-junctions
Sungai Pelek
Jalan Bagan LalangSouth
B--- Jalan Bagan Lalang
Bagan Lalang Beach
T-junctions
Jalan Hulu ChuchohNorthwest
B119 Jalan Hulu Chuchoh
Kampung Hulu Chuchoh
T-junctions
Tanjung Tumbok Estate
Sepang–Kuala Langat district border
Tanjung SepatNorth
B120 Jalan Kampung Darat Bali
Kampung Darat Bali
T-junctions
Kampung Darat BaliNorth
B120 Jalan Kampung Darat Bali
Kampung Darat Bali
T-junctions
Jalan Kampung Batu LapanNorth
B323 Jalan Kampung Batu Lapan
Kampung Batu Lapan
T-junctions
Jalan Ibrahim MericanNortheast
B121 Jalan Ibrahim Merican
Kanchong Darat
Banting
T-junctions
Kampung Kanchong Laut
Jalan Kampung Tali AirNorth
B--- Jalan Kampung Tali Air
Kampung Tali Air
T-junctions
Morib Golf and Country Club
MoribMorib Beach
V
Morib Landing Memorial
T-junctions
Tongkah
Simpang JugraNorthwest
B59 Jalan Kelanang
Bandar Jugra
Istana Bandar
Masjid Alaeddin
Makam Sultan Abdul Samad
T-junctions
Jalan KanchongSoutheast
B121 Jalan Kanchong
Kanchong Laut
Tanjung Sepat

South
B--- Jalan Kampung Tali Air
Kampung Tali Air
Junctions
Kampung Kanchong Darat
Kampung Kanchong DaratSidek's Family Badminton Monument
Kampung Kanchong DaratEast
B123 Jalan Sungai Lang
Kampung Sungai Kelambu
National Space Centre (Angkasa)
Junctions
BantingNorthwest
B58 Jalan Sultan Abdul Samad
Jugra
Permatang Pasir
Istana Bandar
Masjid Alaeddin
Makam Sultan Abdul Samad
T-junctions
BantingKlangsee also Klang–Banting Highway
Klangsee also Jalan Jambatan Kota
Kapar-NKSB North Klang Straits Bypass
West
Port Klang
Bandar Sultan Sulaiman
Tanjung Harapan
East
Shah Alam
Kuala Lumpur
Johor Bahru
Junctions
Kapar-NNKSBWest
New North Klang Straits Bypass
Port Klang
Bandar Sultan Sulaiman
Tanjung Harapan
T-junctions
Kapar-NNKSBEast
New North Klang Straits Bypass
Shah Alam
Kuala Lumpur
T-junctions
Jalan Haji SiratEast
B4 Jalan Haji Sirat
Meru
T-junctions
Taman Kapar Indah
SementaWest
B-- Jalan Sementa
Kampung Sementa
T-junctions
Kampung Perepat
TNB Staff Quarters
KaparEast
Jalan Perindustrian Kapar–Meru
Meru

Setia Alam

West Coast Expressway

Alor Setar

George Town

Taiping

Beruas

Teluk Intan

Sabak Bernam

Kuala Selangor

Klang

Kuala Lumpur

Banting

T-junctions
Sungai Kapar bridge
Kapar
Jalan SementaWest
B--- Jalan Sementa
Kampung Sementa
T-junctions
Jalan Tok MudaWest
B--- Jalan Tok Muda
Kampung Tok Muda
Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Power Station
TNB Staff Quarters
T-junctions
Klang–Kuala Selangor district border
Sungai Janggut
Sungai Sembilang
JeramWest
B107 Jalan Pantai Jeram

East
B104 Jalan Simpang 3 Jeram
Junctions
Rantau Panjang Beach VT-junctions
Kuala Sungai BulohEast
B104 Jalan Sasaran
T-junctions
Sungai Buloh Bridge
Kuala Sungai BulohSungai Buloh Fish MarketT-junctions
Api-Api
Taman Selesa
Assam JawaEast
Kuala Lumpur
Sungai Buloh
Ijok
T-junctions
Taman Raja Udang
Kampung Tengah
Taman Rhu
Kampung Baharu
TESCO Hypermarket Kuala Selangor
Kuala SelangorWest
Kuala Selangor new town
Kuala Selangor District and Land Office
Masjid Sultan Ibrahim
Kuala Selangor Mangrove Forest Reserve

East
B33 Jalan Kuala Selangor–Bestari Jaya
Bestari Jaya (Batang Berjuntai)
Rawang
Universiti Industri Selangor (UNISEL)
Kampung Kuantan fireflies
Junctions
Kuala SelangorOld town centre
Bukit Melawati
T-junctions
Sungai Selangor Bridge
Jambatan Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah
Pasir Penambang
Jalan Bukit BelimbingNorth
B37 Jalan Bukit Belimbing
Bukit Belimbing
T-junctions
Kampung Belimbing
Medan Ikan Masin Kuala Selangor
(Fish salt stalls)
T-junctions
Jalan Tanjung Karang–Bestari JayaEast
B42 Jalan Tanjung Karang–Bestari Jaya
Bestari Jaya (Batang Berjuntai)
Universiti Industri Selangor (UNISEL)
T-junctions
Tanjung KarangHospital Tanjung Karang
Sungai Tengi Bridge
Tanjung KarangTanjung Karang Bus StationT-junctions
Kampung Parit Empat
Kuala Selangor–Sabak Bernam district border
Sekinchan
Kampung Pasir PanjangEast
B110 Jalan Pasir Panjang
T-junctions
Sungai Burong
Jalan Pasir PanjangEast
B110 Jalan Pasir Panjang
T-junctions
Kampung Simpang LimaWest
B--- Jalan Sungai Haji Dorani
Kampung Sungai Haji Dorani
Junctions
Kampung Sungai LimauSouthwest
B53 Jalan Lama Kuala SelangorR
T-junctions
Jalan Sabak Bernam–Hulu SelangorEast
B44 Jalan Sabak Bernam–Hulu Selangor
Sungai Panjang
Tanjung Malim
North–South Expressway Northern Route
Bukit Kayu Hitam
Ipoh
Kuala Lumpur
T-junctions
Sungai BesarWest
Jalan Sungai Limau Dua

East
B51 Jalan Lembaga Padi Negara
Junctions
Kampung Tebok PulaiNorthwest
B55 Jalan Sungai Ayer Tawar
Bagan Nakhoda Omar
Sungai Ayer Tawar
Bagan Nakohda Omar Recreational Park (Bagan Nakhoda Omar Beach)

Southeast
Jalan Angkasa
Kampung Parit Enam
Junctions
Kampung Batu Tiga Puluh Sembilan
SabakNorthwest
Jalan Menteri
Sabak town centre
Masjid Jamek Sultan Hishamuddin
Sabak Bernam Waterfront
Muzium Sabak Bernam
Junctions
SabakSoutheast
Jalan Hospital
Hospital Tengku Ampuan Jemaah
T-junctions
SabakWest
B53 Jalan Raja Chulan
Sabak town centre
Masjid Jamek Sultan Hishamuddin
Sabak Bernam Waterfront
Muzium Sabak Bernam
Junctions
U-Turn
Sabak
Tanjung Karang
Kuala Selangor
U-turn
Start/End of dual carriageway
Selangor Darul Ehsan
Sabak Bernam district border
Sungai Bernam bridge
Selangor-Perak border
Perak Darul Ridzuan
Hilir Perak district border
Kampung Teluk Kerdu
Hutan Melintang Interchange (WCE) North

West Coast Expressway

Teluk Intan

Sitiawan

Taiping

George Town

Alor Setar


East

Jalan Sungai Samak

Kampung Sungai Samak

Diamond interchange
Kampung Tanjung Buloh
Hutan Melintang Estate
Simpang Empat Hutan MelintangWest
Jalan Bagan Datoh
Bagan Datoh

South
A123 Jalan Hutan Melintang
Hutan Melintang
Junctions
Jendarata
Teluk Intan Interchange (WCE)Northeast
Teluk Intan
Bidor
North–South Expressway Northern Route
Bukit Kayu Hitam
Ipoh
Kuala Lumpur


Southeast

West Coast Expressway

Sabak Bernam

Kuala Selangor

Klang

Kuala Lumpur

Banting

Diamond interchange
Jambatan Sultan Yusuf Restaurant and Rest Plaza V
Sungai Perak Bridge
Jambatan Sultan Yusuf
Kota Setia Estate
Kampung Permatang GuntongSouthwest
A-- Jalan Kota Setia
Kota Setia
T-junctions
Sungai Dedap bridge
Hilir Perak–Perak Tengah district border
Kampung Sungai RanggamNorth
Kampung Sungai Mengkuang
T-junctions
Jalan Ulu DedapNortheast
A--- Jalan Ulu Dedap
Kampung Ulu Dedap
Pasir Salak
Bota
Pasir Salak Historical Complex
T-junctions
Kampung Sijagob
Kampung Parit Jerman
Perak Tengah–Manjung district border
Kampung Kayan
Sungai Tiram bridge
LekirNorth

Jalan Kilang Kelapa Sawit Lekir

West Coast Expressway

Alor Setar

George Town

Taiping

Sitiawan

Teluk Intan

Sabak Bernam

Kuala Selangor

Klang

Kuala Lumpur

Banting

T-junctions
Tarmac carriageway
Concrete carriageway
Concrete carriageway
Tarmac carriageway
Parit Besar Sitiawan
Sitiawan BypassNorthwest
Sitiawan Bypass
Changkat Jering
Taiping
Pantai Remis
Damar Laut
Seri Manjung
Lumut
Pangkor Island
Teluk Batik
Teluk Rubiah
TLDM Lumut Naval Base
Hospital Seri Manjung
Manjung power plant


East

West Coast Expressway

Alor Setar

George Town

Taiping

Beruas

Teluk Intan

Sabak Bernam

Kuala Selangor

Klang

Kuala Lumpur

Banting

T-junctions
Kampung KohWest
A176 Jalan Pasir Panjang
Seri Manjung
Hospital Seri Manjung
Manjung power plant
Teluk Rubiah

East
A125 Jalan Pekan Gurney
Pekan Gurney
Junctions
Sitiawan
SitiawanNorth
A177 Jalan Kampung Acheh
Kampung Acheh
Dinding Bypass
Damar Laut
Pantai Remis
Kuala Kangsar
Taiping

West
Jalan Iskander Shah
Seri Manjung
Lumut
Pangkor Island
Teluk Batik
TLDM Lumut Naval Base
Junctions
SitiawanNorth
Jalan Lapangan Terbang Sitiawan
Sitiawan Airport
Kampung Serdang
Kampung Deralik
Sitiawan EastWest
Lumut Bypass
Lumut
Pantai Remis
Pangkor Island
Teluk Batik
TLDM Lumut Naval Base


East

West Coast Expressway

Alor Setar

George Town

Taiping

Beruas

Teluk Intan

Sabak Bernam

Kuala Selangor

Klang

Kuala Lumpur

Banting

T-junctions
LumutIpohsee also Ipoh–Lumut Highway

References

  1. Abd. Hamid Abd. Majid (1980-05-01). "1.1 - Sejarah Perkembangan Jalanraya Sebelum Merdeka". Analisa Rangkaian Jalan Raya dan Kaitannya Dengan Pembangunan Ekonomi (PDF) (Diploma). Universiti Teknologi MARA. p. 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-11-18.
  2. "New bridge to open tomorrow". New Straits Times. 1988-11-16. Retrieved 2015-11-16.
  3. "Kenali rangkaian laluan tulang belakang negara kita". Blog Jalan Raya Malaysia (in Malay). 2014-11-01. Retrieved 2015-11-18.
  4. Statistik Jalan (Edisi 2013). Kuala Lumpur: Malaysian Public Works Department. 2013. pp. 16–64. ISSN 1985-9619.
  5. Inventori Rangkaian Jalan Utama Persekutuan Semenanjung Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur: Malaysian Ministry of Works. 2009. pp. 78–82. ISBN 978-983-44278-2-5.
  6. "Sejarah lengkap Jalan Persekutuan 5". Blog Jalan Raya Malaysia (in Malay). 2015-11-16. Retrieved 2015-11-18.
  7. "Jelajah Maharani Part 2: Menjejak Laluan Persekutuan 5 di Muar". Blog Jalan Raya Malaysia (in Malay). 2012-03-22. Retrieved 2015-11-18.
  8. "Jelajah Maharani Part 3: Lebuh AMJ FT19". Blog Jalan Raya Malaysia (in Malay). 2012-03-22. Retrieved 2015-11-18.
  9. "Melaka Bandaraya Bersejarah Bahagian 3: Menjejak Jalan Persekutuan 5 melalui kota sesat bandar lama Melaka". Blog Jalan Raya Malaysia (in Malay). 2014-06-30. Retrieved 2015-11-18.
  10. "Nilai-Klang Part 2: Jalan Langat FT5". Blog Jalan Raya Malaysia (in Malay). 2014-03-21. Retrieved 2015-11-18.
  11. Roads in Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur: Malaysian Ministry of Works. 2011. p. 16. ISBN 978-967-5399-17-6.
  12. Johore Annual Report 1911
  13. Abd. Hamid Abd. Majid (1980-05-01). "1.1 - Sejarah Perkembangan Jalanraya Sebelum Merdeka". Analisa Rangkaian Jalan Raya dan Kaitannya Dengan Pembangunan Ekonomi (PDF) (Diploma). Universiti Teknologi MARA. p. 8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-11-18.
  14. Abd. Hamid Abd. Majid (1980-05-01). "1.1 - Sejarah Perkembangan Jalanraya Sebelum Merdeka". Analisa Rangkaian Jalan Raya dan Kaitannya Dengan Pembangunan Ekonomi (PDF) (Diploma). Universiti Teknologi MARA. p. 10. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-11-18.
  15. Abd. Hamid Abd. Majid (1980-05-01). "1.1 - Sejarah Perkembangan Jalanraya Sebelum Merdeka". Analisa Rangkaian Jalan Raya dan Kaitannya Dengan Pembangunan Ekonomi (PDF) (Diploma). Universiti Teknologi MARA. p. 11. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-11-18.
  16. "Penyata Rasmi Parlimen: Dewan Negara - Parlimen Keempat, Penggal Pertama" (PDF). Parliament of Malaysia. 1975-07-23. Retrieved 2015-11-16.
  17. "Penyata Rasmi Parlimen: Dewan Rakyat - Parlimen Ketiga, Penggal Kedua" (PDF). Parliament of Malaysia. 1972-08-23. Retrieved 2015-11-16.
  18. "Jambatan Sultan Ismail Muar". Muzium Muar (in Malay). 2013-04-16. Retrieved 2015-11-18.
  19. "Dewan Rakyat - Aturan Urusan Mesyuarat" (PDF). Parliament of Malaysia. 1973-04-25. Retrieved 2015-11-16.
  20. "Dewan Rakyat - Aturan Urusan Mesyuarat" (PDF). Parliament of Malaysia. 1980-12-02. Retrieved 2015-11-16.
  21. "Dewan Rakyat - Parlimen Keempat, Penggal Pertama" (PDF). Parliament of Malaysia. 1986-03-25. Retrieved 2015-11-16.
  22. "Dewan Rakyat - Parlimen Keenam, Penggal Keempat" (PDF). Parliament of Malaysia. 1986-03-25. Retrieved 2015-11-16.
  23. Lee Ah Chai (1988-12-15). "Bridge of mixed blessings". New Straits Times. Retrieved 2015-11-16.
  24. Sayed Hiesham Idris (2014-05-26). "Lebuh Raya Pesisiran Pantai Barat". Utusan Malaysia. Archived from the original on 2015-11-19. Retrieved 2015-11-16.
  25. "Majlis pecah tanah Lebuhraya Pantai Barat (WCE) E32". Blog Jalan Raya Malaysia (in Malay). 2014-05-26. Retrieved 2015-11-18.
  26. "Jajaran Lebuh Raya Persisir Pantai Barat dinilai semula". Utusan Malaysia. 2014-06-11. Archived from the original on 2015-11-19. Retrieved 2015-11-16.

See also

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.