Nanxiong Formation

The Nanxiong Formation (also known as Yuanpu Formation) is a Late Cretaceous geologic formation in Guangdong Province. Dinosaur remains are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation.

Nanxiong Formation
Stratigraphic range: Maastrichtian
66.7 Ma
↓
TypeGeological formation
UnderliesShanghu Formation
OverliesJurassic granite basement, Changba Formation (Nanxiong Group)
Thickness~300 m (980 ft)
Several kilometers (Nanxiong Group)
Lithology
PrimarySandstone, siltstone, mudstone
OtherLimestone, conglomerate
Location
Coordinates23.5°N 114.9°E / 23.5; 114.9
Approximate paleocoordinates23.8°N 110.5°E / 23.8; 110.5
RegionGuangdong Province
Country China
ExtentNanxiong Basin
Nanxiong Formation (China)
Nanxiong Formation (Guangdong)

Description

It consists of continental siliciclastic red beds, with fauna which similar to that of the Nemegt Formation. It has been dated about 66.7 ± 0.3 million years ago.[1] It is the lowest unit of the Nanxiong Basin, a small graben created during Mesozoic rifting.[2] Buck et al. state that it overlies Jurassic granite basement, and is conformably overlain by the Shanghu Formation.[1] Alternative stratigraphic schemes for the Nanxiong basin have been proposed,[3] one of which refers to the Nanxiong succession as the Nanxiong Group, and dividing it into the Yuanfu, Zhutian and Zhenshui formations, and overlying the Albian to Turonian Changba Formation.[4]

Paleofauna
Color key
Taxon Reclassified taxon Taxon falsely reported as present Dubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon
 Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited.

Theropods
Theropods
GenusSpeciesMaterialNotesImages
Banji[5] B. long Nearly complete skull and lower jaw An oviraptorid
Corythoraptor[6] C. jacobsi Nearly complete skeleton including the skull and lower jaw An oviraptorid with a distinct cassowary-like crest
Elongatoolithidae indet. Indeterminate Three eggs with embryonic remains.[7] Oviraptorid eggs.
Ganzhousaurus[8] G. nankangensis Lower jaw, leg bone, hip bone and caudal vertebrae A transitional oviraptorid with both basal and derived traits
Huanansaurus[9] H. ganzhouensis Nearly complete skull, lower jaws, neck vertebrae, a humerus, arm fragments, lower part of the right thighbone, the upper part of the right shinbone, and parts of the right foot An oviraptorid
Jiangxisaurus[10] J. ganzhouensis Incomplete skull, lower jaw, vertebrae, nearly complete pectoral girdle, the left forelimb, ribs, and a partially preserved pelvic girdle An oviraptorid
Macroolithus Indeterminate Five egg clutches containing over 60 eggs.[11] Oviraptorid eggs
Indeterminate Three eggs with embryonic remains.[12] Oviraptorid eggs
M. yaotunensis A nest of 24 eggs associated with an adult oviraptorid.[13] Oviraptorid eggs
Nankangia[14] N. jiangxiensis A partial lower jaw, vertebrae, both scapulocoracoids, a nearly complete right humerus, pubic bones, and some dorsal ribs An oviraptorid
Nanshiungosaurus[15] N. brevispinus Eleven cervical vertebrae, ten dorsal vertebrae, six sacral vertebrae and the pelvis A therizinosaurid[16]

Oviraptoridae indet.

 Indeterminate A female individual preserving the pelvic girdle, some caudals and two eggs inside the abdominal cavity[17] A pregnant oviraptorid
Indeterminate A nesting adult over a nest of eggs, preserving cervical vertebrae, arms and the pelvic region.[13] An oviraptorid that represents the fifth nesting taxon
Qianzhousaurus[18] Q. sinensis A skull, lower jaw, vertebrae, both scapulocoracoids, a left femur and a left tibia A tyrannosaurid, could represent a third species of Alioramus[19]
Shixinggia[20] S. oblita Sparse postcranial remains lacking the skull An oviraptorid
Theropoda indet.[21] Indeterminate A maxillary tooth that differs from tyrannosaurid and carcharodontosaurid dentition A notably large theropod
Tongtianlong[22] T. limosus Almost complete skeleton, portions of the arms, right leg, and tail were destroyed by TNT blasts An oviraptorid, the pose indicates that it may have died trying to free itself from mud
Tyrannosauridae indet.[15][21] Indeterminate Several large, well-preserved teeth[15][21] A tyrannosaurid

Ornithopods
Ornithopods
GenusSpeciesMaterialNotesImages
Microhadrosaurus[15] M. nanshiungensis Partial lower jaw from a juvenile that was about 2.6 m long A nomen dubium hadrosaur taxon.[4]
Hadrosauropodus isp.[4] Indeterminate Three-toed footprints[4] A hadrosaur

Sauropods
Sauropods
GenusSpeciesMaterialNotesImages
Gannansaurus[23] G. sinensis A single, nearly complete dorsal vertebra and a mid-caudal vertebra A sauropod closely related to Euhelopus

Turtles
Turtles
GenusSpeciesMaterialNotesImages
Jiangxichelys[24] J. ganzhouensis A complete shell A nanhsiungchelyid turtle
Nanhsiungchelys[25] N. wuchingensis A partial skeleton A nanhsiungchelyid turtle[26]
Oolithes[15][26] O. elongatus, O. nanhsiungensis, O. rugustus and O. spheroides. Egg and egg clutches. Some of these were probably laid by Nanhsiungchelys.[15][26] Turtle and/or theropod eggs.

Crocodilians
Crocodilians
GenusSpeciesMaterialNotesImages
Jiangxisuchus[27] J. nankangensis Nearly complete skull and mandible A crocodyloid

Lizards
Lizards
GenusSpeciesMaterialNotesImages
Chianghsia[28] C. nankangensis A partial skull and lower jaws A monstersaurian lizard
Tianyusaurus[29] T. zhengi A skull, mandible, first eight cervical vertebrae and nearly complete pectoral girdles A polyglyphanodontian lizard, also known from the Qiupa Formation

See also

References
  1. Buck, B. J.; Hanson, A. D.; Hengst, R. A.; Shu-sheng, H. (2004). ""Tertiary Dinosaurs" in the Nanxiong Basin, Southern China, Are Reworked from the Cretaceous". The Journal of Geology. 112 (1): 111–118. Bibcode:2004JG....112..111B. doi:10.1086/379695.
  2. Lucas, Spencer G.; Kirkland, James I.; Estep, John W. (1998). "Vertebrate biostratigraphy and biochronology of the Cretaceous of China". Lower and Middle Cretaceous Terrestrial Ecosystems: Bulletin 14. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science. p. 14.
  3. Yan, Yi; Xia, Bin; Lin, Ge; Cui, Xuejun; Hu, Xiaoqiong; Yan, Pin; Zhang, Faqiang (April 2007). "Geochemistry of the sedimentary rocks from the Nanxiong Basin, South China and implications for provenance, paleoenvironment and paleoclimate at the K/T boundary" (PDF). Sedimentary Geology. 197 (1–2): 127–140. Bibcode:2007SedG..197..127Y. doi:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2006.09.004. ISSN 0037-0738.
  4. Xing, L.; Lockley, M. G.; Li, D.; Klein, H.; Ye, Y.; Scott Persons IV, W.; Ran, H. (2017). "Late Cretaceous ornithopod-dominated, theropod, and pterosaur track assemblages from the Nanxiong Basin, China: New discoveries, ichnotaxonomy, and paleoecology" (PDF). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 466: 303−313. Bibcode:2017PPP...466..303X. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2016.11.035.
  5. Xu, X.; Han, F.-L. (2010). "A new oviraptorid dinosaur (Theropoda: Oviraptorosauria) from the Upper Cretaceous of China". Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 48 (1): 11–18.
  6. Lü, J.; Li, G; Kundrát, M.; Lee, Y.; Zhenyuan, S.; Yoshitsugu, K.; Caizhi, S.; Fangfang, T.; Hanfeng, L (2017). "High diversity of the Ganzhou Oviraptorid Fauna increased by a new "cassowary-like" crested species". Scientific Reports. 7 (1): 6393. Bibcode:2017NatSR...7.6393L. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-05016-6. PMC 5532250. PMID 28751667.
  7. Wang, S.; Zhang, S.; Sullivan, C.; Xu, X. (2016). "Elongatoolithid eggs containing oviraptorid (Theropoda, Oviraptorosauria) embryos from the Upper Cretaceous of Southern China". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 16 (67). doi:10.1186/s12862-016-0633-0. PMC 4807547. PMID 27012653.
  8. Wang, S.; Sun, C.; Sullivan, C.; Xu, X. (2013). "A new oviraptorid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of southern China". Zootaxa. 3640 (2): 242–57. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3640.2.7. PMID 26000415. S2CID 28527553.
  9. Lü, Junchang; Pu, Hanyong; Kobayashi, Yoshitsugu; Xu, Li; Chang, Huali; Shang, Yuhua; Liu, Di; Lee, Yuong-Nam; Kundrát, Martin; Shen, Caizhi (2015). "A New Oviraptorid Dinosaur (Dinosauria: Oviraptorosauria) from the Late Cretaceous of Southern China and Its Paleobiogeographical Implications". Scientific Reports. 5 (11490): 11490. Bibcode:2015NatSR...511490L. doi:10.1038/srep11490. PMC 4489096. PMID 26133245.
  10. Wei Xuefang; Pu Hanyong; Xu Li; Liu Di; Lü Junchang (2013). "A New Oviraptorid Dinosaur (Theropoda: Oviraptorosauria) from the Late Cretaceous of Jiangxi Province, Southern China". Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition). 87 (4): 899–904. doi:10.1111/1755-6724.12098.
  11. Yang, T.-R.; Wiemann, J.; Xu, L.; Cheng, Y.-N.; Wu, X.-C.; Sander, P. M. (2019). "Reconstruction of oviraptorid clutches illuminates their unique nesting biology". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 466: 581−596. doi:10.4202/app.00497.2018.
  12. Yang, T.-R.; Engler, T.; Lallensack, J. N.; Samathi, A.; Makowska, M.; Schillinger, B. (2019). "Hatching Asynchrony in Oviraptorid Dinosaurs Sheds Light on Their Unique Nesting Biology". Integrative Organismal Biology. 1 (1). doi:10.1093/iob/obz030.
  13. Bi, S.; Amiot, R.; Peyre de Fabrègues, C.; Pittman, M.; Lamanna, M. C.; Yu, Y.; Yu, C.; Yang, T.; Zhang, S.; Zhao, Q.; Xu, X. (2020). "An oviraptorid preserved atop an embryo-bearing egg clutch sheds light on the reproductive biology of non-avialan theropod dinosaurs". Science Bulletin. doi:10.1016/j.scib.2020.12.018.
  14. Lü, J.; Yi, L.; Zhong, H.; Wei, X. (2013). Dodson, Peter (ed.). "A New Oviraptorosaur (Dinosauria: Oviraptorosauria) from the Late Cretaceous of Southern China and Its Paleoecological Implications". PLOS ONE. 8 (11): e80557. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...880557L. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0080557. PMC 3842309. PMID 24312233.
  15. Dong, Z. (1979). "Cretaceous dinosaur fossils in southern China" [Cretaceous dinosaurs of the Huanan (south China)]. In Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology; Nanjing Institute of Paleontology (eds.). Mesozoic and Cenozoic Redbeds in Southern China (in Chinese). Beijing: Science Press. pp. 342–350. Translated paper
  16. Zanno, L. E. (2010). "A taxonomic and phylogenetic re-evaluation of Therizinosauria (Dinosauria: Maniraptora)". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 8 (4): 503–543. doi:10.1080/14772019.2010.488045. S2CID 53405097.
  17. Sato, T.; Cheng, Y.-N.; Wu, X.-C.; Zelenitsky, D. K.; Hsiao, Y.-F. (2005). "A Pair of Shelled Eggs Inside A Female Dinosaur". Science. 308 (5720): 375. doi:10.1126/science.1110578. PMID 15831749. S2CID 19470371.
  18. Lü, Junchang; Yi, Laiping; Brusatte, Stephen L.; Yang, Ling; Li, Hua; Chen, Liu (2014). "A new clade of Asian Late Cretaceous long-snouted tyrannosaurids". Nature Communications. 5: 3788. Bibcode:2014NatCo...5.3788L. doi:10.1038/ncomms4788. PMID 24807588.
  19. Carr, Thomas D.; Varricchio, David J.; Sedlmayr, Jayc C.; Roberts, Eric M.; Moore, Jason R. (2017). "A new tyrannosaur with evidence for anagenesis and crocodile-like facial sensory system". Scientific Reports. 7: 44942. Bibcode:2017NatSR...744942C. doi:10.1038/srep44942. PMC 5372470. PMID 28358353.
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