Ra (Indic)

The Brahmi letter , Ra, is probably derived from the Aramaic Resh , and is thus related to the modern Latin R and Greek Rho.[2] Several identifiable styles of writing the Brahmi Ra can be found, most associated with a specific set of inscriptions from an artifact or diverse records from an historic period.[3] As the earliest and most geometric style of Brahmi, the letters found on the Edicts of Ashoka and other records from around that time are normally the reference form for Brahmi letters, with vowel marks not attested until later forms of Brahmi back-formed to match the geometric writing style.

Brahmi Ra historic forms

Ashoka (3rd-1st c. BCE)	Girnar (~150 BCE)	Kushana (~150-250 CE)	Gujarat (~250 CE)	Gupta (~350 CE)

The Tocharian letter is derived from the Brahmi , and has an alternate Fremdzeichen form used in conjuncts and as an alternate representation of Rä. The use of repha forms in modern Indic scripts is similar to the Fremdzeichen Ra in Tocharian.

Tocharian Ra with vowel marks

Ra	Rā	Ri	Rī	Ru	Rū	Rr	Rr̄	Re	Rai	Ro	Rau	Rä	Fremdzeichen

The Kharoṣṭhī letter is generally accepted as being derived from the Aramaic Resh , and is thus related to R and Rho, in addition to the Brahmi Ra.[2]

In all languages, र is pronounced as [ɾə] or [ɾ] when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Devanagari uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

Several languages use the dotted form Rra for the [r] sound instead of र. ऱ combines with vowel marks identically to र.

Devanagari Repha

Devanagari Rakar

Eyelash Ra

Devanagari exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts. In modern Devanagari texts, most conjuncts are formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". Some conjunct clusters are always represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters. Vertically stacked conjuncts are ubiquitous in older texts, while only a few are still used routinely in modern Devanagari texts. The use of ligatures and vertical conjuncts may vary across languages using the Devanagari, with Marathi in particular preferring the use of half forms where texts in other languages would show ligatures and vertical stacks.[4]

When in conjuncts with other letters, र takes on several different forms, the most important of which are Repha and Rakar.

Repha is used to indicate that a conjunct begins with "R". It is crescent shape attached atop the headline of the rest of the conjunct at the right, immediately above the vertical stem, if present. The other members of the conjunct ignore Repha for shaping, combining with the other members of the conjunct to form ligatures or stacked conjuncts normally.

Rakar is used to indicate a consonant conjunct ending in "Ra". It is an upward-pointing wedge shape that is found either centered below the rest of the conjunct, or tilted to the right and integrated with the bottom of the stemline. Like with Repha, the rest of the conjunct ignores Rakar for shaping, except for minor alteration of the bottom of any stemline.

The third conjunct form of Ra is the so-called Eyelash Ra. It resembles a half-form in retaining the head line, with a shape below that connects to the following letter, but this remaining eyelash shape does not resemble either र or ऱ. The eyelash Ra is used in Nepali and Marathi texts instead of Repha for an initial "R" sound in a conjunct. Even though those languages both use the dotted Ra ऱ, eyelash Ra is the default form of Ra + Virama in Unicode for backwards compatibility, and the Repha form is mapped individually as a ligature with each other Devanagari consonant.

• Repha र্ (r) + ब (ba) gives us the ligature rba: ^note

• Repha र্ (r) + भ (bʰa) gives us the ligature rbʰa:

• Repha र্ (r) + च (ca) gives us the ligature rca:

• Repha र্ (r) + छ (cʰa) gives us the ligature rcʰa:

• Repha र্ (r) + द (da) gives us the ligature rda:

• Repha र্ (r) + ड (ḍa) gives us the ligature rḍa:

• Repha र্ (r) + ढ (ḍʱa) gives us the ligature rḍʱa:

• Repha र্ (r) + द্ (d) + ध (dʱa) gives us the ligature rddʱa:

• Repha र্ (r) + ध (dʱa) gives us the ligature rdʱa:

• Repha र্ (r) + द্ (d) + व (va) gives us the ligature rdva:

• Repha र্ (r) + ग (ga) gives us the ligature rga:

• Repha र্ (r) + घ (ɡʱa) gives us the ligature rɡʱa:

• Repha र্ (r) + ह (ha) gives us the ligature rha:

• Repha र্ (r) + ज (ja) gives us the ligature rja:

• Repha र্ (r) + झ (jʰa) gives us the ligature rjʰa:

• Repha र্ (r) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives us the ligature rjña:

• Repha र্ (r) + क (ka) gives us the ligature rka:

• Repha र্ (r) + ख (kʰa) gives us the ligature rkʰa:

• Repha र্ (r) + क্ (k) + ष (ṣa) gives us the ligature rkṣa:

• Repha र্ (r) + ल (la) gives us the ligature rla:

• Repha र্ (r) + ळ (ḷa) gives us the ligature rḷa:

• Repha र্ (r) + म (ma) gives us the ligature rma:

• Repha र্ (r) + न (na) gives us the ligature rna:

• Repha र্ (r) + ङ (ŋa) gives us the ligature rŋa:

• Repha र্ (r) + ङ্ (ŋ) + ग (ga) gives us the ligature rŋga:

• Repha र্ (r) + ण (ṇa) gives us the ligature rṇa:

• Repha र্ (r) + ञ (ña) gives us the ligature rña:

• Repha र্ (r) + प (pa) gives us the ligature rpa:

• Repha र্ (r) + फ (pʰa) gives us the ligature rpʰa:

• Repha र্ (r) + र (ra) gives us the ligature rra:

• Repha र্ (r) + स (sa) gives us the ligature rsa:

• Repha र্ (r) + श (ʃa) gives us the ligature rʃa:

• Repha र্ (r) + ष (ṣa) gives us the ligature rṣa:

• Repha र্ (r) + स্ (s) + व (va) gives us the ligature rsva:

• Repha र্ (r) + त (ta) gives us the ligature rta:

• Repha र্ (r) + थ (tʰa) gives us the ligature rtʰa:

• Repha र্ (r) + ट (ṭa) gives us the ligature rṭa:

• Repha र্ (r) + त্ (t) + त (ta) gives us the ligature rtta:

• Repha र্ (r) + ठ (ṭʰa) gives us the ligature rṭʰa:

• Repha र্ (r) + व (va) gives us the ligature rva:

• Repha र্ (r) + य (ya) gives us the ligature rya:

• भ্ (bʰ) + र (ra) gives us the ligature bʰra:

• ब্ (b) + र (ra) gives us the ligature bra:

• छ্ (cʰ) + र (ra) gives us the ligature cʰra:

• च্ (c) + र (ra) gives us the ligature cra:

• द্ (d) + ब্ (b) + र (ra) gives us the ligature dbra:

• ढ্ (ḍʱ) + र (ra) gives us the ligature ḍʱra:

• ड্ (ḍ) + र (ra) gives us the ligature ḍra:

• द্ (d) + द্ (d) + र (ra) gives us the ligature ddra:

• द্ (d) + ग্ (g) + र (ra) gives us the ligature dgra:

• ध্ (dʱ) + र (ra) gives us the ligature dʱra:

• द্ (d) + र (ra) gives us the ligature dra:

• घ্ (ɡʱ) + र (ra) gives us the ligature ɡʱra:

• ग্ (g) + र (ra) gives us the ligature gra:

• ग্ (g) + र্ (r) + य (ya) gives us the ligature grya:

• ह্ (h) + र (ra) gives us the ligature hra:

• झ্ (jʰ) + र (ra) gives us the ligature jʰra:

• ज্ (j) + र (ra) gives us the ligature jra:

• क্ (k) + र (ra) gives us the ligature kra:

• क্ (k) + त্ (t) + र (ra) gives us the ligature ktra:

• ळ্ (ḷ) + र (ra) gives us the ligature ḷra:

• ल্ (l) + र (ra) gives us the ligature lra:

• म্ (m) + र (ra) gives us the ligature mra:

• ङ্ (ŋ) + क্ (k) + र (ra) gives us the ligature ŋkra:

• ङ্ (ŋ) + र (ra) gives us the ligature ŋra:

• ण্ (ṇ) + र (ra) gives us the ligature ṇra:

• न্ (n) + र (ra) gives us the ligature nra:

• ञ্ (ñ) + र (ra) gives us the ligature ñra:

• फ্ (pʰ) + र (ra) gives us the ligature pʰra:

• प্ (p) + र (ra) gives us the ligature pra:

• प্ (p) + त্ (t) + र (ra) gives us the ligature ptra:

• श্ (ʃ) + र (ra) gives us the ligature ʃra:

• स্ (s) + र (ra) gives us the ligature sra:

• ष্ (ṣ) + क্ (k) + र (ra) gives us the ligature ṣkra:

• ष্ (ṣ) + र (ra) gives us the ligature ṣra:

• थ্ (tʰ) + र (ra) gives us the ligature tʰra:

• त্ (t) + र (ra) gives us the ligature tra:

• त্ (t) + र্ (r) + य (ya) gives us the ligature trya:

• ठ্ (ṭʰ) + र (ra) gives us the ligature ṭʰra:

• ट্ (ṭ) + र (ra) gives us the ligature ṭra:

• त্ (t) + त্ (t) + र (ra) gives us the ligature ttra:

• व্ (v) + र (ra) gives us the ligature vra:

• य্ (y) + र (ra) gives us the ligature yra:

Several conjuncts have both Repha and Rakar forms:

• र্ (r) + ध্ (dʱ) + र (ra) gives us the ligature rdʱra:

• र্ (r) + ष্ (ṣ) + ट্ (ṭ) + र (ra) gives us the ligature rṣṭra:

• र্ (r) + त্ (t) + र (ra) gives us the ligature rtra:

• र্ (r) + त্ (t) + त্ (t) + र (ra) gives us the ligature rttra:

• Eyelash र্ (r) + ब (ba) gives us the ligature rba:

• Eyelash र্ (r) + भ (bʰa) gives us the ligature rbʰa:

• Eyelash र্ (r) + च (ca) gives us the ligature rca:

• Eyelash र্ (r) + छ (cʰa) gives us the ligature rcʰa:

• Eyelash र্ (r) + द (da) gives us the ligature rda:

• Eyelash र্ (r) + ड (ḍa) gives us the ligature rḍa:

• Eyelash र্ (r) + ढ (ḍʱa) gives us the ligature rḍʱa:

• Eyelash र্ (r) + ध (dʱa) gives us the ligature rdʱa:

• Eyelash र্ (r) + ग (ga) gives us the ligature rga:

• Eyelash र্ (r) + घ (ɡʱa) gives us the ligature rɡʱa:

• Eyelash र্ (r) + ह (ha) gives us the ligature rha:

• Eyelash र্ (r) + ज (ja) gives us the ligature rja:

• Eyelash र্ (r) + झ (jʰa) gives us the ligature rjʰa:

• Eyelash र্ (r) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives us the ligature rjña:

• Eyelash र্ (r) + क (ka) gives us the ligature rka:

• Eyelash र্ (r) + ख (kʰa) gives us the ligature rkʰa:

• Eyelash र্ (r) + क্ (k) + ष (ṣa) gives us the ligature rkṣa:

• Eyelash र্ (r) + ल (la) gives us the ligature rla:

• Eyelash र্ (r) + ळ (ḷa) gives us the ligature rḷa:

• Eyelash र্ (r) + म (ma) gives us the ligature rma:

• Eyelash र্ (r) + न (na) gives us the ligature rna:

• Eyelash र্ (r) + ङ (ŋa) gives us the ligature rŋa:

• Eyelash र্ (r) + ण (ṇa) gives us the ligature rṇa:

• Eyelash र্ (r) + ञ (ña) gives us the ligature rña:

• Eyelash र্ (r) + प (pa) gives us the ligature rpa:

• Eyelash र্ (r) + फ (pʰa) gives us the ligature rpʰa:

• Eyelash र্ (r) + स (sa) gives us the ligature rsa:

• Eyelash र্ (r) + श (ʃa) gives us the ligature rʃa:

• Eyelash र্ (r) + ष (ṣa) gives us the ligature rṣa:

• Eyelash र্ (r) + त (ta) gives us the ligature rta:

• Eyelash र্ (r) + थ (tʰa) gives us the ligature rtʰa:

• Eyelash र্ (r) + ट (ṭa) gives us the ligature rṭa:

• Eyelash र্ (r) + ठ (ṭʰa) gives us the ligature rṭʰa:

• Eyelash र্ (r) + व (va) gives us the ligature rva:

• Eyelash र্ (r) + य (ya) gives us the ligature rya:

র is used as a basic consonant character in all of the major Bengali script orthographies, including Bengali and Assamese.

Bengali র exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts. Much like other Indic scripts, Bengali র also rarely appears in conjuncts in full form, and has special unrelated graphic forms for both initial and trailing র in conjuncts called Repha and Ra phala.[5]

Bengali Ra-phala

The letter র has a special form when used as the last letter of a conjunct called "Ra phala" (or "Ro pholo"). This reduced form of র is appended to the bottom of a letter or conjunct. Both Ya and Va have a similar "phala" trailing form. Ra-phala and Ya-phala can be found together in many conjuncts.

• ভ্ (bʰ) + র (ra) gives us the ligature bʰra:

• ব্ (b) + র (ra) gives us the ligature bra:

• চ্ (c) + ছ্ (cʰ) + র (ra) gives us the ligature ccʰra:

• দ্ (d) + ভ্ (bʰ) + র (ra) gives us the ligature dbʰra:

• ঢ্ (ḍʱ) + র (ra) gives us the ligature ḍʱra:

• ড্ (ḍ) + র (ra) gives us the ligature ḍra:

• ধ্ (dʱ) + র (ra) gives us the ligature dʱra:

• দ্ (d) + র (ra) gives us the ligature dra:

• দ্ (d) + র্ (r) + য (ya) gives us the ligature drya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to ra phala:

• গ্ (g) + ধ্ (dʱ) + র (ra) gives us the ligature gdʱra:

• ঘ্ (ɡʱ) + র (ra) gives us the ligature ɡʱra:

• গ্ (g) + র (ra) gives us the ligature gra:

• গ্ (g) + র্ (r) + য (ya) gives us the ligature grya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to ra phala:

• জ্ (j) + র (ra) gives us the ligature jra:

• খ্ (kʰ) + র (ra) gives us the ligature kʰra:

• ক্ (k) + র (ra) gives us the ligature kra:

• ক্ (k) + ত্ (t) + র (ra) gives us the ligature ktra:

• ক্ (k) + ট্ (ṭ) + র (ra) gives us the ligature kṭra:

• ম্ (m) + ভ্ (bʰ) + র (ra) gives us the ligature mbʰra:

• ম্ (m) + প্ (p) + র (ra) gives us the ligature mpra:

• ম্ (m) + র (ra) gives us the ligature mra:

• ম্ (m) + ব্ (v) + র (ra) gives us the ligature mvra:

• ন্ (n) + ড্ (ḍ) + র (ra) gives us the ligature nḍra:

• ন্ (n) + ধ্ (dʱ) + র (ra) gives us the ligature ndʱra:

• ন্ (n) + দ্ (d) + র (ra) gives us the ligature ndra:

• ঙ্ (ŋ) + ঘ্ (ɡʱ) + র (ra) gives us the ligature ŋɡʱra:

• ঙ্ (ŋ) + ক্ (k) + র (ra) gives us the ligature ŋkra:

• ণ্ (ṇ) + ড্ (ḍ) + র (ra) gives us the ligature ṇḍra:

• ন্ (n) + থ্ (tʰ) + র (ra) gives us the ligature ntʰra:

• ন্ (n) + ত্ (t) + র (ra) gives us the ligature ntra:

• ন্ (n) + ত্ (t) + র্ (r) + য (ya) gives us the ligature ntrya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to ra phala:

• ন্ (n) + ট্ (ṭ) + র (ra) gives us the ligature nṭra:

• ফ্ (pʰ) + র (ra) gives us the ligature pʰra:

• প্ (p) + র (ra) gives us the ligature pra:

• প্ (p) + র্ (r) + য (ya) gives us the ligature prya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to ra phala:

• শ্ (ʃ) + র (ra) gives us the ligature ʃra:

• স্ (s) + ক্ (k) + র (ra) gives us the ligature skra:

• স্ (s) + র (ra) gives us the ligature sra:

• ষ্ (ṣ) + ক্ (k) + র (ra) gives us the ligature ṣkra:

• ষ্ (ṣ) + প্ (p) + র (ra) gives us the ligature ṣpra:

• ষ্ (ṣ) + ট্ (ṭ) + র (ra) gives us the ligature ṣṭra:

• স্ (s) + ত্ (t) + র (ra) gives us the ligature stra:

• স্ (s) + ট্ (ṭ) + র (ra) gives us the ligature sṭra:

• থ্ (tʰ) + র (ra) gives us the ligature tʰra:

• ত্ (t) + র (ra) gives us the ligature tra:

• ত্ (t) + র্ (r) + য (ya) gives us the ligature trya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to ra phala:

• ট্ (ṭ) + র (ra) gives us the ligature ṭra:

Bengali Repha

Unlike other letters, র also has a special form when used as the initial letter of a conjunct called "Repha". This reduced form of র on top of the following letter or conjunct. Repha can be found in combination with Ra-phala, Ya-phala and Va-phala in many conjuncts.

• র্ (r) + ভ (bʰa) gives us the ligature rbʰa:

• র্ (r) + ব্ (b) + য (ya) gives us the ligature rbya, with the ya phala suffix:

• র্ (r) + চ (ca) gives us the ligature rca:

• র্ (r) + ছ (cʰa) gives us the ligature rcʰa:

• র্ (r) + চ্ (c) + য (ya) gives us the ligature rcya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to repha:

• র্ (r) + দ (da) gives us the ligature rda:

• র্ (r) + ড (ḍa) gives us the ligature rḍa:

• র্ (r) + ঢ্ (ḍʱ) + য (ya) gives us the ligature rḍʱya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to repha:

• র্ (r) + ধ (dʱa) gives us the ligature rdʱa:

• র্ (r) + ধ্ (dʱ) + ব (va) gives us the ligature rdʱva, with the va phala suffix in addition to repha:

• র্ (r) + দ্ (d) + র (ra) gives us the ligature rdra:

• র্ (r) + দ্ (d) + ব (va) gives us the ligature rdva, with the va phala suffix in addition to repha:

• র্ (r) + গ (ga) gives us the ligature rga:

• র্ (r) + ঘ (ɡʱa) gives us the ligature rɡʱa:

• র্ (r) + (ɡʱ) + য (ya) gives us the ligature rɡʱya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to repha:

• র্ (r) + গ্ (ga) + য (ya) gives us the ligature rɡya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to repha:

• র্ (r) + হ (ha) gives us the ligature rha:

• র্ (r) + হ্ (h) + য (ya) gives us the ligature rhya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to repha:

• র্ (r) + জ (ja) gives us the ligature rja:

• র্ (r) + ঝ (jʰa) gives us the ligature rjʰa:

• র্ (r) + জ্ (j) + য (ya) gives us the ligature rjya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to repha:

• র্ (r) + ক (ka) gives us the ligature rka:

• র্ (r) + খ (kʰa) gives us the ligature rkʰa:

• র্ (r) + খ্ (kʰ) + য (ya) gives us the ligature rkʰya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to repha:

• র্ (r) + ক্ (k) + য (ya) gives us the ligature rkya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to repha:

• র্ (r) + ল (la) gives us the ligature rla:

• র্ (r) + ম (ma) gives us the ligature rma:

• র্ (r) + ম্ (m) + য (ya) gives us the ligature rmya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to repha:

• র্ (r) + ন (na) gives us the ligature rna:

• র্ (r) + ণ (ṇa) gives us the ligature rṇa:

• র্ (r) + ণ্ (ṇ) + য (ya) gives us the ligature rṇya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to repha:

• র্ (r) + প (pa) gives us the ligature rpa:

• র্ (r) + ফ (pʰa) gives us the ligature rpʰa:

• র্ (r) + স (sa) gives us the ligature rsa:

• র্ (r) + শ (ʃa) gives us the ligature rʃa:

• র্ (r) + শ্ (ʃ) + ব (va) gives us the ligature rʃva, with the va phala suffix in addition to repha:

• র্ (r) + শ্ (ʃ) + য (ya) gives us the ligature rʃya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to repha:

• র্ (r) + ষ (ṣa) gives us the ligature rṣa:

• র্ (r) + ষ্ (ṣ) + য (ya) gives us the ligature rṣya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to repha:

• র্ (r) + ত (ta) gives us the ligature rta:

• র্ (r) + থ (tʰa) gives us the ligature rtʰa:

• র্ (r) + থ্ (tʰ) + য (ya) gives us the ligature rtʰya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to repha:

• র্ (r) + ত্ (t) + র (ra) gives us the ligature rtra:

• র্ (r) + ট (ṭa) gives us the ligature rṭa:

• র্ (r) + ত্ (t) + য (ya) gives us the ligature rtya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to repha:

• র্ (r) + য (ya) gives us the ligature rya, with repha, not ya phala:

The Gujarati script is used to write the Gujarati and Kutchi languages. In both languages, ર is pronounced as [rə] or [r] when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Gujarati uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

Ra	Rā	Ri	Rī	Ru	Rū	Rr	Rl	Rr̄	Rl̄	Rĕ	Re	Rai	Rŏ	Ro	Rau	R
Gujarati Ra syllables, with vowel marks in red.

Gujarati Repha

Gujarati Rakar

Gujarati ર exhibits conjunct ligatures, much like its parent Devanagari Script. While most Gujarati conjuncts can only be formed by reducing the letter shape to create a "half form" that fits tightly to following letter, Ra does not have a half form. A few conjunct clusters can be represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters, and vertically stacked conjuncts can also be found in Gujarati, although much less commonly than in Devanagari.

True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Gujarati are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. The most common conjunct variants are the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra. A leading consonant or conjunct will use its full form, rather than half form, when being modified by a trailing Rakar.

Telugu independent and subjoined Rra.

In addition, Telugu also contains a second /r/ consonant, Rra (ఱ). It is closely related to the Kannada letter ಱ. Since it lacks the v-shaped headstroke common to most Telugu letters, ఱ remains unaltered by most vowel matras, and its subjoined form is simply a smaller version of the normal letter shape.

Malayalam Chillu R and conjoining Ra

As is common in Indic scripts, Malayalam joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. There are several ways in which conjuncts are formed in Malayalam texts: using a post-base form of a trailing consonant placed under the initial consonant of a conjunct, a combined ligature of two or more consonants joined together, a conjoining form that appears as a combining mark on the rest of the conjunct, the use of an explicit candrakkala mark to suppress the inherent "a" vowel, or a special consonant form called a "chillu" letter, representing a bare consonant without the inherent "a" vowel. Like in most Indic scripts, Malayalam Ra has special forms, including a chillu letter and a conjoining form for a trailing ra, which appears before the other elements of a conjunct but is pronounced after. Texts written with the modern reformed Malayalam orthography, put̪iya lipi, may favor more regular conjunct forms than older texts in paḻaya lipi, due to changes undertaken in the 1970s by the Government of Kerala.

• ക് (k) + ര (ra) gives us the ligature kra:

• ഖ് (kʰ) + ര (ra) gives us the ligature kʰra:

• ഗ് (g) + ര (ra) gives us the ligature gra:

• ഘ് (ɡʱ) + ര (ra) gives us the ligature ɡʱra:

Malayalam letter Ṟa

Ṟa (റ) is a consonant of the Malayalam abugida. It is related to the Malayalam Ra consonant and has a similar pronunciation.

Malayalam Ṟa matras: Ṟa, Ṟā, Ṟi, Ṟī, Ṟu, Ṟū, Ṟr̥, Ṟr̥̄, Ṟl̥, Ṟl̥̄, Ṟe, Ṟē, Ṟai, Ṟo, Ṟō, Ṟau, and Ṟ.

As is common in Indic scripts, Malayalam joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. There are several ways in which conjuncts are formed in Malayalam texts: using a post-base form of a trailing consonant placed under the initial consonant of a conjunct, a combined ligature of two or more consonants joined together, a conjoining form that appears as a combining mark on the rest of the conjunct, the use of an explicit candrakkala mark to suppress the inherent "a" vowel, or a special consonant form called a "chillu" letter, representing a bare consonant without the inherent "a" vowel. Texts written with the modern reformed Malayalam orthography, put̪iya lipi, may favor more regular conjunct forms than older texts in paḻaya lipi, due to changes undertaken in the 1970s by the Government of Kerala.

• ന് (n) + റ (ṟa) gives us the ligature nṟa:

• റ് (ṟ) + റ (ṟa) gives us the ligature ṟṟa:

Odia Repha and Ra Phala

s is common in Indic scripts, Odia joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a small subjoined form of trailing consonants. Most consonants' subjoined forms are identical to the full form, just reduced in size, although a few drop the curved headline or have a subjoined form not directly related to the full form of the consonant. The subjoined form of Ra is one of these mismatched forms, and is referred to as "Ra Phala". In addition, an initial Ra is indicated with a special form called "Repha". The Repha and Ra-Phala forms are the only way conjuncts with Ra are made.

• ର୍ (r) + କ (ka) gives us the ligature rka:

• ର୍ (r) + ଖ (kʰa) gives us the ligature rkʰa:

• ର୍ (r) + ଗ (ga) gives us the ligature rga:

• ର୍ (r) + ଘ (ɡʱa) gives us the ligature rɡʱa:

• ର୍ (r) + ଙ (ŋa) gives us the ligature rŋa:

• ର୍ (r) + ର (ra) gives us the ligature rra:

• କ୍ (k) + ର (ra) gives us the ligature kra:

• ଖ୍ (kʰ) + ର (ra) gives us the ligature kʰra:

• ଗ୍ (g) + ର (ra) gives us the ligature gra:

• ଘ୍ (ɡʱ) + ର (ra) gives us the ligature ɡʱra:

• ଙ୍ (ŋ) + ର (ra) gives us the ligature ŋra:

• ଲ୍ (l) + ର (ra) gives us the ligature lra: