North–South railway (Vietnam)

The North–South railway (Vietnamese: Đường sắt Bắc–Nam, French: Chemin de fer Nord-Sud) is the principal railway line serving the country of Vietnam. It is a single-track metre gauge line connecting the capital Hanoi in the north to Ho Chi Minh City in the south, for a total length of 1,726 km (1,072 mi). Trains travelling this line are sometimes referred to as the Reunification Express (referring to the Reunification of Vietnam), although no particular train carries this name officially.[1] The line was established during French colonial rule, and was completed over a period of nearly forty years, from 1899 to 1936.[2] As of 2005, there were 278 stations on the Vietnamese railway network,[3] of which 191 were located along the North–South line.[4]

North–South railway
Train waiting at Phu My, north of Quy Nhơn
Overview
OwnerVietnam Railways
LocaleVietnam
TerminiHanoi Railway Station
Saigon Railway Station
Websitehttp://www.vr.com.vn/en
Service
TypeHeavy rail
History
Opened1936
Technical
Line length1,726 km (1,072 mi)
Track gauge1,000 mm (3 ft 3 38 in)
Route map

0,000
Hanoi
5
Giáp Bát
9
Văn Điển
to Hà Đông
18
Thường Tín
26
Chợ Tía
30
Vạn Điểm
34
Phú Xuyên
Hanoi
Hà Nam
border
45
Đồng Văn
56
Phủ Lý
67
Bình Lục
73
Cầu Họ
81
Đặng Xá
0,087
Nam Định
94
Trình Xuyên
101
Núi Gôi
108
Cát Đằng
115
Ninh Bình
121
Cầu Yên
125
Ghềnh
134
Đồng Giao
142
Bỉm Sơn
153
Đò Lèn
161
Nghĩa Trang
0,176
Thanh Hóa
188
Yên Thái
197
Minh Khôi
207
Thị Long
219
Văn Trai
229
Khoa Trường
238
Trường Lâm
245
Hoàng Mai
Hoàng Mai River
261
Cầu Giát
for Thái Hoà
Lạch Vạn River
272
Yên Lý
279
Chợ Sy
292
Mỹ Lý
Cua Lo River
309
Quán Hành
0,319
Vinh
330
Yên Xuân
338
Yên Trung
345
Đức Lạc
352
Yên Duệ
358
Hòa Duyệt
370
Thanh Luyện
381
Chu Lễ
386
Hương Phố
397
Phúc Trạch
405
La Khê
409
Tân Ấp
Tân Ấp–Xóm Cục Railway
415
Đồng Chuối
426
Kim Lũ
437
Đồng Lê
450
Ngọc Lâm
453
Minh Cam
459
Lạc Sơn
468
Lệ Sơn
482
Minh Lệ
Côn River
489
Ngân Sơn
499
Thọ Lộc
511
Phúc Tự
0,522
Đồng Hới
529
Lệ Kỳ
539
Long Đại
551
Mỹ Đức
558
Phú Hòa
565
Mỹ Trạch
572
Thượng Lâm
588
Sa Lung
592
Vĩnh Thủy
599
Tiên An
609
Hà Thanh
622
Đông Hà
634
Quảng Trị
643
Diên Sanh
652
Mỹ Chanh
660
Phò Trạch
670
Hiền Sỹ
678
Văn Xá
684
An Hoa
0,688
Huế
691
An Cựu
699
Hương Thuỷ
702
Phù Bài
708
Nong
715
Truồi
724
Đá Bạc
729
Cầu Hai
732
Nước Ngọt
742
Thừa Lưu
755
Lăng Cô
761
Hải Vân Bắc
766
Hải Vân
772
Hải Vân Nam
776
Liên Chiểu
777
Kim Liên
788
Thanh Khê
0,791
Đà Nẵng
794
Liên Trì
799
Phong Lệ
Cam Le River
804
Lệ Trạch
814
Nông Sơn
819
Gò Nổi
820
Chiêm Sơn
825
Trà Kiệu
842
Phú Cang
857
An Mỹ
865
Tam Kỳ
928
Quảng Ngãi
1,096
Diêu Trì
0,000
Quy Nhơn
1,198
Tuy Hòa
1,315
Nha Trang
1,408
Tháp Chàm
1,455
Vĩnh Hảo
1,551
Mương Mán
Phan Thiết
1,697
Biên Hòa
1,707
Dĩ An
1,711
Sóng Thần
1,713
Thủ Đức
1,718
Bình Triệu
1,722
Gò Vấp
1,726
Saigon
line
Template:Đường sắt Bắc–Nam

From World War II through to the Vietnam War, the entire North–South railway sustained major damage from bombings and sabotage.[5] Owing to this damage, and to a subsequent lack of capital investment and maintenance, much of the infrastructure along the North–South railway remains outdated or in poor condition; in turn, lack of infrastructure development has been found to be a root cause for railway accidents along the line, including collisions at level crossings and derailments. Recent rehabilitation projects, supported by official development assistance, have improved the safety and efficiency of the line. As of 2007, 85% of the network's passenger volume and 60% of its cargo volume was transported along the line.[6] The national railway company Vietnam Railways owns and operates the line.

Overview

A locomotive drives past Lăng Cô.

For the most part, this 1,726 km (1,072 mi) long metre gauge line follows the coastline of Vietnam, beginning in Ha Noi, passing through the provinces of Hà Nam, Nam Đinh, Ninh Bình, Thanh Hóa, Nghệ An (Vinh), Hà Tĩnh, Quảng Bình (Đồng Hới), Quảng Trị (Đông Hà), Thừa Thiên–Huế (Huế), Da Nang, Quảng Nam, Quảng Ngãi, Bình Định, Phú Yên, Khánh Hòa (Nha Trang), Ninh Thuận, Bình Thuận (Phan Thiết), Đồng Nai and Binh Dương, before coming to an end in Ho Chi Minh City.[6][7] Trains taking this route pass through a number of areas recognized for their beauty, such as the Hải Vân Pass and Lăng Cô Peninsula near Huế, and Vân Phong Bay near Nha Trang. Typical journeys from one end of the line to the other last about 30 hours.[8] Passengers arriving in Hanoi are able to transfer to several other railway lines, leading to Haiphong, Hạ Long Bay, Thái Nguyên, Lào Cai, Lạng Sơn and the People's Republic of China.

As of 2007, 85% of the network's passenger traffic and 60% of its cargo traffic was transported along the North–South line, corresponding to 3,960.6 million person-km and 2,329.5 million ton-km, respectively.[nb 1] These proportions are only slightly different from those recorded in the early 1990s; 1993 figures reported 82% of passenger traffic and 66% of cargo traffic along the line.[6]

Passenger service

Daily passenger service is provided along the entire North–South railway by state railway company Vietnam Railways. Express service links Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City, making stops at major stations; local service is also provided along shorter portions of the line, such as from Hanoi to Vinh, Vinh to Đồng Hới, Vinh to Quy Nhon, and so on. The following trains run regularly along the line (each line represents a pair of trains, one southbound and the other northbound):[9]

Train Type From To Length Notes
SE1/SE2 Express Hanoi Ho Chi Minh City 34 hrs, 40 mins Stops at Nam Định, Thanh Hóa, Vinh, Đồng Hới, Dong Ha, Huế, Lang Co, Da Nang, Tam Ky, Quảng Ngãi, Dieu Tri, Tuy Hòa, Nha Trang, Thap Cham, Muong Man
SE3/SE4 Express Hanoi Ho Chi Minh City 29 hrs, 30 mins Stops at Vinh, Đồng Hới, Huế, Da Nang, Dieu Tri, Nha Trang
SE5/SE6 Express Hanoi Ho Chi Minh City 32 hrs Stops at Phủ Lý, Nam Định, Ninh Bình, Thanh Hóa, Vinh, Đồng Hới, Huế, Da Nang, Quảng Ngãi, Dieu Tri, Nha Trang, Thap Cham, Muong Man, Bien Hoa
TN1/TN2 Local Hanoi Ho Chi Minh City 40 hrs, 50 mins
TN3/TN4 Local Hanoi Ho Chi Minh City 40 hrs, 45 mins
TN5/TN6 Local Hanoi Ho Chi Minh City 40 hrs, 10 mins
TN7/TN8 Local Hanoi Ho Chi Minh City 40 hrs, 25 mins
NA1/NA2 Local Hanoi Vinh
NA3/NA4 Local Hanoi Vinh
TH1/TH2 Local Giap Bat Thanh Hóa
VD31/VD32 Local Vinh Đồng Hới OUT OF SERVICES
DH41/DH42 Local Đồng Hới Huế OUT OF SERVICES
VQ1/VQ2 Local Vinh Quy Nhon

Freight service

Vietnam Railways provides daily freight transport, mainly between Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City; freight service ending at Da Nang is also offered. The following trains run regularly along the line (each line represents a pair of trains, one southbound and the other northbound):[10]

Train From To Notes
GS1/GS2 Giáp Bát (Hanoi) Sóng Thần (HCMC) 4-day itinerary
SBN1/SBN2 Giáp Bát (Hanoi) Sóng Thần (HCMC) 4-day itinerary
HBN1/HBN2 Giáp Bát (Hanoi) Sóng Thần (HCMC)
HBN3/HBN4 Giáp Bát (Hanoi) Sóng Thần (HCMC)
ASY1/ASY2 Giáp Bát (Hanoi) Sóng Thần (HCMC)
AH1/AH2 Giáp Bát (Hanoi) Sóng Thần (HCMC)
HSD1/HSD2 Da Nang Ho Chi Minh City
HSK1/HSK2 Kim Lien (Da Nang) Sóng Thần (HCMC)
4 digits number Giáp Bát (Hanoi) Sóng Thần (HCMC)

History

The progressive construction of Vietnam's railway system, 1881–1966.

In 1895, outgoing Governor-General of French Indochina Jean Marie de Lanessan, convinced of the necessity of building railways to connect the different parts of Indochina, urged his successors to give priority to the construction of a north–south railway connecting Hanoi and Saigon, calling it "the backbone of Indochina" from which all other routes would radiate.[nb 2] It was Paul Doumer, who was appointed as Governor-General in 1897, who put de Lanessan's call into action. Soon after his appointment, Doumer submitted an overarching proposal for railway development in Indochina, including plans for what would eventually become the Yunnan–Vietnam Railway and the North–South railway. The French government approved the construction of the entire Yunnan line and several sections of the North–South line, approving a loan of 200 million francs within the following year. Work began swiftly thereafter, with the Phu Lang Thuong—Lạng Sơn line being upgraded and extended from Hanoi to the Chinese border at Dong Dang by 1902, and the first section of the Yunnan line between Hanoi and Haiphong opening in the same year.[11][12][13]

Construction of the first sections of the North–South railway itself began in 1899, and lasted over thirty years, with individual sections completed serially. The first section to be laid down was the Hanoi–Vinh section, built from 1899 to 1905. Next to be built was the Nha Trang–Saigon section from 1905 to 1913; the Saigon–Tan Linh portion was opened in 1908, followed by the Tan Linh–Nha Trang portion in 1913. During this time, tracks were also laid around the city of Huế, leading south to Tourane, and north to Đông Hà. The Huế–Tourane section opened in 1906, and the Huế–Dong Ha line opened in 1908. The Vinh-Huế section was constructed from 1913 to 1927, and finally, the remaining Huế–Nha Trang section was constructed from 1930 to 1936.[2][6][11] On 2 October 1936, the entire 1,726 km (1,072 mi) Hanoi–Saigon link was formally put into full operation.

As elsewhere in the world, the railways were the sites of active union and labor organization.[14]

The first journeys from end to end of the newly completed line, dubbed the Transindochinois ("Trans-Indochinese"), generally took about 60 hours, or two days and three nights.[15] This decreased to about 40 hours by the late 1930s, with trains travelling at an average speed of 43 km/h (27 mph).[5] Trains were generally pulled by French Pacific or Mikado locomotives, and included dining cars and sleeping cars (voitures-couchettes).[12]

Wartime

After the Japanese invasion of French Indochina during World War II, Japanese forces used the Vietnamese railway system extensively, inviting sabotage by the Viet Minh as well as American bombing from the air. Following the exit of the Japanese at the end of the war, efforts were made to repair the seriously damaged North–South line.

Shortly after World War II ended, however, the First Indochina War began, and the Viet Minh's sabotage of the rail system continued, this time against the armies of the French Union.[5] In response, the French began using the armed armoured train La Rafale as both a cargo-carrier and a mobile surveillance unit.[16][17] In February 1951 the first Rafale was in service on the Saigon-Nha Trang section of the North–South line.[18][19] Use of the Rafale failed to deter the Viet Minh guerrillas, however, who continued sabotaging the line, making off with its rails under cover of night and creating a 300 km (190 mi) rail network between Ninh Hoa and Da Nang, in a Viet Minh-controlled area.[5] In 1953, the guerrillas attacked La Rafale itself, mining and destroying stone bridges as they passed by.[20] In 1954, following the signature of Geneva Accords, Vietnam was temporarily divided into two parts: the communist North and anti-communist South. The North–South railway was bisected accordingly at Hiền Lương Bridge, a bridge over the Bến Hải River in Quảng Trị Province.[2]

A repair crew installs new railway tracks in South Vietnam.

Throughout the Vietnam War, the North–South railway was a target of bombardments and sabotage by both North Vietnamese and South Vietnamese forces. The South, supported with the United States, reconstructed the track between Saigon and Huế in the late 1950s, a distance of 1,041 km (647 mi). Nevertheless, a relentless campaign of intense bombing and sabotage by the Viet Cong and North Vietnamese regular units resulted in the South Vietnamese railway system being unable to carry significant tonnages. 795 attacks were launched between 1961 and 1964 alone, eventually forcing the South to abandon many large sections of the track.[5] The U.S. Army operating in South Vietnam had considerable interest in the North–South line because of the potential it offered in the bulk movement of cargo at low rates. The system was used to support the Military Assistance Command, Vietnam, construction program and transported hundreds of thousands of tons of rock and gravel to air base and highway sites.[21]

In North Vietnam, American bombing of railways was concentrated on key targets such as railway bridges, both along the North–South railway and along the lines north of Hanoi, such as the Hanoi–Lào Cai and Hanoi–Dong Dang lines. Operation Rolling Thunder was the first large-scale bombing campaign carried out by the U.S. Air Force, taking place from March 2, 1965 until November 1, 1968, when US President Lyndon B. Johnson temporarily called off air raids. Large-scale air raids resumed from May 9 to October 23, 1972, for Operation Linebacker, and again from December 18–29, 1972, for Operation Linebacker II, with fewer target restrictions than Rolling Thunder.

A particularly difficult target for the U.S. Air Force was the Thanh Hóa Bridge, a well-defended combined road/rail bridge in Thanh Hóa Province. One of the first attacks on the bridge took place on April 3–4, 1965. Despite dropping 239 tons of bombs on the bridge during the raid, the bridge remained serviceable; additionally, three American F-105 aircraft were shot down during the raid.[22][23] The U.S. Navy also conducted Alpha strikes on the bridge. Several times, traffic over the bridge was interrupted, but every time, the North Vietnamese dutifully repaired the damage. The bridge was eventually destroyed by laser-guided smart bombs during separate raids on April 27 and May 13, 1972, as part of Operation Linebacker.

After the Fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975, the Communist government of the newly unified Vietnam took control of the former South Vietnamese railway. Heavily damaged, the war-torn North–South railway line was nevertheless restored and returned to service on 31 December 1976, promoted as a symbol of Vietnamese unity. In the short time between the surrender of the South and the reopening of the line, 1334 bridges, 27 tunnels, 158 stations and 1370 switches had been repaired.[5] Other railway lines that once existed, such as the Da Lat–Thap Cham Railway, were dismantled during this period to provide materials for the repair of the main line.[24]

Accidents and incidents

On 10 March 2015 D19E locomotive No. 968 was written off in an accident near Dien Sanh when it was hauling a passenger train that was in collision with a lorry on a level crossing.

Stations

List of stations

This abridged list includes all major stations[nb 3] with timetabled services. As of 2005, there were 278 stations on the Vietnamese railway network,[3] of which 191 were located along the North–South line.[4]

Km Station Region Province City/Dist./Ward Opened Notes Photo
0HanoiRed River Delta HanoiHoan Kiem District, Hanoi1902[25]Interchange for Hanoi–Haiphong, Hanoi–Thái Nguyên, Hanoi–Lào Cai, Hanoi–Đồng Đăng lines
5Giáp BátRed River DeltaHanoiHoang Mai District, HanoiFreight stationPhoto
56Phủ LýRed River DeltaHà NamHai Ba Trung Ward, Phủ Lý
87Nam ĐịnhRed River DeltaNam ĐịnhNam ĐịnhPhoto
115Ninh BìnhRed River DeltaNinh BìnhThanh Binh Ward, Ninh Bình
176Thanh HóaNorth Central CoastThanh HóaTan Son Ward, Thanh Hóa
319VinhNorth Central CoastNghệ AnLê Lợi Ward, Vinh1905[26]
522Đồng HớiNorth Central CoastQuảng BìnhNam Ly Ward, Đồng Hới
622Đông HàNorth Central CoastQuảng TrịĐông Hà
688HuếNorth Central CoastThua Thiên-HuếHuế1906[27]
777Kim LienSouth Central CoastDa NangFreight stationPhoto
791Đà NẵngSouth Central CoastDa NangThanh Khe District1902[28]
865Tam KỳSouth Central CoastQuảng NamAn Xuan Ward, Tam Ky
928Quảng NgãiSouth Central CoastQuảng NgãiQuang Phu Ward, Quảng Ngãi
1096Diêu TrìSouth Central CoastBình ĐịnhDiêu Trì, Tuy Phước DistrictFor Quy Nhơn
1096*Quy NhơnSouth Central CoastBình ĐịnhQuy Nhơn
1198Tuy HòaSouth Central CoastPhú YênWard 2, Tuy Hòa
1315Nha TrangSouth Central CoastKhánh HòaPhuoc Tan Ward - Nha Trang
1408Tháp Chàm SoutheastNinh ThuậnMy Huong Ward, Phan Rang – Tháp ChàmInterchange for Da Lat–Thap Cham line[nb 4]
1551Bình ThuậnSoutheastBình ThuậnMuong ManFor Phan Thiết
1697Biên HòaSoutheastĐồng NaiTrung Dung Ward, Biên HòaPhoto
1711Sóng ThầnSoutheastHo Chi Minh CityAn Binh, Di An DistrictFreight stationPhoto
1726Sai GonSoutheastHo Chi Minh City Ward 9, District 31983[nb 5]

Infrastructure

Tracks at a level crossing near Mỹ Sơn

Most of Vietnam's railway infrastructure—including bridges, rail trucks, track beds, rolling stock, signals and communication equipment, and maintenance facilities—has suffered severe deterioration, mainly due to damage inflicted during the Vietnam War and a subsequent lack of capital investment and maintenance. More recently, rehabilitation projects sustained by official development assistance have allowed some of the most critical pieces of infrastructure along the line to be replaced, although much work still remains to be done.[6] Complicating rehabilitation work is seasonal flooding, which, depending on its severity, may cause significant infrastructure damage. For instance, heavy rains falling on Vietnam's north central coast in October 2010 swept away several sections of track in Hà Tĩnh and Quảng Bình provinces; the flooding of many of the nearby provincial roads, which remained several metres underwater, prevented repair crews from reaching the affected sections for weeks.[29][30][31]

Tracks

The North–South railway line uses metre gauge, as was commonly used on local railways in France around the time of its construction.[7][32]

Bridges

Vietnam Railways reports the number of railway bridges along the North–South line to be 1,300, totalling about 28,000 m (92,000 ft), or about 63% of the national total. Considering both standard rail bridges and combined bridges, the total length along the North–South line is about 36,000 m (118,000 ft).[6][7] Many railway bridges are severely worn from age and have damage dating from the Vietnam War, despite temporary restoration following the war. As of 2007, 278 bridges requiring major rehabilitation remain along the North–South Railway line.[6]

Tunnels

There are 27 railway tunnels along the North–South line, amounting to a total length of 8,335 m (27,346 ft).[7] Certain tunnels are inadequately drained and suffer from deterioration in the tunnel lining, causing water leaks that necessitate reductions in speed.[2]

Signalling

The North–South railway line uses a semi-automatic block system, which allows individual signals to work either as automatic signals or manual signals.[7] According to a joint Japanese-Vietnamese evaluation team, the recent installation of additional auto-signal systems at key crossings along the line has contributed to a decline in railway accidents.[6]

Communications

Since 1998, microband Asynchronous Transfer Mode technology has been used along the North–South railway line to send television signals; 64 kbit/s transmission lines are leased from the Vietnam Post and Telecommunications Corporation (VPTC). Along some sections of the line—for example, from Hanoi to Vinh and from Nha Trang to Ho Chi Minh City—a fiber optic cable network has been deployed; Vietnam Railways intends to extend the network along the remaining distance from Vinh to Nha Trang. A switching system featuring digital exchanges is in place, connected via the existing transmission system and the public telephone network. As the modernization of the telecommunication system progresses, manual exchanges are gradually being replaced with digital exchanges.[3][7]

Safety

An unprotected level crossing in Da Nang.

Along the North–South railway line, 3,650 level crossings were counted, 3,000 (or 82%) of which had no barriers, alarm systems or guards.[33] As a result, accidents involving vehicles and pedestrians have occurred. A researcher from Villanova University noted "There are numerous safety issues with level crossings...usually, an accident occurs every day."[34] Many rail bridges and tunnels have suffered deterioration since the 1970s, requiring trains passing over or through them to reduce speeds as low as 15 kilometres per hour (9.3 mph).[2] In addition, the center of the country is subject to violent annual flooding and bridges are often swept away, causing lengthy closures.[6]

Along with recent efforts aimed at infrastructure rehabilitation, the recent adoption of safety measures by Vietnam Railways has led to a decline in railway accidents. These measures include: public awareness campaigns on railway safety in the media; construction of fences and safety barriers at critical level crossings in major cities; mobilization of volunteers for traffic control at train stations and level crossings, especially during holiday seasons; the installation of additional auto-signal systems; and the construction of flyovers and underpasses to redirect traffic.[6]

Infrastructure rehabilitation

The condition of railway infrastructure in Vietnam, although improving, is still poor enough overall to require rehabilitation. Rail transport only became a national priority for the Vietnamese government around the mid-1990s, at which point most of the railway network was severely degraded, having received only temporary repair from damages suffered during decades of war.[6][35]

Railroad workers in Da Nang.

From 1994 to 2005, a major bridge rehabilitation project took place on the North–South railway line, with the Pacific Consultants International Group and Japan Transportation Consultants providing consultancy services. The overall project cost was JPY 11,020 million, or 18% less than the budgeted cost. The overall results of the project included a reduction in running hours from one end of the line to the other (from 36 hours in 1994 to 29 hours in 2007); an increase of speed limits on rehabilitated bridges (from 15 to 30 km/h (9.3 to 18.6 mph) to 60 to 80 km/h (37 to 50 mph), which contributed to the reduction in running hours; and a reduction in the number of railway accidents throughout the line.[6]

In 2007, Vietnam Railways awarded an additional VND 150 billion (US$9.5 million) five-year contract for consultancy services to Japan Transportation Consultants, the Pacific Consultants International Group, and the Japan Railway Technical Service (Jarts), regarding a VND 2.47 trillion project to further improve bridge and railway safety on the North–South line. The project's goals include the refurbishment of 44 bridges and 37.6 km (23.4 mi) of railway tracks, the building of two new railway bridges and a new railway station at Ninh Bình, and the purchase of 23 track machines. The project was expected to be completed in 2010.[36]

Development

Japanese Shinkansen technology has been suggested for use on the proposed North–South Express Railway. (Photo: Taiwan High Speed Rail)

North–South Express Railway

National railway company Vietnam Railways has proposed a high-speed rail link between Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City, capable of running at 300 to 350 km/h (186 to 217 mph). Funding of the $56 billion line would mainly come from the Vietnamese government; reports suggest Japanese development aid could be made available in stages, conditioned on the adoption of Shinkansen technology.[37][38] Once completed, the high-speed rail line would allow trains to complete the Hanoi-Ho Chi Minh City journey in approximately 6 hours.[39] Vietnam's National Assembly rejected the existing plan for the line in June 2010, and asked for further study of the project.[40]

See also

Notes and references

Notes
  1. Transport statistics for rail transport in 2007 report a traffic volume of 4,659.5 million person-km for passenger rail traffic and 3,882.5 million ton-km for freight rail traffic. Volume of freight traffic by type of transport, Volume of passengers traffic by type of transport. General Statistics Office of Vietnam.
  2. "De la voie principale s'étendant ainsi de la frontière de Chine à Saïgon et représentant en quelque sorte l'épine dorsale de l'Indo-Chine, toutes les autres routes ou voies ferrées partent naturellement pour s'enfoncer en toutes directions jusqu'aux limites du pays, les unes pénétrant du côté de la Chine, les autres vers le Mékong, à travers le Laos." (La Colonisation française en Indo-Chine. Jean Marie Antoine de Lanessan. 1895. p.329.)
  3. For the purpose of this list, major stations are defined as stations at which SE5/SE6-class passenger trains make regular stops lasting two or more minutes. Freight terminals have also been included. See Passenger Transport Business Archived 2011-06-29 at the Wayback Machine and Vận tải hàng hoá (Cargo transport) Archived 2011-06-04 at the Wayback Machine (Vietnam Railways), as well as the official Vietnam Railways timetable (Page 1 Archived 2011-06-29 at the Wayback Machine, Page 2 Archived 2011-06-29 at the Wayback Machine, Page 3 Archived 2011-06-29 at the Wayback Machine, Page 4 Archived 2011-06-29 at the Wayback Machine, Page 5 Archived 2011-06-29 at the Wayback Machine (in Vietnamese)).
  4. Defunct or partially defunct line.
  5. The original Saigon Station, located at Bến Thành Market, was built in 1881. ("120-Year History of Vietnam Railways". Archived from the original on 2011-06-29. Retrieved 2010-07-22.) The station currently in use as "Saigon Railway Station", located in Ho Chi Minh City's District 3, was originally known as Hoa Hung Depot, and was used mainly as a freight station; it was converted for use as a passenger station in 1983. ("Ga Sài Gòn" (in Vietnamese). Archived from the original on 2010-05-05. Retrieved 2010-06-30.)
References
  1. "Train travel in Vietnam". Seat61. Retrieved 22 June 2010.
  2. "Proposed Loan and Administration of Loan from Agence Française de Développement: Yen Vien–Lao Cai Railway Upgrading Project" (PDF). November 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-06-07. Retrieved 2010-06-27.
  3. "Infrastructure Maintenance and Construction". Vietnam Railways. Archived from the original on 2010-04-14. Retrieved 2010-06-24.
  4. "Các ga trên tuyến đường sắt Thống Nhất" (Railway stations on the North–South railway), Page 1 Archived 2011-01-13 at the Wayback MachinePage 2 Archived 2011-01-13 at the Wayback Machine (in Vietnamese)
  5. Nick Ray; Yu-Mei Balasingamchow; Iain Stewart (2009). Vietnam. Lonely Planet. ISBN 9781742203898. Retrieved 2010-07-23.
  6. "Hanoi-Ho Chi Minh City Railway Bridge Rehabilitation Project" (PDF). Japan International Cooperation Agency. 2007. Retrieved 2010-06-30.
  7. "Railway Network". Vietnam Railways. Archived from the original on 2010-04-18. Retrieved 2010-06-29.
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  9. Passenger Transport Business Archived 2011-06-29 at the Wayback Machine. Vietnam Railways.
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Bibliography

 This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Army Center of Military History.

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