Paškal Buconjić

Paškal Buconjić, O.F.M. (2 April 1834 – 8 December 1910) was a Herzegovinian Croat Franciscan and prelate of the Catholic Church who served as the first bishop of Mostar-Duvno from 1881 to 1910, as the apostolic administrator of Trebinje-Mrkan from 1890 to 1910, as the apostolic vicar of Herzegovina from 1880 to 1881, and as custos of the Franciscan Custody of Herzegovina between 1874 and 1879.

The Most Reverend

Paškal Buconjić

O.F.M.
Bishop of Mostar-Duvno and Apostolic Administrator of Trebinje-Mrkan
Engraving of Paškal Buconjić
ChurchCatholic Church
DioceseMostar-Duvno
Trebinje-Mrkan
Appointed18 November 1881
Installed30 April 1882
Term ended8 December 1910
PredecessorDominic Manucy (as Bishop of Duvno)
SuccessorAlojzije Mišić
Other postsApostolic Vicar of Herzegovina (1880–81)
Titular Bishop of Magydus (1880–81)
Custos of the Franciscan Custody of Herzegovina (1874–79)
Parish priest in Drinovci (1871–74)
Orders
Ordination21 December 1856
Consecration19 March 1880
by Josip Mihalović
Personal details
Birth nameStjepan Buconjić
Born(1834-04-02)2 April 1834
Drinovci, Herzegovina, Ottoman Empire
Died8 December 1910(1910-12-08) (aged 76)
Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Austria-Hungary
BuriedŠoinovac, Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina
NationalityCroat
DenominationCatholic
Alma materUniversity of Ferrara
MottoSve za vjeru i domovinu
(All for the faith and the homeland)

Buconjić, who was born in Drinovci, Herzegovina, during the Ottoman rule, joined the Franciscans in 1851 and after a year of novitiate, he became a full member of the newly established Franciscan Custody of Herzegovina in 1852. He attended the University of Ferrara at the in Austrian Empire, and was ordained a priest there in 1856. He then lectured at Antonianum in Rome between 1860 and 1866, when he returned to Herzegovina, where he lectured at the seminary of the Franciscan friary in Široki Brijeg. Buconjić became a chaplain in 1871 and in 1873 a parish priest in Drinovci. He was elected Custos of the Franciscan Custody of Herzegovina 1874, a position he held until 1879. During the Herzegovina Uprising of 1875–1877, Buconjić with Bishop Anđeo Kraljević helped to pacify the Catholic population and supported the annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina by Austria-Hungary. In 1875, Buconjić published a booklet titled "The Main Reasons for the Uprising of the Christian Population in Herzegovina" and sent it to the representatives of several European countries, which raised awareness among the European powers regarding the position of Christians. At the Congress of Berlin in 1878, it was decided Bosnia and Herzegovina would be occupied by Austria-Hungary. Buconjić was an important figure in Croatian politics during the Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

In 1880, after the Austrian-Hungarian occupation, Buconjić was appointed Apostolic Vicar of Herzegovina and a titular bishop of Magydus, and was consecrated in Zagreb the same year. With the restoration of the regular Church hierarchy in 1881, Buconjić was appointed the first Bishop of the newly established Diocese Mostar-Duvno. As a bishop, he favored his Franciscan Custody over the interests of the diocese. He tried to postpone the restoration of the regular Church hierarchy until 1889, when Pope Leo XIII issued Decisia allowing Franciscans to retain some parishes and designating others to the diocesan clergy. The Franciscans largely ignored Decisia. In 1890, the Diocese of Trebinje-Mrkan, to whose northern and northern-eastern parts Bishop Paškal pretended, was exempted from the administration of Bishop of Dubrovnik and was given to Bishop of Mostar-Duvno for administration; after this, the whole of Herzegovina was under Buconjić's jurisdiction. Buconjić died in Mostar on 8 December 1910 and was buried in the Church of Saint Peter and Paul in Mostar. He was succeeded in his post by Alojzije Mišić in 1912.

Early life and education

Paškal Buconjić was born in Drinovci near Grude, Herzegovina, which at the time was part of the Ottoman Empire, to father Stjepan and mother Vida née Šimić. Buconjić's family originated in Ošalj near Ston and were known as Vodopić while their family name was translated as Bevillacqua in Italian. Part of that family moved to Neum, where Buconjić's father Stjepan was born. After entering into a conflict with the local Ottoman governor, Stjepan fled to Mostar and worked for some families there. He later traded in livestock and bought land in Drinovci, where he married Vida Šimić. They had six sons and five daughters. Buconjić was baptized as Stjepan on 16 August 1834 in Slivno, where Christians had fled due to inter-Muslim violence during the Bosnian uprising.[1][2]

In January 1846, his father took him to Franciscans in Čerigaj for education and to become a friar,[3] where the Herzegovinian Franciscans moved in an attempt to establish their own Custody and separate from the Franciscan Province of Bosnia. Buconjić remained in Čerigaj until 1849 when the Franciscans built the first wing of the friary in Široki Brijeg, where he moved with the rest of the friars.[4] Buconjić became a friar on 13 October 1851. After a year in the novitiate, he took monastic vows before Custos Anđeo Kraljević on 10 November 1852, and changed his name to Paškal.[1][4]

Ordination history of
Paškal Buconjić
History
Priestly ordination
Date21 December 1856
PlaceFerrara, Papal States
Episcopal consecration
Principal consecratorJosip Mihalović
Co-consecratorsIvan Pavlešić
Date19 March 1880
PlaceZagreb, Croatia-Slavonia, Austria-Hungary

By Kraljević's decision, Buconjić continued his education in Ferrara, at the time under the control of the Austrian Empire. After finishing his studies, Buconjić was ordained a priest there on 21 December 1856.[3][4] While in Ferrara, under the influence of the pro-Austrian Croat military officers, Buconjić became a supporter of the Croatian cause and the Austrian monarchy.[5] After finishing his studies, Buconjić wanted to return to Herzegovina, however, the heads of the Custody opposed his decision and wanted him to become a lecturer or professor. Even General of the Franciscan Order Bernardino Trionfetti intervened to persuade him.[4]

On 18 December 1858, Buconjić passed the professor exam in Bologne, where he discussed natural law and was awarded the highest grades. When Trionfetti saw his grades, he invited Buconjić to Rome to lecture at Antonianum, where Buconjić was appointed professor on 8 June 1860.[6] While lecturing in Rome, Buconjić connected with the members of the Pontifical Croatian College of St. Jerome, then a student at the Collegium Germanicum et Hungaricum Josip Stadler, who would become his good friend (and who later become the archbishop of Vrhbosna) as well as Cardinal Alessandro Barnabò, the Prefect of the Propaganda, which would influence his later life and help him become a bishop.[4] Buconjić's lecturing drafts during his tenure were not preserved but the speech he gave before the Pontifical Croatian College of St. Jerome was published under the title "Speech on the Occasion of the Millennial Celebration of the SS Slavic Apostles Cyril and Methodius" in 1863.[6]

Apostolic Vicar of Herzegovina Rafael Barišić died on 14 August 1863, and many saw the young Buconjić as his successor. However, Buconjić rejected such a possibility. After Bosnian Franciscans tried to take the vacant position for one of their own, and thus reclaim the Herzegovinian Custody, Buconjić acted to prevent them. He visited Pope Pius IX at his residence in Castel Gandolfo and asked him to appoint a Herzegovinian Franciscan as the apostolic vicar. The Pope conceded and appointed Kraljević the titular bishop of Motella and apostolic vicar of Herzegovina.[7]

Custos of the Franciscan Custody of Herzegovina
St. Michael's Church in Drinovci built by Buconjić with a monument infront of it dedicated to him

After several requests to return to Herzegovina, Buconjić's appeals were accepted.[3] He lectured in Rome until 20 December 1866, when he returned to the Franciscan friary in Široki Brijeg to teach dogma and morals.[3] In 1871 he gained the highest Franciscan academic title of jubilee lecturer.[8] The Custody's administration decided already in 1865 to establish new parishes, including the one in Buconjić's home village Drinovci. Buconjić helped them to find a lot for the construction of a new parochial residence. In 1871 Drinovci became at first a chaplaincy, while Buconjić was named its chaplain, and in 1873 it was elevated to the status of a parish, with Buconjić as its first parish priest.[9][10] While in Drinovci, Buconjić finished the construction of the parochial residence[8] and helped constructing a parochial church.[11] Buconjić was elected Custos of the Franciscan Custody of Herzegovina on 31 May 1874 for a three-year term.[8][12]

Herzegovina uprising
Franciscan friary in Humac where Buconjić moved for safety during the uprising

In April 1875, during the turmoil between Christians and the Ottoman authorities in Herzegovina, Austrian-Hungarian Emperor Franz Joseph visited neighboring Dalmatia, where he received two Franciscan delegations in Imotski on 24 April and in Vrgorac the next day.[13] Buconjić led the delegation of nine Franciscans in Imotski and presented the emperor with a memorandum about the hardships of Christians in Herzegovina.[8][14] On that occasion, the emperor decorated him with the Commander's Star of the Order of Franz Joseph.[15] The Ottoman authorities viewed this as an act of treason, and Friar Petar Bakula learned of their intentions to kill Buconjić and two other friars, Anđeo Ćurić and Lovro Karaula. Buconjić became suspicious to the Ottoman authorities and for safety, he decided to move his residence from Široki Brijeg to the Franciscan friary in Humac near Ljubuški, so he can be closer to Dalmatia for escape.[8][16] Karaula was eventually murdered on 20 July 1875.[8]

In June 1875, Christians started the Herzegovina uprising;[17] Catholics of Gabela, led by Ivan Musić—[18]who was Kraljević's nephew—[19]were the first to rebel.[20] The Ottoman authorities asked Kraljević to help them to pacify the rebels but this bid failed and the Ottoman authorities allowed foreign powers to find a peaceful solution.[21] The representatives of the United Kingdom, Germany, Russia, Austria-Hungary, Italy and France arrived in Mostar. Buconjić issued a booklet in Italian called "The Main Reasons for the Uprising of the Christian Population in Herzegovina" and gave it to six foreign consuls. In this booklet, Buconjić stated high taxes were the main factor in the uprising.[22]

On 30 June 1876, Serbia and Montenegro declared war on Ottoman Empire, requestion annexation of Bosnia to Serbia and Herzegovina to Montenegro.[8] After finding Serbia and Montenegro had requested the annexation of these regions, Kraljević and Buconjić wrote to the Austrian-Hungarian authorities in July of 1876 asking them not to allow this, stating Bosnia and Herzegovina should be annexed by Austria-Hungary— to whom the Catholics are connected by their "historical past, and many other moral and material interests"—if the Ottoman authorities must leave. The Austrian-Hungarian public and authorities received the protestation very positively.[23] Herzegovinian Franciscans, led by Kraljević, also sent a letter to the Ottoman government fiercely opposing this request.[8] Kraljević and Buconjić helped pacify the Catholics who participated in the uprising because the Catholic leadership viewed the unrest in Herzegovina as a potential struggle for the annexation of these regions to Serbia and Montenegro respectively. They were successful in their mission; on 19 February 1877, Kraljević informed the Propaganda in Rome the Catholics of Herzegovina enjoyed "peace and rest".[20] Meanwhile, the uprising spread to the whole of Bosnia and Herzegovina and culminated with the Russo-Turkish War that ended with the Treaty of San Stefano in 1878.[24]

During Buconjić's tenure as Custos, the theological education and novitiate were transferred from Široki Brijeg to Humac. Buconjić asked the General Minister of the Franciscan Order to proclaim the seminary a friary, which was approved on 5 March 1876.[16]

Conflict with Bishop Kraljević

The Franciscans of Herzegovina were on bad terms with Bishop Kraljević, claiming he did not give them enough of the collected alms for the construction of the friary in Humac.[16] The conflict between the bishop and the Franciscans reached its peak during Buconjić's tenure[19] because Franciscans controlled all of the parishes in Herzegovina while the bishop, even though a Franciscan himself, wanted to have diocesan clergy at his disposal.[25] An anonymous letter was sent to Emperor Franz Joseph claiming the bishop was giving donations sent to him by Austria-Hungary to the Ottomans and accusing him of being a turkophile. The Franciscan Custody barred itself from this letter.[26]

In February 1877, Kraljević asked the Propaganda to send an apostolic visitor to Herzegovina and accused Buconjić of neglecting the parishes and the Herzegovinian Franciscans of taking the payment for maintenance by force from the believers during the Easter Communion.[27] The Congregation appointed Bishop Kazimir Forlani the apostolic visitor; he arrived in Mostar in February the next year. Forlani finished his report in May 1878; he advised the Bishop to act in agreement with the Franciscans, to record revenues and expenditures, and to help the construction of the friary in Humac.[28] The question of the parishes remained unresolved.[29]

Austrian-Hungarian occupation

Austria-Hungary and the United Kingdom were unsatisfied with the Treaty of San Stefano and insisted that the new territorial organisations in the Balkans should be discussed internationally. The Treaty of San Stefano was revised at the Congress of Berlin held on 13 July 1878. With the help from the United Kingdom and Germany, Austrian-Hungary received a mandate to occupy Bosnia and Herzegovina.[30]

When Austrian-Hungarian General Stjepan Jovanović entered Herzegovina via Vrgorac on 31 August 1878 to occupy the territory, Buconjić received him in the Humac friary and helped him to enter Ljubuški and the rest of West Herzegovina without resistance.[24] Not long after the occupation, Buconjić sent a telegram to Emperor Franz Joseph expressing his hope for the unification of Bosnia and Herzegovina with Croatia.[31][32] Buconjić was also a member of the Bosnian-Herzegovinian delegation that went to Budapest to bow down before the Emperor,[14][24] presenting him a memoranda authored by Buconjić.[24]

With the Austrian-Hungarian occupation, the Herzegovinian Franciscan Custody saw a decrease in financial revenues. They stopped receiving monetary donations from the Austrian-Hungarian Emperor, which he sent during the Ottoman occupation, and the new authorities relinquished all of their privileges given to them by the Ottomans, including tax exemption. Since they were no longer considered missionaries, the Franciscans stopped receiving donations from various societies, especially those from the Society for the Propagation of the Faith in Lyon.[33]

While Bishop Forlani was still in the official visitation, Buconjić's term was coming to an end. The General of the Franciscan Order advised not to elect the new leadership until the end of the visitation; he asked Forlani to make a list of suitable candidates and sent it to the Propaganda in Rome. Forlani proposed Marijan Zovko for the position of Custos, which the Propaganda approved on 20 June 1879. Buconjić read the Propaganda's decision on 4 August; upon receiving the news, Zovko refused his appointment due to illness. Zovko's resignation was refused and he was appointed Custos against his will.[34] The new administration named Buconjić guardian of the Humac friary on 18 August 1879.[35]

Apostolic Vicar of Herzegovina
Bishop Paškal Buconjić after his episcopal consecration in 1880

The Apostolic Vicar of Herzegovina, Bishop Anđeo Kraljević died on 27 July 1879 while on a chrismian visit to Konjic.[24][36] Herzegovinian Franciscans chose Buconjić as his successor.[24][37] Due to his loyalty to Austria-Hungary, the Austrian-Hungarian authorities lobbied for Buconjić to succeed Bishop Kraljević with a recommendation from the apostolic vicar of Bosnia, Bishop Paškal Vuičić.[38] His appointment was approved by both, the Austrian-Hungarian government as well as Apostolic Nuncio to Austria-Hungary Domenico Jacobini.[24] Pope Leo XIII approved Buconjić's nomination and issued two decrees on 30 January 1880 appointing Buconjić the apostolic vicar and a titular bishop of Magydus.[24][39] To enhance the connection between Herzegovina and Croatia,[5] Buconjić chose Zagreb as a place for his episcopal consecration.[24] Buconjić was consecrated a bishop by the Archbishop of Zagreb Cardinal Josip Mihalović in Zagreb on 19 March 1880, after which Buconjić visited the emperor in Vienna and the pope in Rome.[14][24] Buconjić was finally installed as the apostolic vicar on 25 April 1880.[24][40] His episcopal motto was "All for the faith and homeland".[14]

Buconjić's choice to be consecrated in Zagreb rather than by some neighboring bishops enabled Herzegovina to eliminate the dominance of the Bosnian Franciscans who, together with the Bishop of Đakovo Josip Juraj Strossmayer, tried to control it.[14] Strossmayer, who also held the traditional title Bishop of Bosnia, tried to take the whole of Bosnia and Herzegovina under his jurisdiction.[41] Buconjić worked steadily on his career. After the Austrian-Hungarian occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878, the chances for Buconjić to become a residential bishop with the restoration of the regular Church hierarchy became palpable, unlike those of Paškal Vuičić.[5]

In March 1880, Cardinal Mihalović and Buconjić discussed the organization of the Church in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Early the same year in Vienna, Buconjić met with Jacobini, who later consulted Mihalović about the organization of the Church in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Both of them became impressed with Buconjić.[14]

Bishop of Mostar-Duvno

After the Austrian-Hungarian occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878, and the signing of the Convention between Austria-Hungary and the Holy See on 8 June 1881, the ground for episcopal nominations was established.[42] According to the Convention, the emperor had an exclusive right to appoint bishops in the territories.[43] From 5 July 1881, Pope Leo XIII with the apostolic bull Ex hac augusta restored the regular Church hierarchy in Bosnia and Herzegovina.[44] The pope established the Archdiocese of Vrhbosna with a seat in Sarajevo and subordinated to it the newly established Diocese of Banja Luka, the already existing Diocese of Trebinje-Mrkan—which was under the apostolic administration of the Bishop of Dubrovnik—and the Diocese of Mostar-Duvno, to which he added the title of Bishop of Duvno. The Diocese of Mostar-Duvno included the territory of the Apostolic Vicariate of Herzegovina, which was abolished.[45]

Portrait of Bishop Paškal

Due to his previous pro-Austrian stance, Minister of Finances Josip Szlávy nominated Buconjić for the post of Bishop of Mostar-Duvno to the emperor, who agreed and appointed Buconjić the new residential bishop on 9 October 1881. The emperor's appointment was sent to Rome for official confirmation and Pope Leo XIII confirmed the appointment on 18 November 1881, absolving Buconjić of the title of Bishop of Magydus.[43] Buconjić was enthroned on 30 April 1882.[46]

As a bishop, Buconjić favored the Franciscan Custody more than his diocese. Rather than opening seminaries for the education of the diocesan clergy, Buconjić helped found two Franciscan seminaries; one as a gymnasium in Travnik that opened in 1882 and the other in Sarajevo as a theology seminary that opened in 1893. Only five diocesan priests were ordained during Buconjić's episcopate, compared with the ordination of over 70 Franciscans.[47][48]

Buconjić gave away some of the diocesan property to the Custody.[47] Buconjić agreed to make the diocesan cathedral a Franciscan friary church while the new cathedral church was to be built with help from the imperial government. Buconjić informed the Propaganda about this on 14 May 1885. He approved the construction of the Franciscan friary near the redesignated cathedral on 30 April 1886. Buconjić consecrated the cornerstone of the Franciscan friary, which was built on the site of a former parochial residence on 19 March 1889.[48][11] Buconjić bought land for a new cathedral church in the Rondo quarter of Mostar.[48] The land for the new cathedral was later put under a lien in benefit of the Franciscan Custody of Herzegovina due to debt; at that time, Buconjić was bedridden.[49] The cathedral was never built, and the lend was later confiscated by the Yugoslav communist authorities, who constructed House of Culture on its place.[46]

After the Austrian-Hungarian occupation in 1878, many Muslims, from whom Bishop Buconjić bought lands around Nevesinje and Bijelo Polje left the country. Buconjić helped Catholic Croats from areas around Ljubuški and Mostar, where they were overpopulated, to settle there.[50] He also helped a number of his relatives to move near Nevesinje.[46] The authorities obstructed these internal migrations and encouraged migration from outside Bosnia and Herzegovina.[50]

Buconjić helped to establish higher education in Mostar, helping with the establishment of the Franciscan Seminary of Theology at the Franciscan friary in Mostar.[51] He officially opened the seminary on 7 October 1895.[52] By establishing the Seminary of Theology, the Franciscan Custody of Herzegovina provided for the education of its cadets.[51]

The Bishop's Ordinariate built in Glavica, Mostar, during Buconjić's reign

Buconjić built the Bishop's Ordinariate in Glavica, Mostar, from 1905 to 1909,[48] and moved into it on 24 March 1909.[53] Buconjić brought the Franciscan nuns from Maribor to Mostar in 1899. He built an orphanage that same year in Bijelo Polje that they controlled, and he bought them land in Nevesinje. Buconjić wanted the Franciscan sisters to dedicate themselves to raising poor female children.[53] The Sisters of Mercy, who were already present in Herzegovina when Buconjić became a bishop,[53] were granted a house and a yard in Ljubuški.[48]

Buconjić had a leading role in the Croatian national movement in Bosnia and Herzegovina, where the new Austrian-Hungarian authorities forbade the use of the Croatian and Serbian names.[54] The National Musical-Singing Society founded by the people of Mostar in 1889, gathered youth and had a goal of promoting Croatian national conciseness was sponsored by Buconjić. During Buconjić's reign, Glas Hercegovca (the Voice of a Herzegovinian), a political magazine was established, and was supported by Buconjić and the Herzegovinian Franciscans. The publishing of Glas Hercegovca stopped dute to hardship in 1896. The next year, the Franciscans established the Croatian Joint-stock Printing House in Mostar that published Osvit (the Daybreak), another political magazine supported by Buconjić. However, this magazine as well stopped its publishing after ten years.[53]

Buconjić was one of the initiators of the establishment of a society dedicated to aiding poor Croat students in 1897. Provincial Augtustin Zubac and others sent a request to the government to allow the foundation of such a society in January 1902, which the government approved on 5 July. The founding session of the Croatian Support Society for the Needs of Students and University Students from Bosnia and Herzegovina was held on 14 September 1902, and Buconjić was named its sponsor. The Croatian Support Society would grow to become HKD Napredak.[55]

Administrative organisation

On 10 May 1883, Buconjić divided the Diocese of Mostar-Duvno into five deaneries – Mostar, Ljubuški, Bekija, Duvno, and Široki Brijeg. He also established several parishes – Vinica on 7 May 1885, Posuški Gradac on 28 April 1887; Tihaljina on 19 May 1889, Medjugorje on 1 May 1892, and Nevesinje in 1899. He named Marijan Kelava, a diocesan priest, as a parish priest in Neveinje, and built a parochial residence and a church.[11] In 1908 he established the Parish of Studenci.[56]

The main issue during Buconjić's episcopate diocese was the division of parishes between the diocesan clergy and the Franciscans, who tried to confirm their dominance in Herzegovina with Rome. Even though the papal bull Ex hac augusta ended the privileges the Franciscans enjoyed in their missionary work, they still wanted to retain all of the parishes in the diocese.[57] The Franciscans were confident Buconjić, who himself was a Franciscan, would not disturb their possession of parishes. In December 1881, however, Custos Zovko wrote to the General of the Order about the parishes in Herzegovina. The General asked Zovko about the right of possession of those parishes, to which Zovko replied in February 1882 the Franciscans had established and controlled those parishes and therefore had patronage over them. That December, Zovko again asked the General about the situation with the parishes in Herzegovina; the General responded that Herzegovinian Franciscans have nothing to be afraid of since Buconjić loved the Franciscan Custody. Buconjić confirmed to the General he would not take the parishes from the Franciscans but would retain the newly-established parishes for the diocese.[58]

The new Custos Luka Begić, who was elected in May 1883, became concerned the position of the Franciscans would be endangered, even if only the diocese controlled only the newly-established parishes, and insisted even those parishes should belong to the Franciscan Custody. He talked to Buconjić about the issue; Buconjić complied with his concerns and agreed the newly-established parishes should belong to the Custody. Begić informed the General about the agreement in July 1883; he received no reply so he wrote again in March 1885, when Buconjić was supposed to visit Rome and settle the issue. That May, the General's deputy Andrea Lupori replied, asking Buconjić to take with him the contract about the parishes he signed and the definitors of the Custody.[59]

The Custody decided Begić should follow Buconjić to Rome with the instruction the Franciscans should retain the parishes west of the Neretva River while the bishop should dispose of those on the eastern bank; in the case, this would not be accepted, Begić was instructed to give in "as least as possible". Buconjić and Begić arrived in Rome on 12 May 1885. The Propaganda received Begić's request in June 1885 and they informed the State Secretariate about the issue. Secretary of State Cardinal Luigi Jacobini asked Nuncio Cardinal Serafino Vannutelli in Vienna to ask Buconjić about the parishes the Franciscans were supposed to retain and those that were at his disposal. In December 1885, Vannutelli asked Buconjić whether he agreed with Begić's proposal or to write which parishes the Franciscans should retain and which should be at his disposal. In January 1886, Buconjić informed Vannutelli he would not take the parishes from the Franciscans.[60]

Upon receiving Buconjić's answer, Vannutelli informed Jacobini the agreement between the Franciscans and Buconjić should not be confirmed and that the parishes should be divided as in Bosnia, where the situation was the same as in Herzegovina. Vannutelli proposed at least one-third of the parishes should be under the disposal of the bishop but because Buconjić was a Franciscan himself, Vannutelli considered it would be impossible to bring a new solution and that the Herzegovinian Custos should be informed Rome did not want to make any new decrees because there was a harmony between the bishop and the friars. Jacobini accepted Vannutelli's position. Thus, Rome kept the issue unresolved. Friar Lujo Radoš fruitlessly urged the Congregation for Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs in March 1888.[61]

Lupori advised Friar Nikola Šimović to explain the Franciscans' position on the matter to the Nuncio in Vienna and to try to get a confirmation for their proposal. At the end of October 1889, he visited the Nuncio, who told him he would try to resolve the matter in the interest of the Franciscans. After returning to Mostar, Šimović again wrote to the Nuncio, reminding him of Radoš's proposal from 1888. The Nuncio replied in December 1889, promising to support such a proposal. The issue, however, remained unresolved for years.[62]

In 1892, the Franciscan Custody of Herzegovina was elevated to a province.[63] After Begić was elected Provincial in 1898, he tried to broker any deal he could, rather than to hold the insecure status quo. Buconjić was supposed to visit Rome after Easter in 1899, which Begić saw as an opportunity to resolve the issue of parishes. Custos Rafael Radoš was supposed to join Buconjić in Rome but he died in March 1899. In April that year, Begić wrote to the General of the Order to represent the Franciscan Province in Herzegovina. Buconjić discussed the issue with Begić; both men wanted to preserve the strong Franciscan presence in the Diocese of Mostar-Duvno. Buconjić proposed 25 parishes should belong to the Franciscans while 12 would be at the bishop's disposal. Buconjić also proposed the establishment of 12 additional parishes that would be at the bishop's disposal.[64]

Pope Leo XIII confirmed the Decisia on 17 July 1899; 14 parishes were designated to the diocesan clergy while others were left to the Franciscans. Buconjić postponed the publication of the pope's decision until 1908;[65] both Buconjić and the Franciscans were unsatisfied with the decision.[66] The beginning of this publication states; "We considered it adequate to present before the eyes of the priests of our dioceses, and especially to the young ones, the copies of the solemn Decisia in relation to the parishes established or those ought to be established. This Decisia must remain solid and constant to avoid any dissent or changeability of wishes."[48] He asked the pope for permission to trust certain dioceses to the Franciscans because he lacked the diocesan priests.[67] With time, however, the Deceisa remained neither solid nor constant, and "the dissent and changeability of wishes" were not avoided. The will of Buconjić about the division of the parishes was not respected.[68]

Apostolic Administrator of Trebinje-Mrkan
Provicar of Trebinje-Mrkan Lazar Lazarević

The Diocese of Trebinje-Mrkan suffered heavily during the Herzegovina uprising between 1875 and 1877; many Catholics and priests fled the area, and houses and churches were destroyed. At the time, Trebinje-Mrkan was administered by the Bishop of Dubrovnik. After the Austrian-Hungarian occupation, the situation improved and the refugees returned to their homes.[69] The churches and schools were renovated and rebuilt, and the number of Catholics in the territory increased.[70]

During the talks about the organization of the Church in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Governor of Dalmatia General Gavrilo Rodić and Bishop of Dubrovnik Ivan Zaffron opposed the idea Trebinje-Mrkan should be exempted from the Bishop of Dubrovnik but the Catholic population and clergy wanted their own bishop. Zaffron later supported the initiative and proposed Apostolic Vicar of Egypt Bishop Ljudevit Ćurčija as a new bishop of Trebinje-Mrkan.[71]

The Austrian-Hungarian government, however, could not meet these requests due to financial obligations and the consideration for the Eastern Orthodox. The government could not allow the Catholics, who were fewer in numbers, to have more bishops than the Eastern Orthodox so they agreed in the Convention of 1881 to leave Trebinje-Mrkan under the administration of the bishop of Dubrovnik.[71]

The Catholics of Trebinje-Mrkan became frustrated with the lack of material aid from the new authorities and the inactivity of the new Bishop of Dubrovnik Mato Vodopić. Buconjić systematically usurped northern and north-eastern parts of the Diocese of Trebinje-Mrkan for his own diocese of Mostar-Duvno.[70] According to Ex hac augusta, the borders of the Diocese of Mostar-Duvno reached Novi Pazar while the northern border between the Dioceses of Mostar-Duvno and Trebinje-Mrkan remained unclear.[72]

Provicar of Trebinje-Mrkan Lazar Lazarević wrote to the Propaganda in Rome on 11 June 1887, again requesting the appointment of a new bishop and protection of Catholics from the new authorities.[70] In mid-1887, Lazarević also wrote to the Austrian-Hungarian government in Sarajevo about Buconjić's encroachment in Trebinje-Mrkan but his petition drew no positive response. Lazarević also warned Vodopić about his duties as Apostolic Administrator but Vodopić showed little interest.[73]

Head of the Propaganda Cardinal Giovanni Simeoni asked the State Secretary Cardinal Mariano Rampolla to help with the improvement of the condition of Catholics in Trebinje-Mrkan. Rampolla informed the pope about the situation; the pope requested new negotiations with the Austrian-Hungarian government. Cardinal Luigi Galimberti, the new Nuncio in Vienna, started negotiations with Foreign Minister Count Gustav Kálnoky and showed him Rampolla's letter. Kálnoky informed the Minister of Finances Béni Kállay about the situation and in June 1888, Kállay ordered an investigation into the Buconjić's pretensions to Trebinje-Mrkan.[74] Buconjić's predecessor Apostolic Vicar Barišić also requested subordination of Trebinje-Mrkan to him in 1846.[53]

On 5 September 1888, the clergy of Trebinje-Mrkan again asked Nuncio Galimberti for the new bishop and for Buconjić to respects the boundaries of Trebinje-Mrkan as established in the 1881 bull Ex hac augusta.[75] On 17 June 1889, the Austrian-Hungarian government in Sarajevo and the Joint Ministry of Finance presented their proposal to Galimberti, in which they suggested the Bishop of Mostar-Duvno should administer Trebinje-Mrkan.[76] The main motive for the proposal was not to dissatisfy the Eastern Orthodox population.[77] The Austrian-Hungarian government also requested the Bishop of Mostar-Duvno, even though just an apostolic administrator, should have a regular jurisdiction in Trebinje-Mrkan and that he could appoint Franciscans to priestly duties.[78] Cardinals Simeoni and Rampolla agreed with the first proposal[77] but rejected the others.[78] The Austrian-Hungarian government was informed about their decision on 23 September 1889.[77] On 16 June 1890, the Propaganda decreed the bishop of Mostar-Duvno would administer Trebinje-Mrkan and the pope confirmed this decision on 8 July the same year. With the new decree, Buconjić's jurisdiction was extended to the whole of Herzegovina.[79]

In 1885, Buconjić proposed a change in the borders of the Bosnian-Herzegovinian dioceses to the Holy See. Buconjić and other two Bosnian-Herzegovinian bishops, Stadler and the apostolic administrator of Banja Luka Marijan Marković proposed the changes to the Holy See's Secretariate of State. The proposal was brought before Pope Leo XIII on 10 February 1891, who approved it. The secretary of the Congregation for Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs Domenico Ferrata sent the proposal to the Propaganda on 18 February 1891. The Propaganda made the proposal a decree on 24 March 1891, which changed the border between the Diocese of Mostar-Duvno and the Diocese of Trebinje-Mrkan, which was confirmed by the Pope on 24 March 1891.[80][81]

Death and succession
Alojzije Mišić succeeded Buconjić as Bishop of Mostar-Duvno and Apostolic Administrator of Trebinje-Mrkan

In the last years of his life, Buconjić was often sickly.[82] Even though the new episcopal residence was erected, Buconjoć refused to move and lived in the old residence in Vukodol. His advisor, friar Radoslav Glavaš, the bishop's secretary,[83] used Buconjić's weak condition to remain in power and kept him uninformed and thus dependent.[84] Glavaš directed the financial resources of the diocese to the Franciscan Province of Herzegovina[85] and no decisive steps could be expected in the dioceses. This was noticed by the Archbishop of Vrhbosna Josip Stadler, who, with the aim of improving the situation in the dioceses, asked Rome to appoint his auxiliary bishop Ivan Šarić as Bishop Coadjutor of Mostar-Duvno with the right of succession.[84]

The new Joint Finance Minister Stephan Burián von Rajecz, a Hungarian nationalist, did not support the appointment of clergy that were not close to Hungary and thus disapproved of Šarić's appointment. The authorities supported the Franciscans and Šarić undiplomatically explained to the government in Vienna he should be appointed because there were no good candidates among the Herzegovinian Franciscans, Burián ordered a candidate for Buconjić's replacement be found among the Bosnian Franciscans. Influential members of the Austrian-Hungarian government in Sarajevo concluded Alojzije Mišić, a former Hungarian student and a person of trust of the pro-Hungarian members of the government in Sarajevo, should be the new bishop in Mostar.[86] On 19 February 1910, the Sarajevo government proposed Mišić for the post of Bishop Coadjutor in Mostar but the government in Vienna postponed the decision for a few months due to the preparations for the imperial visit to Bosnia and Herzegovina.[87]

Buconjić saw the proposals for the bishop coadjutor as his own dismissal and staunchly opposed them. Buconjić's stance so annoyed the elder Herzegovinian Franciscans the new Provincial Begić proposed himself as the bishop coadjutor during Emperor Franz Joseph's stay in Mostar on 3 June 1910.[88][89] Buconjić, learning about the intentions of the governments in Sarajevo and Vienna, and Begić's proposal to the emperor, wrote to Pope Pius X and proposed Frane Lulić, a Dalmatian Franciscan; and two Herzegovinian Franciscans Špiro Špirić and David Nevistić, as candidates for his successor.[88][90] Buconjić became disappointed with the Herzegovinian Franciscans, who saw his first choice, a Dalmatian Lulić, as an insult.[91] After being warned only the emperor had the right of appointment, and the Pope of confirmation, Buconjić proposed the same candidates to Franz Joseph and asked him for the appointment of the bishop coadjutor.[92]

The government in Sarajevo considered Lulić to be unfit because he was living in Rome and as a Dalmatian would not handle a Herzegovinian diocese. The Austrian-Hungarian authorities were repulsed by anyone from Rome and who did not adopt the monarchy's liberal policies of Josephinism. The government in Sarajevo considered Mišić to be more qualified than the other two candidates.[93] The government in Vienna informed Rome about its intention to name Mišić as the bishop coadjutor but Rome was balanced between the suggestions of the Austrian-Hungarian authorities and of Buconjić, and opted to wait until Buconjić's death to resolve the issue.[85]

Buconjić died in Mostar on 8 December 1910[85][90] and was buried in the city's Church of Saint Peter and Paul.[85] As requested by the canon law, on 19 December 1910, the Metropolitan Archbishop Stadler named Lazarević administrator in spiritual matters of the two Herzegovinian dioceses. The material care of the dioceses was given to Glavaš, who used his position to further enrich the Franciscan Province of Herzegovina.[83][90] Stadler informed the government in Vienna about his appointments and proposed Ivan Šarić, Tomo Igrc and Ivan Dujmušić as candidates for the new bishop in Mostar, noting he also considered Herzegovinian Franciscans but in his conscientiousness could not propose any of them.[94] His proposals were quickly dismissed because the Austrian-Hungarian authorities preferred Franciscans over diocesan clergy and wanted a Franciscan to be the new bishop.[95]

Even though Rome supported Buconjić's first choice Lulić, after his death, the Austrian-Hungarian authorities did not consider Lulić a serious candidate. Rome did not support Vienna's choice of Mišić because of his conflict with Archbishop Stadler and started to seek its own candidates.[96] After the friction about the candidates for bishop in Mostar, the Austrian-Hungarian authorities officially proposed Mišić to Rome for the post for the second time on 5 January 1912.[97] The pope accepted the proposal so Burián asked the emperor to appoint Mišić, which the emperor did on 14 February. The pope proclaimed Mišić the new bishop on 29 April 1912.[98][99]

During the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1992, Serb forces destroyed Buconjić's tombstone and the Church of Saint Peter and Paul. His remains were transferred to a cemetery in Šoinovac.[100]

Notes
  1. Pandžić 2011, p. 341.
  2. Perić 1986, pp. 275-276.
  3. Pandžić 2011, p. 342.
  4. Perić 1986, p. 276.
  5. Vrankić 2016, p. 126.
  6. Pandžić 2005, p. 168.
  7. Perić 1986, pp. 276-277.
  8. Perić 1986, p. 277.
  9. Pandžić 2001, p. 89.
  10. Jolić 2012, p. 109.
  11. Perić 2011a, p. 107.
  12. Pandžić 2001, p. 92.
  13. Mužić 1969, p. 26.
  14. Vrankić 2016, p. 127.
  15. Nikić 2011, p. 374.
  16. Pandžić 2001, p. 96.
  17. Pandžić 2001, p. 93.
  18. Nikić 2011, p. 375.
  19. Pandžić 2001, p. 97.
  20. Jolić 2011, p. 353.
  21. Nikić 2011, p. 388.
  22. Pandžić 2001, pp. 94–95.
  23. Nikić 2011, p. 395.
  24. Perić 1986, p. 278.
  25. Pandžić 2001, p. 98.
  26. Pandžić 2001, p. 99.
  27. Pandžić 2001, p. 100.
  28. Pandžić 2001, p. 101.
  29. Pandžić 2001, p. 102.
  30. Detrez 2015, pp. 32-34.
  31. Šarac 2009, p. 370.
  32. Malbaša 1940, p. 39.
  33. Pandžić 2001, pp. 103–104.
  34. Pandžić 2001, p. 104.
  35. Pandžić 2001, p. 105.
  36. Vrankić 2016, p. 118.
  37. Vrankić 2016, pp. 119.
  38. Vrankić 2016, pp. 120-121.
  39. Vrankić 2016, p. 124.
  40. Vrankić 2016, p. 125.
  41. Džaja 2002, p. 49.
  42. Vrankić 2016, p. 111.
  43. Vrankić 2016, p. 128.
  44. Vrankić 2016, p. 112.
  45. Vrankić 2016, p. 114.
  46. Perić 1986, p. 279.
  47. Perić 2002, p. 311.
  48. Biskupija.
  49. Perić 2002, p. 312.
  50. Malbaša 1940, p. 35.
  51. Marić 2011, p. 339.
  52. Jolić 2012, p. 373.
  53. Perić 1986, p. 280.
  54. Hoare 2007, p. 78.
  55. Jolić 2012, p. 436.
  56. Jolić 2012, p. 270.
  57. Perić 2002, p. 196.
  58. Pandžić 2001, pp. 123-124.
  59. Pandžić 2001, pp. 124-125.
  60. Pandžić 2001, pp. 125-126.
  61. Pandžić 2001, p. 127.
  62. Pandžić 2001, pp. 127-128.
  63. Pandžić 2001, pp. 143-144.
  64. Pandžić 2001, pp. 128-129.
  65. Perić 2002, p. 196, 312.
  66. Pandžić 2001, p. 130.
  67. Perić 2002, p. 25.
  68. Perić 2002, p. 91.
  69. Vrankić 2016, pp. 128–129.
  70. Vrankić 2016, p. 130.
  71. Vrankić 2016, p. 129.
  72. Pandžić 2001, p. 111.
  73. Vrankić 2016, pp. 130–131.
  74. Vrankić 2016, p. 131.
  75. Vrankić 2016, p. 132.
  76. Vrankić 2016, pp. 132–133.
  77. Vrankić 2016, p. 133.
  78. Vrankić 2016, p. 134.
  79. Vrankić 2016, p. 135.
  80. Perić 2011b, p. 282.
  81. Krešić 2015, p. 42.
  82. Vrankić 2018, p. 246.
  83. Vrankić 2018, p. 262.
  84. Vrankić 2018, pp. 248–249.
  85. Vrankić 2018, p. 261.
  86. Vrankić 2018, pp. 249–251.
  87. Vrankić 2018, p. 256.
  88. Vrankić 2018, p. 258.
  89. Perić 2009, pp. 77-78.
  90. Perić 2009, p. 77.
  91. Vrankić 2018, p. 259.
  92. Vrankić 2018, pp. 258–259.
  93. Vrankić 2018, pp. 259–260.
  94. Vrankić 2018, pp. 262–263.
  95. Vrankić 2018, p. 264.
  96. Vrankić 2018, pp. 269–270.
  97. Vrankić 2018, p. 275.
  98. Vrankić 2018, pp. 276-277.
  99. Perić 1986, p. 281.
  100. Jolić 2011, p. 346.

References

Books
  • Detrez, Raymond (2015). "Reluctance and Determination". In Ruthner, Clemens; Reynolds Cordileone, Diana; Reber, Ursula; Detrez, Raymond (eds.). Wechsel Wirkungen: Austira-Hungary, Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Western Balkans, 1878–1918. New York: Peter Lang. ISBN 9780820497259.
  • Džaja, Srećko (2002). Bosna i Hercegovina u austrougarskom razdoblju (1878 – 1918) [Bosnia and Herzegovina in the Austrian-Hungarian period (1878 – 1918)] (in Croatian). Mostar: ZIRAL. ISBN 9958370298.
  • Hoare, Marko Attila (2007). The History of Bosnia: From the Middle Ages to the Present Day. London: Saqi. ISBN 9780863569531.
  • Jolić, Robert (2012). Šematizam Hercegovačke franjevačke provincije 2012. godine [Schematism of the Herzegovinian Franciscan Province of 2012] (in Croatian). Mostar: Hercegovačka franjevačka provincija Uznesenja BDM. ISBN 9789958876080.
  • Malbaša, Ante (1940). Hrvatski i srpski nacionalni problem u Bosni za vrijeme režima Benjamina Kallaya [Croatian and Serbian national issues in Bosnia during the regime of Benjamin Kallay] (in Croatian). 1. Zagreb: Tisak Gradanske tiskare.
  • Mužić, Ivan (1969). Hrvatska politika i jugoslavenska ideja [Croatian politics and the idea of Yugoslavism] (in Croatian). Zagreb: Ivan Mužić.
  • Pandžić, Bazilije (2001). Hercegovački franjevci – sedam stoljeća s narodom [Herzegovinian Franciscans – seven centuries with the people] (in Croatian). Mostar–Zagreb: ZIRAL.
  • Perić, Marko (2002). Hercegovačka afera: pregled događaja i važniji dokumenti [Herzegovina Affair: review of events and relevant documents] (in Croatian). Mostar: Biskupski ordinarijat Mostar.
  • Perić, Marko (1986). "Život i rad mostarsko-duvanjskih i trebinjsko-mrkanskih biskupa u zadnjih 100 godina" [The life and work of the bishops of Mostar-Duvno and Trebinje-Mrkan in the last 100 years]. In Babić, Petar; Zovkić, Mato (eds.). Katolička crkva u Bosni i Hercegovini u XIX i XX stoljeću: povijesno-teološki simpozij prigodom stogodišnjice ponovne uspostave redovite hijerarhije u Bosni i Hercegovini [The Catholic Church in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the 19th and 20th centuries: A historical-theological symposium on the occasion of the centenary of the restoration of the regular hierarchy in Bosnia and Herzegovina] (in Croatian). Sarajevo: Vrhbosanska visoka teološka škola.

Journals
  • Jolić, Robert (2011). "Pisano djelo biskupa Buconjića" [The written work of Bishop Buconjić]. Susreti (in Croatian). Grude: Matica hrvatska (5): 346–365.
  • Krešić, Milenko (2015). "Povijesno-pravne činjenice o Mrkanskoj biskupiji" [Historical and legal facts about the Mrkan diocese]. Vrhbosnensia (in Croatian). Sarajevo: Katolički bogoslovni fakultet, Univerzitet u Sarajevu. 15 (1): 31–43.
  • Marić, Ante (2011). "Fra Paškal utemeljitelj visokog školstva u Hercegovini" [Fr. Paškal, the founder of higher education in Herzegovina]. Susreti (in Croatian). Grude: Matica hrvatska (5): 337–340.
  • Nikić, Andrija (2011). "Čuvodržavnik-kustod Fra Paškal Buconjić (1874.–1879.) i oslobođenje Hercegovine (i Bosne) 1875.–1878. godine" [Guardian statesman-custodian Fr. Paškal Buconjić (1874–1879) and the liberation of Herzegovina (and Bosnia) 1875–1878]. Susreti (in Croatian). Grude: Matica hrvatska (5): 366–404.
  • Pandžić, Bazilije (2005). "Pisci hercegovačke franjevačke zajednice" [The writers of the Herzegovinian Franciscan community]. Znanstveno-stručni skup Sto godina nove crkve na Širokom Brijegu (in Croatian). Široki Brijeg: Franjevački samostan Široki Brijeg: 161–188.
  • Pandžić, Bazilije (2011). "Fra Paškal Buconjić i Drinovci" [Fr. Paškal Buconjić and Drinovci]. Susreti (in Croatian). Grude: Matica hrvatska (5): 341–345.
  • Perić, Ratko (2009). "Imenovanje don Petra Čule mostarsko-duvanjskim biskupom" [Appointment of Don Petar Čule as Bishop of Mostar-Duvno]. Službeni vjesnik biskupija Mostarsko-duvanjske i Trebinjsko-mrkanske (in Croatian). Mostar: Biskupski ordinarijat Mostar (1): 77–89.
  • Perić, Ratko (2011a). "Stota obljetnica smrti biskupa Buconjića" [One hundredth anniversary of the death of Bishop Buconjić]. Službeni vjesnik (in Croatian). Mostar: Biskupski ordinarijat Mostar (1): 106–107.
  • Perić, Ratko (2011b). "Biskupijske granice" [The diocesan borders]. Službeni vjesnik (in Croatian). Mostar: Biskupski ordinarijat Mostar (3): 282–286.
  • Šarac, Ivica (2009). "Hrvatstvo i jugoslavenstvo među hercegovačkim franjevcima do 1918. godine" [Elections and nomination of bishops in Herzegovina]. Hercegovina (in Croatian). Mostar: Filozofski fakultet Sveučilišta u Mostaru. 2: 109–140.
  • Vrankić, Petar (2016). "Izbori i imenovanja biskupa u Hercegovini u doba austro-ugarske vladavine (1878. – 1918.) na primjeru biskupa fra Paškala Buconjića" [Elections and appointments of bishops in Herzegovina during the Austrian-Hungarian rule (1878 – 1918) on the example of Bishop Fr. Paškal Buconjić]. Hercegovina (in Croatian). Mostar: Filozofski fakultet Sveučilišta u Mostaru. 2: 109–140.
  • Vrankić, Petar (2018). "Izbori i imenovanja biskupa u Hercegovini u doba austro-ugarske vladavine (1878. – 1918.) na primjeru biskupa fra Alojzija Mišića" [Elections and appointments of bishops in Herzegovina during the Austrian-Hungarian rule (1878 – 1918) on the example of Bishop Fr. Alojzije Mišić (1912)]. Hercegovina (in Croatian). Mostar: Filozofski fakultet Sveučilišta u Mostaru. 4: 243–286.

Web-sites
Catholic Church titles
Preceded by
Andrija Karačić		 Custos of the Franciscan Custody of Herzegovina
1874–1879		 Succeeded by
Marijan Zovko
Preceded by
Anđeo Kraljević		 Apostolic Vicar of Herzegovina
1880–1881		 Succeeded by
Office abolished
Preceded by
Vincenzo Bracco		 Titular Bishop of Magydus
1880–1881		 Succeeded by
Juan Francisco Bux y Loras
Preceded by
Dominic Manucy (as Bishop of Duvno)		 Bishop of Mostar-Duvno
1881–1910		 Succeeded by
Alojzije Mišić
Preceded by
Mato Vodopić		 Apostolic Administrator of Trebinje-Mrkan
1890–1910		 Succeeded by
Alojzije Mišić
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