Pampa horse

As the Pampa is a spotted breed of Brazilian horse, its history begins with the introduction of this coat color pattern in Brazil. Though there is no record of a precise date for the arrival of these types of horses, it is believed that the color pattern was introduced with the first horses brought by Spanish settlers to South America (such as the Andalusian horse and Jaca Navarra),[2] which is also where breeds such as the Criollo[2] and Campeiro[3] originated). A few horses of Barb horse origin were brought by Portuguese settlers, and Dutch horses to northeastern Brazil with the Pernambuco invasion.[4]

Brigadier Rafael Tobias de Aguiar, who originated and popularized the names Pampa and Tobiano

The origin of the Pampa horse name and Tobiano coat color come from the same man, the Brazilian Brigadier and horse breeder Rafael Tobias de Aguiar, who bred pinto horses in the mid-19th century.

Brigadier Rafael Tobias de Aguiar led the Liberal Revolution in Brazil, along with Father Diogo Antônio Feijó combatting the rise of the Conservatives during the early reign of Dom Pedro II. He was defeated by the imperial forces in the Sorocaba province, and fled with his army and his horses to Rio Grande do Sul, to join the rebels of the Ragamuffin War. However, six months after having fled the Sorocaba province, Tobias was arrested in Palmeira das Missões and taken to the Laje Fortress, in Rio de Janeiro.[5]

Aimé Félix Tschiffely and Mancha, a Criollo Overo of the "Pampas" in the middle of the journey starting from Buenos Aires until New York City

Tobiano

Tobias, in his passage through Rio Grande do Sul, presented a gaúcho farmer of Cruz Alta with one of his spotted horses, and because of that and the fact that he passed through the towns and villages of the Rio Grande do Sul with his spotted horses, the horses of this type became known in this region as Tobias' horses, which eventually evolved into "Tobian" Horses, or Cavalos Tobianos, and this denomination eventually made its way throughout South America all the way to North America.

When the pinto horses of the soldiers that accompanied the Brigadier returned to São Paulo, they became gradually known throughout the country as the horses of the Pampas,[4] the predominant biome of Rio Grande do Sul (occupying about 63% of the state territory), where Tobias fled.

The same man ended up being responsible for both denominations, even if not intentionally: While traveling from São Paulo to Rio Grande do Sul with his horses, he ended up spreading the "Pampa" name, since the horses were originary from the Pampa biome in Rio Grande do Sul. The "Tobiano" name appeared almost simultaneously, due to the direct association made between the breed and the Brigadier himself, who always traveled with his personal stud of Pampa horses.

The Pampa horse can only be registered based on certain physical characteristics, not only on color.[6]

Ancestors of the Pampa horse come from crossbreeding between the Anglo-Arabian, Campeiro, Campolina, Criollo, Mangalarga, Mangalarga Marchador, Thoroughbred, and Brazilian crossbred horses.[7]

There are separate accounts that cite an Argentinian horse of the pampas that had small stature. This breed, however, was not Brazilian-bred from a stock brought by the Spaniards to the colonies. One of the detailed descriptions stated that this breed had "intelligent and fiery eyes, clean legs, round feet, and well-set sloping shoulders, long pasterns, and silky manes and tails."[8] It is said to be prized for its size and endurance. There are documents that describe how this horse performed well in the plains but will struggle in the mountain country.[9] Nevertheless, historical records show that despite its build, the horse was noted for its speed and endurance.[10]

• List of Gaited Horse Breeds
• List of Brazilian horses