Proboscidea

The earliest known proboscidean is Eritherium,[3] followed by Phosphatherium,[4] a small animal about the size of a fox. Both date from late Paleocene deposits of Morocco.

Woolly mammoth and American mastodon

Proboscideans evolved in Africa, where they increased in size and diversity during the Eocene and early Oligocene. Several primitive families from these epochs have been described, including the Numidotheriidae, Moeritheriidae, and Barytheriidae, all found exclusively in Africa. The Anthracobunidae from the Indian subcontinent were also believed to be a family of proboscideans, but were excluded from the Proboscidea by Shoshani and Tassy (2005)[5] and have more recently been assigned to the Perissodactyla.[6] When Africa became connected to Europe and Asia after the shrinking of the Tethys Sea, proboscideans migrated into Eurasia, with some families eventually reaching the Americas. Proboscideans found in Eurasia as well as Africa include the Deinotheriidae, which thrived during the Miocene and into the early Quaternary, Stegolophodon, an early genus of the disputed family Stegodontidae; the highly diverse Gomphotheriidae and Amebelodontidae; and the Mammutidae, or mastodons.

Most proboscideans are now extinct, including all species endemic to the Americas, Europe, and northern Asia. Many of these extinctions occurred during or shortly after the last glacial period. Recently extinct species include the gomphotheres in the Americas, the American mastodon of family Mammutidae in North America, numerous stegodonts in Asia, the mammoths throughout the Northern Hemisphere, and several species of dwarf elephants found on various islands scattered around the world.[7]

Below is an unranked taxonomy of proboscidean genera as of 2019.[5][8][9][10]

• Proboscidea Illiger, 1811
  • †Eritherium Gheerbrant, 2009
  • †Moeritherium Andrews, 1901
  • †Saloumia Tabuce et al., 2019
  • †Plesielephantiformes Shoshani et al., 2001
    • †Numidotheriidae Shoshani & Tassy, 1992
      • †Phosphatherium Gheerbrant et al., 1996
      • †Arcanotherium Delmer, 2009
      • †Daouitherium Gheerbrant & Sudre, 2002
      • †Numidotherium Mahboubi et al., 1986
    • †Barytheriidae Andrews, 1906
      • †Omanitherium Seiffert et al., 2012
      • †Barytherium Andrews, 1901
    • †Deinotheriidae Bonaparte, 1845
      • †Chilgatherium Sanders et al., 2004
      • †Prodeinotherium Ehik, 1930
      • †Deinotherium Kaup, 1829
  • Elephantiformes Tassy, 1988
    • †Eritreum Shoshani et al., 2006
    • †Hemimastodon Pilgrim, 1912
    • †Palaeomastodon Andrews, 1901
    • †Phiomia Andrews & Beadnell, 1902
    • Elephantimorpha Tassy & Shoshani, 1997
      • †Mammutidae Hay, 1922
        • †Losodokodon Rasmussen & Gutierrez, 2009
        • †Eozygodon Tassy & Pickford, 1983
        • †Zygolophodon Vacek, 1877
        • †Sinomammut Mothé et al., 2016
        • †Mammut Blumenbach, 1799
      • Elephantida Tassy & Shoshani, 1997
        • †Choerolophodontidae Gaziry, 1976
          • †Afrochoerodon Pickford, 2001
          • †Choerolophodon Schlesinger, 1917
        • †Amebelodontidae Barbour, 1927
          • †Afromastodon Pickford, 2003
          • †Progomphotherium Pickford, 2003
          • †Eurybelodon Lambert, 2016
          • †Serbelodon Frick, 1933
          • †Archaeobelodon Tassy, 1984
          • †Protanancus Arambourg, 1945
          • †Amebelodon Barbour, 1927
          • †Konobelodon Lambert, 1990
          • †Torynobelodon Barbour, 1929
          • †Aphanobelodon Wang et al., 2016
          • †Platybelodon Borissiak, 1928
        • †Gomphotheriidae Hay, 1922
          • †Gomphotherium Burmeister, 1837
          • †Blancotherium May, 2019
          • †Gnathabelodon Barbour & Sternberg, 1935
          • †Eubelodon Barbour, 1914
          • †Stegomastodon Pohlig, 1912
          • †Sinomastodon Tobien et al., 1986
          • †Notiomastodon Cabrera, 1929
          • †Rhynchotherium Falconer, 1868
          • †Cuvieronius Osborn, 1923
        • Elephantoidea Gray, 1821
          • †Anancidae Hay, 1922
            • †Anancus Aymard, 1855
            • †Morrillia Osborn, 1924
            • †Paratetralophodon Tassy, 1983
            • †Pediolophodon Lambert, 2007
            • †Tetralophodon Falconer, 1857
          • †Stegodontidae Osborn, 1918
            • †Stegolophodon Schlesinger, 1917
            • †Stegodon Falconer, 1857
          • Elephantidae Gray, 1821
            • †Stegotetrabelodontinae Aguirre, 1969
              • †Stegodibelodon Coppens, 1972
              • †Stegotetrabelodon Petrocchi, 1941
              • †Selenotherium Mackaye, Brunet & Tassy, 2005
            • Elephantinae Gray, 1821
              • †Primelephas Maglio, 1970
              • Loxodonta Anonymous, 1827
              • †Palaeoloxodon Matsumoto, 1924
              • †Mammuthus Brookes, 1828
              • Elephas Linnaeus, 1758

• Ronald M. Nowak (1999), Walker's Mammals of the World (6th ed.), Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, ISBN 978-0-8018-5789-8, LCCN 98023686

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