Nadifloxacin

Nadifloxacin (INN, brand names Acuatim, Nadiflox, Nadoxin, Nadixa, Activon) is a topical fluoroquinolone antibiotic for the treatment of acne vulgaris.[1] It is also used to treat bacterial skin infections.

Nadifloxacin
Clinical data
AHFS/Drugs.comInternational Drug Names
Routes of
administration		topical (epicutaneous)
ATC code
Identifiers
CAS Number
PubChem CID
ChemSpider
UNII
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
ECHA InfoCard100.166.530
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC19H21FN2O4
Molar mass360.385 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
ChiralityRacemic mixture
Melting point245 to 247 °C (473 to 477 °F) (dec.)
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Pharmacology

Antibacterial spectrum

In vitro studies of nadifloxacin showed potent and broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against aerobic Gram-positive, Gram-negative and anaerobic bacteria, including Cutibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Nadifloxacinshowed potent antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), which was similar to potency against methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA). The drug was also active against new quinolone-resistant MRSA. Nadifloxacin does not show cross-resistance with other new fluoroquinolones.

Mechanism of action

Nadifloxacin inhibits the enzyme DNA gyrase that is involved in bacterial DNA synthesis and replication, thus inhibiting the bacterial multiplication. Nadifloxacin in addition to determine a therapeutic antibacterial action, can have a sebostatic and anti-inflammatory action, thus contributing to the improvement of the clinical condition of the patient.[2][3][4]

Pharmacokinetics

Following a single topical application of 10 g nadifloxacin 1% cream to normal human back skin, the highest plasma concentration was determined to be 107 ng/mL with an elimination half-life of 19.4 hours. Approximately 0.09% of the administered dose was excreted in the urine over 48 hours post- dosing. The plasma concentration reached a steady state on Day 5 of repeated administration study when nadifloxacin 1% cream was applied at 5 g twice daily to normal healthy individuals for a period of 7 days. The plasma concentration reached a peak of 4.1 ng/ml at 8 hours post-final dosing with an elimination half-life of 23.2 hours. The urinary excretion rate reached 0.16% on Day 7.

Clinical use

In some European countries, the drug has been approved for the treatment of acne vulgaris.[5] In a 2013 multicenter, randomized clinical study with a total of 184 Japanese patients with moderate to severe acne, adapalene 0.1% gel plus nadifloxacin 1% cream (combination therapy) showed a significant efficacy in decrement of inflammatory papulopustular lesions.[6] In patients with skin lesions, topical application of nadifloxacin can result in plasma concentrations of 1 to 3 ng/ml. Consequently, some authors argued that it should not be used to treat relatively harmless diseases like acne vulgaris, risking the development of quinolone resistances.[7]

Adverse effects

During the treatment some patients may develop some adverse effects predominantly of the skin and subcutaneous tissue: burning and itching (in absolute the most common side effect), contact dermatitis, dryness and skin irritation.[8]

References
  1. Murata K, Tokura Y (March 2007). "[Anti-microbial therapies for acne vulgaris: anti-inflammatory actions of anti-microbial drugs and their effectiveness]". J. UOEH (in Japanese). 29 (1): 63–71. PMID 17380730.
  2. Kuwahara K, Kitazawa T, Kitagaki H, Tsukamoto T, Kikuchi M (April 2005). "Nadifloxacin, an antiacne quinolone antimicrobial, inhibits the production of proinflammatory cytokines by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and normal human keratinocytes". J. Dermatol. Sci. 38 (1): 47–55. doi:10.1016/j.jdermsci.2005.01.002. PMID 15795123.
  3. Jung JY, Kwon HH, Yeom KB, Yoon MY, Suh DH (March 2011). "Clinical and histological evaluation of 1% nadifloxacin cream in the treatment of acne vulgaris in Korean patients". Int. J. Dermatol. 50 (3): 350–7. doi:10.1111/j.1365-4632.2010.04701.x. PMID 21342170.
  4. Murata K, Tokura Y (March 2007). "[Anti-microbial therapies for acne vulgaris: anti-inflammatory actions of anti-microbial drugs and their effectiveness]". J. UOEH (in Japanese). 29 (1): 63–71. PMID 17380730.
  5. Plewig G, Holland KT, Nenoff P (2006). "Clinical and bacteriological evaluation of nadifloxacin 1% cream in patients with acne vulgaris: a double-blind, phase III comparison study versus erythromycin 2% cream". Eur J Dermatol. 16 (1): 48–55. PMID 16436342. Retrieved 2014-09-28.
  6. Takigawa M, Tokura Y, Shimada S, Furukawa F, Noguchi N, Ito T (August 2013). "Clinical and bacteriological evaluation of adapalene 0.1% gel plus nadifloxacin 1% cream versus adapalene 0.1% gel in patients with acne vulgaris". J. Dermatol. 40 (8): 620–5. doi:10.1111/1346-8138.12189. PMID 23724808.
  7. Steinhilber; Schubert-Zsilavecz, Roth (2004). Medizinische Chemie: Targets und Arzneistoffe. WVG Stuttgart.
  8. Narayanan V, Motlekar S, Kadhe G, Bhagat S (September 2014). "Efficacy and Safety of Nadifloxacin for Bacterial Skin Infections: Results from Clinical and Post-Marketing Studies". Dermatol Ther (Heidelb). 4: 233–48. doi:10.1007/s13555-014-0062-1. PMC 4257952. PMID 25212256.
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