Ra (Indic)

Ra is a consonant of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, Ra is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter after having gone through the Gupta letter . Most Indic scripts have differing forms of Ra when used in combination with other consonants, including subjoined and repha forms. Some of these are encoded in computer text as separate characters, while others are generated dynamically using conjunct shaping with a virama.

Ra
Devanagari Ashoka Brahmi Tibetan Bengali Tamil
 /
0930 / 0931

1102D
/
0F62 / 0FB2

09B0

0BB0
Gurmukhi Thai Baybayin Malayalam Sinhala

0A30

0E23
-
--

0D30

0DBB
Ancient scripts
Ashoka
Brahmi
Kushana
Brahmi
Gupta
Brahmi
Tocharian

1102D
𑀭
1102D

1102D
 /
--
Kharoṣṭhī Siddhaṃ Sharada Grantha
𐨪
10A2A

115A8
𑆫
111AB
𑌰
11330
Bangla and Tibetan scripts
Ashoka Brahmi Gupta Brahmi Tibetan Bengali

1102D

1102D
/
0F62 / 0FB2

09B0
'Phags-pa Oriya Limbu Lepcha Marchen
 /
A858 / A871

0B30
 /
1916 / 192A
 /
1C1B / 1C25
𑲊
11C8A
Siddhaṃ Pracalit Tirhuta Zanabazar Square

115A8
𑐬
1142C
𑒩
114A9
𑨫
11A2B
Note: Korean Hangul is an alphabet, not an Indic abugida, but
appears to ultimately have some derivation from 'Phags-pa.
Sharada-based scripts
Sharada Ashoka Brahmi Gupta Brahmi Takri Dogra
𑆫
111AB

1102D

1102D
𑚤
116A4
𑠤
11824
Gurmukhi Khudawadi Mahajani Khojki Multani

0A30
𑋙
112D9
𑅭
1116D
𑈦
11226
𑊢
112A2
Nagaris and other Gupta-based scripts
Ashoka Brahmi Gupta Brahmi Devanagari

1102D

1102D
 /
0930 / 0931
Gujarati Kaithi Syloti Nagari Modi

0AB0
𑂩
110A9

A81E
𑘨
11628
Nandinagari Gunjala Gondi Soyombo Bhaiksuki
𑧈
119C8
𑩼
11A7C
𑶈
11D88
𑰨
11C28
Kawi scripts
Grantha Baybayin Tagbanwa Hanunó'o Buhid
𑌰
11330
-
--
-
--

172D

174D
Balinese Javanese Batak Lontara Rejang
 /
1B2D / 1B03
 /
A9AB / A9AC

1BD2

1A11

A93D
Ashoka Brahmi Sundanese Makasar Chakma

1102D
 /
1B9B / 1BA2
𑻭
11EED
𑻭
11EED
Tai and Khmer scripts
Ashoka Brahmi Grantha Khmer Lao

1102D
𑌰
11330

179A

0EA3
Thai Tai Tham Tai Viet Tai Le New Tai Lü

0E23
 /
1A41 / 1A42
 /
AAA6 / AAA7
-
--
-
--
Other Grantha-based scripts
Ashoka Brahmi Grantha Ahom Dives Akuru

1102D
𑌰
11330
𑜍
1170D
𑤧
11927
Malayalam Saurashtra Cham Burmese Kayah Li

0D30

A8AC

AA23
 /
101B / 103C

A91A
Other Brahmic scripts
Ashoka Brahmi Masaram Gondi Meetei Mayek

1102D
𑴦
11D26

ABD4
Tamil Kannada Sinhala Telugu

0BB0

0DBB

0C30

0CB0
Canadian Syllabics
Devanagari Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics

0930

1542

1546

1548
 /
154b / 1550
Other Canadian Syllabic codepoints: U+1542..U+1550, U+1622..U+1627, U+18ce..U+18d3, U+18b0..U+18b3, U+18dc..U+18dd
Phonemic representation: /ɾ/
IAST transliteration: r R
ISCII code point: CF (207)

Āryabhaṭa numeration

Aryabhata used Devanagari letters for numbers, very similar to the Greek numerals, even after the invention of Indian numerals. The values of the different forms of र are:[1]

  • [ɾə] = 40 (४०)
  • रि [ɾɪ] = 4,000 (४ ०००)
  • रु [ɾʊ] = 400,000 (४ ०० ०००)
  • रृ [ɾri] = 40,000,000 (४ ०० ०० ०००)
  • रॢ [ɾlə] = 4×109 (४×१०)
  • रे [ɾe] = 4×1011 (४×१०११)
  • रै [ɾɛː] = 4×1013 (४×१०१३)
  • रो [ɾoː] = 4×1015 (४×१०१५)
  • रौ [ɾɔː] = 4×1017 (४×१०१७)

Historic Ra

There are three different general early historic scripts - Brahmi and its variants, Kharoṣṭhī, and Tocharian, the so-called slanting Brahmi. Ra as found in standard Brahmi, was a simple geometric shape, with variations toward more flowing forms by the Gupta . The Tocharian Ra had an alterante Fremdzeichen form, . The third form of ra, in Kharoshthi () was probably derived from Aramaic separately from the Brahmi letter.

Brahmi Ra

The Brahmi letter , Ra, is probably derived from the Aramaic Resh , and is thus related to the modern Latin R and Greek Rho.[2] Several identifiable styles of writing the Brahmi Ra can be found, most associated with a specific set of inscriptions from an artifact or diverse records from an historic period.[3] As the earliest and most geometric style of Brahmi, the letters found on the Edicts of Ashoka and other records from around that time are normally the reference form for Brahmi letters, with vowel marks not attested until later forms of Brahmi back-formed to match the geometric writing style.

Brahmi Ra historic forms
Ashoka
(3rd-1st c. BCE)
Girnar
(~150 BCE)
Kushana
(~150-250 CE)
Gujarat
(~250 CE)
Gupta
(~350 CE)

Tocharian Ra

The Tocharian letter is derived from the Brahmi , and has an alternate Fremdzeichen form used in conjuncts and as an alternate representation of Rä. The use of repha forms in modern Indic scripts is similar to the Fremdzeichen Ra in Tocharian.

Tocharian Ra with vowel marks
RaRiRuRrRr̄ReRaiRoRauFremdzeichen

Kharoṣṭhī Ra

The Kharoṣṭhī letter is generally accepted as being derived from the Aramaic Resh , and is thus related to R and Rho, in addition to the Brahmi Ra.[2]

Devanagari Ra

Ra () is a consonant of the Devanagari abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter , after having gone through the Gupta letter . Letters that derive from it are the Gujarati letter , and the Modi letter 𑘨.

Devanagari-using languages

In all languages, र is pronounced as [ɾə] or [ɾ] when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Devanagari uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

Devanagari र with vowel marks
RaRiRuRrRr̄RlRl̄ReRaiRoRauR
रा रि री रु रू रृ रॄ रॢ रॣ रे रै रो रौ र्

Several languages use the dotted form Rra for the [r] sound instead of र. ऱ combines with vowel marks identically to र.

Conjuncts with र

Devanagari Repha
Devanagari Rakar
Eyelash Ra

Devanagari exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts. In modern Devanagari texts, most conjuncts are formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". Some conjunct clusters are always represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters. Vertically stacked conjuncts are ubiquitous in older texts, while only a few are still used routinely in modern Devanagari texts. The use of ligatures and vertical conjuncts may vary across languages using the Devanagari, with Marathi in particular preferring the use of half forms where texts in other languages would show ligatures and vertical stacks.[4]

When in conjuncts with other letters, र takes on several different forms, the most important of which are Repha and Rakar.

Repha is used to indicate that a conjunct begins with "R". It is crescent shape attached atop the headline of the rest of the conjunct at the right, immediately above the vertical stem, if present. The other members of the conjunct ignore Repha for shaping, combining with the other members of the conjunct to form ligatures or stacked conjuncts normally.

Rakar is used to indicate a consonant conjunct ending in "Ra". It is an upward-pointing wedge shape that is found either centered below the rest of the conjunct, or tilted to the right and integrated with the bottom of the stemline. Like with Repha, the rest of the conjunct ignores Rakar for shaping, except for minor alteration of the bottom of any stemline.

The third conjunct form of Ra is the so-called Eyelash Ra. It resembles a half-form in retaining the head line, with a shape below that connects to the following letter, but this remaining eyelash shape does not resemble either र or ऱ. The eyelash Ra is used in Nepali and Marathi texts instead of Repha for an initial "R" sound in a conjunct. Even though those languages both use the dotted Ra ऱ, eyelash Ra is the default form of Ra + Virama in Unicode for backwards compatibility, and the Repha form is mapped individually as a ligature with each other Devanagari consonant.

Devanagari Repha

  • Repha र্ (r) + ब (ba) gives us the ligature rba: note

  • Repha र্ (r) + भ (bʰa) gives us the ligature rbʰa:

  • Repha र্ (r) + च (ca) gives us the ligature rca:

  • Repha र্ (r) + छ (cʰa) gives us the ligature rcʰa:

  • Repha र্ (r) + द (da) gives us the ligature rda:

  • Repha र্ (r) + ड (ḍa) gives us the ligature rḍa:

  • Repha र্ (r) + ढ (ḍʱa) gives us the ligature rḍʱa:

  • Repha र্ (r) + द্ (d) + ध (dʱa) gives us the ligature rddʱa:

  • Repha र্ (r) + ध (dʱa) gives us the ligature rdʱa:

  • Repha र্ (r) + द্ (d) + व (va) gives us the ligature rdva:

  • Repha र্ (r) + ग (ga) gives us the ligature rga:

  • Repha र্ (r) + घ (ɡʱa) gives us the ligature rɡʱa:

  • Repha र্ (r) + ह (ha) gives us the ligature rha:

  • Repha र্ (r) + ज (ja) gives us the ligature rja:

  • Repha र্ (r) + झ (jʰa) gives us the ligature rjʰa:

  • Repha र্ (r) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives us the ligature rjña:

  • Repha र্ (r) + क (ka) gives us the ligature rka:

  • Repha र্ (r) + ख (kʰa) gives us the ligature rkʰa:

  • Repha र্ (r) + क্ (k) + ष (ṣa) gives us the ligature rkṣa:

  • Repha र্ (r) + ल (la) gives us the ligature rla:

  • Repha र্ (r) + ळ (ḷa) gives us the ligature rḷa:

  • Repha र্ (r) + म (ma) gives us the ligature rma:

  • Repha र্ (r) + न (na) gives us the ligature rna:

  • Repha र্ (r) + ङ (ŋa) gives us the ligature rŋa:

  • Repha र্ (r) + ङ্ (ŋ) + ग (ga) gives us the ligature rŋga:

  • Repha र্ (r) + ण (ṇa) gives us the ligature rṇa:

  • Repha र্ (r) + ञ (ña) gives us the ligature rña:

  • Repha र্ (r) + प (pa) gives us the ligature rpa:

  • Repha र্ (r) + फ (pʰa) gives us the ligature rpʰa:

  • Repha र্ (r) + र (ra) gives us the ligature rra:

  • Repha र্ (r) + स (sa) gives us the ligature rsa:

  • Repha र্ (r) + श (ʃa) gives us the ligature rʃa:

  • Repha र্ (r) + ष (ṣa) gives us the ligature rṣa:

  • Repha र্ (r) + स্ (s) + व (va) gives us the ligature rsva:

  • Repha र্ (r) + त (ta) gives us the ligature rta:

  • Repha र্ (r) + थ (tʰa) gives us the ligature rtʰa:

  • Repha र্ (r) + ट (ṭa) gives us the ligature rṭa:

  • Repha र্ (r) + त্ (t) + त (ta) gives us the ligature rtta:

  • Repha र্ (r) + ठ (ṭʰa) gives us the ligature rṭʰa:

  • Repha र্ (r) + व (va) gives us the ligature rva:

  • Repha र্ (r) + य (ya) gives us the ligature rya:

Devanagari Rakar

  • भ্ (bʰ) + र (ra) gives us the ligature bʰra:

  • ब্ (b) + र (ra) gives us the ligature bra:

  • छ্ (cʰ) + र (ra) gives us the ligature cʰra:

  • च্ (c) + र (ra) gives us the ligature cra:

  • द্ (d) + ब্ (b) + र (ra) gives us the ligature dbra:

  • ढ্ (ḍʱ) + र (ra) gives us the ligature ḍʱra:

  • ड্ (ḍ) + र (ra) gives us the ligature ḍra:

  • द্ (d) + द্ (d) + र (ra) gives us the ligature ddra:

  • द্ (d) + ग্ (g) + र (ra) gives us the ligature dgra:

  • ध্ (dʱ) + र (ra) gives us the ligature dʱra:

  • द্ (d) + र (ra) gives us the ligature dra:

  • घ্ (ɡʱ) + र (ra) gives us the ligature ɡʱra:

  • ग্ (g) + र (ra) gives us the ligature gra:

  • ग্ (g) + र্ (r) + य (ya) gives us the ligature grya:

  • ह্ (h) + र (ra) gives us the ligature hra:

  • झ্ (jʰ) + र (ra) gives us the ligature jʰra:

  • ज্ (j) + र (ra) gives us the ligature jra:

  • क্ (k) + र (ra) gives us the ligature kra:

  • क্ (k) + त্ (t) + र (ra) gives us the ligature ktra:

  • ळ্ (ḷ) + र (ra) gives us the ligature ḷra:

  • ल্ (l) + र (ra) gives us the ligature lra:

  • म্ (m) + र (ra) gives us the ligature mra:

  • ङ্ (ŋ) + क্ (k) + र (ra) gives us the ligature ŋkra:

  • ङ্ (ŋ) + र (ra) gives us the ligature ŋra:

  • ण্ (ṇ) + र (ra) gives us the ligature ṇra:

  • न্ (n) + र (ra) gives us the ligature nra:

  • ञ্ (ñ) + र (ra) gives us the ligature ñra:

  • फ্ (pʰ) + र (ra) gives us the ligature pʰra:

  • प্ (p) + र (ra) gives us the ligature pra:

  • प্ (p) + त্ (t) + र (ra) gives us the ligature ptra:

  • श্ (ʃ) + र (ra) gives us the ligature ʃra:

  • स্ (s) + र (ra) gives us the ligature sra:

  • ष্ (ṣ) + क্ (k) + र (ra) gives us the ligature ṣkra:

  • ष্ (ṣ) + र (ra) gives us the ligature ṣra:

  • थ্ (tʰ) + र (ra) gives us the ligature tʰra:

  • त্ (t) + र (ra) gives us the ligature tra:

  • त্ (t) + र্ (r) + य (ya) gives us the ligature trya:

  • ठ্ (ṭʰ) + र (ra) gives us the ligature ṭʰra:

  • ट্ (ṭ) + र (ra) gives us the ligature ṭra:

  • त্ (t) + त্ (t) + र (ra) gives us the ligature ttra:

  • व্ (v) + र (ra) gives us the ligature vra:

  • य্ (y) + र (ra) gives us the ligature yra:

Several conjuncts have both Repha and Rakar forms:

  • र্ (r) + ध্ (dʱ) + र (ra) gives us the ligature rdʱra:

  • र্ (r) + ष্ (ṣ) + ट্ (ṭ) + र (ra) gives us the ligature rṣṭra:

  • र্ (r) + त্ (t) + र (ra) gives us the ligature rtra:

  • र্ (r) + त্ (t) + त্ (t) + र (ra) gives us the ligature rttra:

Devanagari Eyelash Ra

  • Eyelash र্ (r) + ब (ba) gives us the ligature rba:

  • Eyelash र্ (r) + भ (bʰa) gives us the ligature rbʰa:

  • Eyelash र্ (r) + च (ca) gives us the ligature rca:

  • Eyelash र্ (r) + छ (cʰa) gives us the ligature rcʰa:

  • Eyelash र্ (r) + द (da) gives us the ligature rda:

  • Eyelash र্ (r) + ड (ḍa) gives us the ligature rḍa:

  • Eyelash र্ (r) + ढ (ḍʱa) gives us the ligature rḍʱa:

  • Eyelash र্ (r) + ध (dʱa) gives us the ligature rdʱa:

  • Eyelash र্ (r) + ग (ga) gives us the ligature rga:

  • Eyelash र্ (r) + घ (ɡʱa) gives us the ligature rɡʱa:

  • Eyelash र্ (r) + ह (ha) gives us the ligature rha:

  • Eyelash र্ (r) + ज (ja) gives us the ligature rja:

  • Eyelash र্ (r) + झ (jʰa) gives us the ligature rjʰa:

  • Eyelash र্ (r) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives us the ligature rjña:

  • Eyelash र্ (r) + क (ka) gives us the ligature rka:

  • Eyelash र্ (r) + ख (kʰa) gives us the ligature rkʰa:

  • Eyelash र্ (r) + क্ (k) + ष (ṣa) gives us the ligature rkṣa:

  • Eyelash र্ (r) + ल (la) gives us the ligature rla:

  • Eyelash र্ (r) + ळ (ḷa) gives us the ligature rḷa:

  • Eyelash र্ (r) + म (ma) gives us the ligature rma:

  • Eyelash र্ (r) + न (na) gives us the ligature rna:

  • Eyelash र্ (r) + ङ (ŋa) gives us the ligature rŋa:

  • Eyelash र্ (r) + ण (ṇa) gives us the ligature rṇa:

  • Eyelash र্ (r) + ञ (ña) gives us the ligature rña:

  • Eyelash र্ (r) + प (pa) gives us the ligature rpa:

  • Eyelash र্ (r) + फ (pʰa) gives us the ligature rpʰa:

  • Eyelash र্ (r) + स (sa) gives us the ligature rsa:

  • Eyelash र্ (r) + श (ʃa) gives us the ligature rʃa:

  • Eyelash र্ (r) + ष (ṣa) gives us the ligature rṣa:

  • Eyelash र্ (r) + त (ta) gives us the ligature rta:

  • Eyelash र্ (r) + थ (tʰa) gives us the ligature rtʰa:

  • Eyelash र্ (r) + ट (ṭa) gives us the ligature rṭa:

  • Eyelash र্ (r) + ठ (ṭʰa) gives us the ligature rṭʰa:

  • Eyelash र্ (r) + व (va) gives us the ligature rva:

  • Eyelash र্ (r) + य (ya) gives us the ligature rya:

Bengali Ra

The Bengali script র is derived from the Siddhaṃ , and is marked by a similar horizontal head line, but less geometric shape, than its Devanagari counterpart, र. The inherent vowel of Bengali consonant letters is /ɔ/, so the bare letter র will sometimes be transliterated as "ro" instead of "ra". Adding okar, the "o" vowel mark, gives a reading of /ro/.

Like all Indic consonants, র can be modified by marks to indicate another (or no) vowel than its inherent "a".

Bengali র with vowel marks
rarirurrrr̄rerairoraur
রা রি রী রু রূ রৃ রৄ রে রৈ রো রৌ র্

র in Bengali-using languages

র is used as a basic consonant character in all of the major Bengali script orthographies, including Bengali and Assamese.

Conjuncts with র

Bengali র exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts. Much like other Indic scripts, Bengali র also rarely appears in conjuncts in full form, and has special unrelated graphic forms for both initial and trailing র in conjuncts called Repha and Ra phala.[5]

Bengali Ra-phala

Bengali Ra-phala

The letter র has a special form when used as the last letter of a conjunct called "Ra phala" (or "Ro pholo"). This reduced form of র is appended to the bottom of a letter or conjunct. Both Ya and Va have a similar "phala" trailing form. Ra-phala and Ya-phala can be found together in many conjuncts.

  • ভ্ (bʰ) + র (ra) gives us the ligature bʰra:

  • ব্ (b) + র (ra) gives us the ligature bra:

  • চ্ (c) + ছ্ (cʰ) + র (ra) gives us the ligature ccʰra:

  • দ্ (d) + ভ্ (bʰ) + র (ra) gives us the ligature dbʰra:

  • ঢ্ (ḍʱ) + র (ra) gives us the ligature ḍʱra:

  • ড্ (ḍ) + র (ra) gives us the ligature ḍra:

  • ধ্ (dʱ) + র (ra) gives us the ligature dʱra:

  • দ্ (d) + র (ra) gives us the ligature dra:

  • দ্ (d) + র্ (r) + য (ya) gives us the ligature drya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to ra phala:

  • গ্ (g) + ধ্ (dʱ) + র (ra) gives us the ligature gdʱra:

  • ঘ্ (ɡʱ) + র (ra) gives us the ligature ɡʱra:

  • গ্ (g) + র (ra) gives us the ligature gra:

  • গ্ (g) + র্ (r) + য (ya) gives us the ligature grya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to ra phala:

  • জ্ (j) + র (ra) gives us the ligature jra:

  • খ্ (kʰ) + র (ra) gives us the ligature kʰra:

  • ক্ (k) + র (ra) gives us the ligature kra:

  • ক্ (k) + ত্ (t) + র (ra) gives us the ligature ktra:

  • ক্ (k) + ট্ (ṭ) + র (ra) gives us the ligature kṭra:

  • ম্ (m) + ভ্ (bʰ) + র (ra) gives us the ligature mbʰra:

  • ম্ (m) + প্ (p) + র (ra) gives us the ligature mpra:

  • ম্ (m) + র (ra) gives us the ligature mra:

  • ম্ (m) + ব্ (v) + র (ra) gives us the ligature mvra:

  • ন্ (n) + ড্ (ḍ) + র (ra) gives us the ligature nḍra:

  • ন্ (n) + ধ্ (dʱ) + র (ra) gives us the ligature ndʱra:

  • ন্ (n) + দ্ (d) + র (ra) gives us the ligature ndra:

  • ঙ্ (ŋ) + ঘ্ (ɡʱ) + র (ra) gives us the ligature ŋɡʱra:

  • ঙ্ (ŋ) + ক্ (k) + র (ra) gives us the ligature ŋkra:

  • ণ্ (ṇ) + ড্ (ḍ) + র (ra) gives us the ligature ṇḍra:

  • ন্ (n) + থ্ (tʰ) + র (ra) gives us the ligature ntʰra:

  • ন্ (n) + ত্ (t) + র (ra) gives us the ligature ntra:

  • ন্ (n) + ত্ (t) + র্ (r) + য (ya) gives us the ligature ntrya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to ra phala:

  • ন্ (n) + ট্ (ṭ) + র (ra) gives us the ligature nṭra:

  • ফ্ (pʰ) + র (ra) gives us the ligature pʰra:

  • প্ (p) + র (ra) gives us the ligature pra:

  • প্ (p) + র্ (r) + য (ya) gives us the ligature prya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to ra phala:

  • শ্ (ʃ) + র (ra) gives us the ligature ʃra:

  • স্ (s) + ক্ (k) + র (ra) gives us the ligature skra:

  • স্ (s) + র (ra) gives us the ligature sra:

  • ষ্ (ṣ) + ক্ (k) + র (ra) gives us the ligature ṣkra:

  • ষ্ (ṣ) + প্ (p) + র (ra) gives us the ligature ṣpra:

  • ষ্ (ṣ) + ট্ (ṭ) + র (ra) gives us the ligature ṣṭra:

  • স্ (s) + ত্ (t) + র (ra) gives us the ligature stra:

  • স্ (s) + ট্ (ṭ) + র (ra) gives us the ligature sṭra:

  • থ্ (tʰ) + র (ra) gives us the ligature tʰra:

  • ত্ (t) + র (ra) gives us the ligature tra:

  • ত্ (t) + র্ (r) + য (ya) gives us the ligature trya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to ra phala:

  • ট্ (ṭ) + র (ra) gives us the ligature ṭra:

Bengali Repha

Bengali Repha

Unlike other letters, র also has a special form when used as the initial letter of a conjunct called "Repha". This reduced form of র on top of the following letter or conjunct. Repha can be found in combination with Ra-phala, Ya-phala and Va-phala in many conjuncts.

  • র্ (r) + ভ (bʰa) gives us the ligature rbʰa:

  • র্ (r) + ব্ (b) + য (ya) gives us the ligature rbya, with the ya phala suffix:

  • র্ (r) + চ (ca) gives us the ligature rca:

  • র্ (r) + ছ (cʰa) gives us the ligature rcʰa:

  • র্ (r) + চ্ (c) + য (ya) gives us the ligature rcya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to repha:

  • র্ (r) + দ (da) gives us the ligature rda:

  • র্ (r) + ড (ḍa) gives us the ligature rḍa:

  • র্ (r) + ঢ্ (ḍʱ) + য (ya) gives us the ligature rḍʱya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to repha:

  • র্ (r) + ধ (dʱa) gives us the ligature rdʱa:

  • র্ (r) + ধ্ (dʱ) + ব (va) gives us the ligature rdʱva, with the va phala suffix in addition to repha:

  • র্ (r) + দ্ (d) + র (ra) gives us the ligature rdra:

  • র্ (r) + দ্ (d) + ব (va) gives us the ligature rdva, with the va phala suffix in addition to repha:

  • র্ (r) + গ (ga) gives us the ligature rga:

  • র্ (r) + ঘ (ɡʱa) gives us the ligature rɡʱa:

  • র্ (r) + (ɡʱ) + য (ya) gives us the ligature rɡʱya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to repha:

  • র্ (r) + গ্ (ga) + য (ya) gives us the ligature rɡya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to repha:

  • র্ (r) + হ (ha) gives us the ligature rha:

  • র্ (r) + হ্ (h) + য (ya) gives us the ligature rhya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to repha:

  • র্ (r) + জ (ja) gives us the ligature rja:

  • র্ (r) + ঝ (jʰa) gives us the ligature rjʰa:

  • র্ (r) + জ্ (j) + য (ya) gives us the ligature rjya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to repha:

  • র্ (r) + ক (ka) gives us the ligature rka:

  • র্ (r) + খ (kʰa) gives us the ligature rkʰa:

  • র্ (r) + খ্ (kʰ) + য (ya) gives us the ligature rkʰya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to repha:

  • র্ (r) + ক্ (k) + য (ya) gives us the ligature rkya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to repha:

  • র্ (r) + ল (la) gives us the ligature rla:

  • র্ (r) + ম (ma) gives us the ligature rma:

  • র্ (r) + ম্ (m) + য (ya) gives us the ligature rmya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to repha:

  • র্ (r) + ন (na) gives us the ligature rna:

  • র্ (r) + ণ (ṇa) gives us the ligature rṇa:

  • র্ (r) + ণ্ (ṇ) + য (ya) gives us the ligature rṇya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to repha:

  • র্ (r) + প (pa) gives us the ligature rpa:

  • র্ (r) + ফ (pʰa) gives us the ligature rpʰa:

  • র্ (r) + স (sa) gives us the ligature rsa:

  • র্ (r) + শ (ʃa) gives us the ligature rʃa:

  • র্ (r) + শ্ (ʃ) + ব (va) gives us the ligature rʃva, with the va phala suffix in addition to repha:

  • র্ (r) + শ্ (ʃ) + য (ya) gives us the ligature rʃya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to repha:

  • র্ (r) + ষ (ṣa) gives us the ligature rṣa:

  • র্ (r) + ষ্ (ṣ) + য (ya) gives us the ligature rṣya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to repha:

  • র্ (r) + ত (ta) gives us the ligature rta:

  • র্ (r) + থ (tʰa) gives us the ligature rtʰa:

  • র্ (r) + থ্ (tʰ) + য (ya) gives us the ligature rtʰya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to repha:

  • র্ (r) + ত্ (t) + র (ra) gives us the ligature rtra:

  • র্ (r) + ট (ṭa) gives us the ligature rṭa:

  • র্ (r) + ত্ (t) + য (ya) gives us the ligature rtya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to repha:

  • র্ (r) + য (ya) gives us the ligature rya, with repha, not ya phala:

Gujarati Ra

Gujarati Ra.

Ra () is twenty-seventh consonant of the Gujarati abugida. It is derived from the Devanagari Ra with the top bar (shiro rekha) removed, and ultimately the Brahmi letter . When combined with certain vowels, the Gujarati Ra may assume unique forms, such as રુ and રૂ.

Gujarati-using Languages

The Gujarati script is used to write the Gujarati and Kutchi languages. In both languages, ર is pronounced as [rə] or [r] when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Gujarati uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

RaRiRuRrRlRr̄Rl̄ReRaiRoRauR
Gujarati Ra syllables, with vowel marks in red.

Conjuncts with ર

Gujarati Repha
Gujarati Rakar

Gujarati ર exhibits conjunct ligatures, much like its parent Devanagari Script. While most Gujarati conjuncts can only be formed by reducing the letter shape to create a "half form" that fits tightly to following letter, Ra does not have a half form. A few conjunct clusters can be represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters, and vertically stacked conjuncts can also be found in Gujarati, although much less commonly than in Devanagari.

True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Gujarati are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. The most common conjunct variants are the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra. A leading consonant or conjunct will use its full form, rather than half form, when being modified by a trailing Rakar.

Repha Rakar
* ર્ (r) + (ka) gives us the ligature RKa:

  • ર્ (r) + (kʰa) gives us the ligature RKha:

  • ર્ (r) + (ga) gives us the ligature RGa:

  • ર્ (r) + (ɡʱa) gives us the ligature RGha:

  • ર્ (r) + (ŋa) gives us the ligature RṄa:

  • ર્ (r) + (ca) gives us the ligature RCa:

  • ર્ (r) + (cʰa) gives us the ligature RCha:

  • ર્ (r) + (ja) gives us the ligature RJa:

  • ર્ (r) + (jʰa) gives us the ligature RJha:

  • ર્ (r) + (ɲa) gives us the ligature RÑa:

  • ર્ (r) + (ʈa) gives us the ligature RṬa:

  • ર્ (r) + (ʈʰa) gives us the ligature RṬha:

  • ર્ (r) + (ɖa) gives us the ligature RḌa:

  • ર્ (r) + (ɖʱa) gives us the ligature RḌha:

  • ર્ (r) + (ɳa) gives us the ligature RṆa:

  • ર્ (r) + (ta) gives us the ligature RTa:

  • ર્ (r) + (tʰa) gives us the ligature RTha:

  • ર્ (r) + (da) gives us the ligature RDa:

  • ર્ (r) + (dʱa) gives us the ligature RDha:

  • ર્ (r) + (na) gives us the ligature RNa:

  • ર્ (r) + (pa) gives us the ligature RPa:

  • ર્ (r) + (pʰa) gives us the ligature RPha:

  • ર્ (r) + (ba) gives us the ligature RBa:

  • ર્ (r) + (bʰa) gives us the ligature RBha:

  • ર્ (r) + (ma) gives us the ligature RMa:

  • ર્ (r) + (ya) gives us the ligature RYa:

  • ર્ (r) + (la) gives us the ligature RLa:

  • ર્ (r) + (ɭ̆a) gives us the ligature Ra:

  • ર્ (r) + (va) gives us the ligature RVa:

  • ર્ (r) + (ʃa) gives us the ligature RŚa:

  • ર્ (r) + (ʂa) gives us the ligature RṢa:

  • ર્ (r) + (sa) gives us the ligature RSa:

  • ર્ (r) + (ha) gives us the ligature RHa:

  • ર્ (r) + (ka) (ʂa) gives us the ligature RKṢa:

  • ર્ (r) + (ja) (ɲa) gives us the ligature RJÑa:

  • ર્ (r) + (ra) gives us the ligature RRa:

* ક્ (k) + (ra) gives us the ligature KRa:

  • ખ્ (kʰ) + (ra) gives us the ligature KhRa:

  • ગ્ (g) + (ra) gives us the ligature GRa:

  • ઘ્ (ɡʱ) + (ra) gives us the ligature GhRa:

  • ઙ્ (ŋ) + (ra) gives us the ligature ṄRa:

  • ચ્ (c) + (ra) gives us the ligature CRa:

  • છ્ (cʰ) + (ra) gives us the ligature ChRa:

  • જ્ (j) + (ra) gives us the ligature JRa:

  • ઝ્ (jʰ) + (ra) gives us the ligature JhRa:

  • ઞ્ (ɲ) + (ra) gives us the ligature ÑRa:

  • ટ્ (ʈ) + (ra) gives us the ligature ṬRa:

  • ડ્ (ɖ) + (ra) gives us the ligature ḌRa:

  • ઠ્ (ʈʰ) + (ra) gives us the ligature ṬhRa:

  • ઢ્ (ɖʱ) + (ra) gives us the ligature ḌhRa:

  • ણ્ (ɳ) + (ra) gives us the ligature ṆRa:

  • ત્ (t) + (ra) gives us the ligature TRa:

  • થ્ (tʰ) + (ra) gives us the ligature ThRa:

  • દ્ (d) + (ra) gives us the ligature DRa:

  • ધ્ (dʱ) + (ra) gives us the ligature DhRa:

  • ન્ (n) + (ra) gives us the ligature NRa:

  • પ્ (p) + (ra) gives us the ligature PRa:

  • ફ્ (pʰ) + (ra) gives us the ligature PhRa:

  • બ્ (b) + (ra) gives us the ligature BRa:

  • ભ્ (bʰ) + (ra) gives us the ligature BhRa:

  • મ્ (m) + (ra) gives us the ligature MRa:

  • ય્ (y) + (ra) gives us the ligature YRa:

  • લ્ (l) + (ra) gives us the ligature LRa:

  • ળ્ (ɭ̆) + (ra) gives us the ligature Ra:

  • વ્ (v) + (ra) gives us the ligature VRa:

  • શ્ (ʃ) + (ra) gives us the ligature ŚRa:

  • ષ્ (ʂ) + (ra) gives us the ligature ṢRa:

  • સ્ (s) + (ra) gives us the ligature SRa:

  • હ્ (h) + (ra) gives us the ligature HRa:

  • ક્ (k) + (ʂa) (ra) gives us the ligature KṢRa:

  • જ્ (j) + (ɲa) (ra) gives us the ligature JÑRa:

Javanese Ra

Telugu Ra

Telugu independent and subjoined Ra.

Ra () is a consonant of the Telugu abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter . It is closely related to the Kannada letter . Most Telugu consonants contain a v-shaped headstroke that is related to the horizontal headline found in other Indic scripts, although headstrokes do not connect adjacent letters in Telugu. The headstroke is normally lost when adding vowel matras.

Telugu conjuncts are created by reducing trailing letters to a subjoined form that appears below the initial consonant of the conjunct. Like the Rakar forms in other Indic scripts, the subjoined Ra in Telugu is not immediately related to the full form of Ra. Unlike other the Repha in other Indic scripts, there is no special prefix form of Ra in Telugu. Ligature conjuncts are not a feature in Telugu, with the only non-standard construction being an alternate subjoined form of Ṣa (borrowed from Kannada) in the KṢa conjunct.

Telugu Rra

Telugu independent and subjoined Rra.

In addition, Telugu also contains a second /r/ consonant, Rra (). It is closely related to the Kannada letter . Since it lacks the v-shaped headstroke common to most Telugu letters, ఱ remains unaltered by most vowel matras, and its subjoined form is simply a smaller version of the normal letter shape.

Malayalam Ra

Malayalam letter Ra

Ra () is a consonant of the Malayalam abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter , via the Grantha letter Ra. Like in other Indic scripts, Malayalam consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Malayalam Ra matras: Ra, Rā, Ri, Rī, Ru, Rū, Rr̥, Rr̥̄, Rl̥, Rl̥̄, Re, Rē, Rai, Ro, Rō, Rau, and R.

Conjuncts of ര

Malayalam Chillu R and conjoining Ra

As is common in Indic scripts, Malayalam joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. There are several ways in which conjuncts are formed in Malayalam texts: using a post-base form of a trailing consonant placed under the initial consonant of a conjunct, a combined ligature of two or more consonants joined together, a conjoining form that appears as a combining mark on the rest of the conjunct, the use of an explicit candrakkala mark to suppress the inherent "a" vowel, or a special consonant form called a "chillu" letter, representing a bare consonant without the inherent "a" vowel. Like in most Indic scripts, Malayalam Ra has special forms, including a chillu letter and a conjoining form for a trailing ra, which appears before the other elements of a conjunct but is pronounced after. Texts written with the modern reformed Malayalam orthography, put̪iya lipi, may favor more regular conjunct forms than older texts in paḻaya lipi, due to changes undertaken in the 1970s by the Government of Kerala.

  • ക് (k) + (ra) gives us the ligature kra:

  • ഖ് (kʰ) + (ra) gives us the ligature kʰra:

  • ഗ് (g) + (ra) gives us the ligature gra:

  • ഘ് (ɡʱ) + (ra) gives us the ligature ɡʱra:

Malayalam Ṟa

Malayalam letter Ṟa

Ṟa () is a consonant of the Malayalam abugida. It is related to the Malayalam Ra consonant and has a similar pronunciation.

Malayalam Ṟa matras: Ṟa, Ṟā, Ṟi, Ṟī, Ṟu, Ṟū, Ṟr̥, Ṟr̥̄, Ṟl̥, Ṟl̥̄, Ṟe, Ṟē, Ṟai, Ṟo, Ṟō, Ṟau, and Ṟ.

Conjuncts of റ

As is common in Indic scripts, Malayalam joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. There are several ways in which conjuncts are formed in Malayalam texts: using a post-base form of a trailing consonant placed under the initial consonant of a conjunct, a combined ligature of two or more consonants joined together, a conjoining form that appears as a combining mark on the rest of the conjunct, the use of an explicit candrakkala mark to suppress the inherent "a" vowel, or a special consonant form called a "chillu" letter, representing a bare consonant without the inherent "a" vowel. Texts written with the modern reformed Malayalam orthography, put̪iya lipi, may favor more regular conjunct forms than older texts in paḻaya lipi, due to changes undertaken in the 1970s by the Government of Kerala.

  • ന് (n) + (ṟa) gives us the ligature nṟa:

  • റ് (ṟ) + (ṟa) gives us the ligature ṟṟa:


Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Re

, , and are the base characters "Re", "Ri", "Ro" and "Ra" in the Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics. The bare consonant (R) is a small version of the A-series letter , although the Western Cree letter ᕑ, derived from Pitman shorthand was the original bare consonant symbol for R. The character is derived from a handwritten form of the Devanagari letter र, without the headline or vertical stem, and the forms for different vowels are derived by mirroring and rotation.[6][7]

Unlike most writing systems without legacy computer encodings, complex Canadian syllabic letters are represented in Unicode with pre-composed characters, rather than with base characters and diacritical marks.

Variant E-series I-series O-series A-series Other
R + vowel
ReCree ReRiRoRaRay
Small ----
---R-
R with long vowels -
-Rāi
R + W-vowels -
Cree RweRwiRwoRwaRway
R + long W-vowels -
RwēRwīRwōRwāCree Rwā-
Related characters ---
Medial RCree R

Odia Ra

Odia independent letter Ra

Ra () is a consonant of the Odia abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter , via the Siddhaṃ letter Ra. Like in other Indic scripts, Odia consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Odia Ra with vowel matras
RaRiRuRr̥Rr̥̄Rl̥Rl̥̄ReRaiRoRauR
ରାରିରୀରୁରୂରୃରୄରୢରୣରେରୈରୋରୌର୍

Conjuncts of ର

Odia Repha and Ra Phala

s is common in Indic scripts, Odia joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a small subjoined form of trailing consonants. Most consonants' subjoined forms are identical to the full form, just reduced in size, although a few drop the curved headline or have a subjoined form not directly related to the full form of the consonant. The subjoined form of Ra is one of these mismatched forms, and is referred to as "Ra Phala". In addition, an initial Ra is indicated with a special form called "Repha". The Repha and Ra-Phala forms are the only way conjuncts with Ra are made.

Odia Repha

  • (r) + (ka) gives us the ligature rka:

  • (r) + (kʰa) gives us the ligature rkʰa:

  • (r) + (ga) gives us the ligature rga:

  • (r) + (ɡʱa) gives us the ligature rɡʱa:

  • (r) + (ŋa) gives us the ligature rŋa:

  • (r) + (ra) gives us the ligature rra:

Odia Ra Phala

  • (k) + (ra) gives us the ligature kra:

  • (kʰ) + (ra) gives us the ligature kʰra:

  • (g) + (ra) gives us the ligature gra:

  • (ɡʱ) + (ra) gives us the ligature ɡʱra:

  • (ŋ) + (ra) gives us the ligature ŋra:

  • (l) + (ra) gives us the ligature lra:


References

  1. Ifrah, Georges (2000). The Universal History of Numbers. From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer. New York: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 447–450. ISBN 0-471-39340-1.
  2. Bühler, Georg. "On the Origin of the Indian Brahmi Alphabet". archive.org. Karl J. Trübner. Retrieved 10 June 2020.
  3. Evolutionary chart, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol 7, 1838
  4. Pall, Peeter. "Microsoft Word - kblhi2" (PDF). Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed. Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
  5. "The Bengali Alphabet" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-09-28.
  6. Andrew Dalby (2004:139) Dictionary of Languages
  7. Some General Aspects of the Syllabics Orthography, Chris Harvey 2003
^note Conjuncts are identified by IAST transliteration, except aspirated consonants are indicated with a superscript "h" to distinguish from an unaspirated cononant + Ha, and the use of the IPA "ŋ" and "ʃ" instead of the less dinstinctive "ṅ" and "ś".
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