Regular 4-polytope
In mathematics, a regular 4-polytope is a regular four-dimensional polytope. They are the four-dimensional analogues of the regular polyhedra in three dimensions and the regular polygons in two dimensions.
Regular 4-polytopes were first described by the Swiss mathematician Ludwig Schläfli in the mid-19th century, although the full set were not discovered until later.
There are six convex and ten star regular 4-polytopes, giving a total of sixteen.
History
The convex regular 4-polytopes were first described by the Swiss mathematician Ludwig Schläfli in the mid-19th century. He discovered that there are precisely six such figures.
Schläfli also found four of the regular star 4-polytopes: the grand 120-cell, great stellated 120-cell, grand 600-cell, and great grand stellated 120-cell. He skipped the remaining six because he would not allow forms that failed the Euler characteristic on cells or vertex figures (for zero-hole tori: F − E + V = 2). That excludes cells and vertex figures as {5,5/2} and {5/2,5}.
Edmund Hess (1843–1903) published the complete list in his 1883 German book Einleitung in die Lehre von der Kugelteilung mit besonderer Berücksichtigung ihrer Anwendung auf die Theorie der Gleichflächigen und der gleicheckigen Polyeder.
Construction
The existence of a regular 4-polytope is constrained by the existence of the regular polyhedra which form its cells and a dihedral angle constraint
to ensure that the cells meet to form a closed 3-surface.
The six convex and ten star polytopes described are the only solutions to these constraints.
There are four nonconvex Schläfli symbols {p,q,r} that have valid cells {p,q} and vertex figures {q,r}, and pass the dihedral test, but fail to produce finite figures: {3,5/2,3}, {4,3,5/2}, {5/2,3,4}, {5/2,3,5/2}.
Regular convex 4-polytopes
The regular convex 4-polytopes are the four-dimensional analogues of the Platonic solids in three dimensions and the convex regular polygons in two dimensions.
Five of the six are clearly analogues of the five corresponding Platonic solids. The sixth, the 24-cell, has no regular analogue in three dimensions. However, there exists a pair of irregular solids, the cuboctahedron and its dual the rhombic dodecahedron, which are partial analogues to the 24-cell (in complementary ways). Together they can be seen as the three-dimensional analogue of the 24-cell.
Each convex regular 4-polytope is bounded by a set of 3-dimensional cells which are all Platonic solids of the same type and size. These are fitted together along their respective faces in a regular fashion.
Properties
The following tables lists some properties of the six convex regular 4-polytopes. The symmetry groups of these 4-polytopes are all Coxeter groups and given in the notation described in that article. The number following the name of the group is the order of the group.
| Names | Image | Family | Schläfli Coxeter | V | E | F | C | Vert. fig. | Dual | Symmetry group | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5-cell pentachoron pentatope 4-simplex |  | n-simplex (An family) | {3,3,3}   | 5 | 10 | 10 {3} | 5 {3,3} | {3,3} | (self-dual) | A4 [3,3,3] | 120 |
| 16-cell hexadecachoron 4-orthoplex |  | n-orthoplex (Bn family) | {3,3,4} | 8 | 24 | 32 {3} | 16 {3,3} | {3,4} | 8-cell | B4 [4,3,3] | 384 |
| 8-cell octachoron tesseract 4-cube |  | hypercube n-cube (Bn family) | {4,3,3} | 16 | 32 | 24 {4} | 8 {4,3} | {3,3} | 16-cell | B4 [4,3,3] | 384 |
| 24-cell icositetrachoron octaplex polyoctahedron (pO) |  | Fn family | {3,4,3} | 24 | 96 | 96 {3} | 24 {3,4} | {4,3} | (self-dual) | F4 [3,4,3] | 1152 |
| 600-cell hexacosichoron tetraplex polytetrahedron (pT) |  | n-pentagonal polytope (Hn family) | {3,3,5} | 120 | 720 | 1200 {3} | 600 {3,3} | {3,5} | 120-cell | H4 [5,3,3] | 14400 |
| 120-cell hecatonicosachoron dodecacontachoron dodecaplex polydodecahedron (pD) |  | n-pentagonal polytope (Hn family) | {5,3,3} | 600 | 1200 | 720 {5} | 120 {5,3} | {3,3} | 600-cell | H4 [5,3,3] | 14400 |
John Conway advocated the names simplex, orthoplex, tesseract, octaplex or polyoctahedron (pO), tetraplex or polytetrahedron (pT), and dodecaplex or polydodecahedron (pD).[1]
Norman Johnson advocated the names n-cell, or pentachoron, tesseract or octachoron, hexadecachoron, icositetrachoron, hecatonicosachoron (or dodecacontachoron), and hexacosichoron, coining the term polychoron being a 4D analogy to the 3D polyhedron, and 2D polygon, expressed from the Greek roots poly ("many") and choros ("room" or "space").[2][3]
The Euler characteristic for all 4-polytopes is zero, we have the 4-dimensional analogue of Euler's polyhedral formula:
where Nk denotes the number of k-faces in the polytope (a vertex is a 0-face, an edge is a 1-face, etc.).
The topology of any given 4-polytope is defined by its Betti numbers and torsion coefficients.[4]
As configurations
A regular 4-polytope can be completely described as a configuration matrix containing counts of its component elements. The rows and columns correspond to vertices, edges, faces, and cells. The diagonal numbers (upper left to lower right) say how many of each element occur in the whole 4-polytope. The non-diagonal numbers say how many of the column's element occur in or at the row's element. For example, there are 2 vertices in each edge (each edge has 2 vertices), and 2 cells meet at each face (each face belongs to 2 cells), in any regular 4-polytope. Notice that the configuration for the dual polytope can be obtained by rotating the matrix by 180 degrees.[5][6]
| 5-cell {3,3,3} |
16-cell {3,3,4} |
tesseract {4,3,3} |
24-cell {3,4,3} |
600-cell {3,3,5} |
120-cell {5,3,3} |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Visualization
The following table shows some 2-dimensional projections of these 4-polytopes. Various other visualizations can be found in the external links below. The Coxeter-Dynkin diagram graphs are also given below the Schläfli symbol.
| A4 = [3,3,3] | B4 = [4,3,3] | F4 = [3,4,3] | H4 = [5,3,3] | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5-cell | 8-cell | 16-cell | 24-cell | 120-cell | 600-cell |
| {3,3,3} | {4,3,3} | {3,3,4} | {3,4,3} | {5,3,3} | {3,3,5} |
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| Solid 3D orthographic projections | |||||
 Tetrahedral envelope (cell/vertex-centered) |
 Cubic envelope (cell-centered) |
 cubic envelope (cell-centered) |
 Cuboctahedral envelope (cell-centered) |
 Truncated rhombic triacontahedron envelope (cell-centered) |
 pentakis icosidodecahedral envelope (vertex-centered) |
| Wireframe Schlegel diagrams (Perspective projection) | |||||
 Cell-centered |
 Cell-centered |
 Cell-centered |
 Cell-centered |
 Cell-centered |
 Vertex-centered |
| Wireframe stereographic projections (3-sphere) | |||||
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Regular star (Schläfli–Hess) 4-polytopes
The Schläfli–Hess 4-polytopes are the complete set of 10 regular self-intersecting star polychora (four-dimensional polytopes).[8] They are named in honor of their discoverers: Ludwig Schläfli and Edmund Hess. Each is represented by a Schläfli symbol {p,q,r} in which one of the numbers is 5/2. They are thus analogous to the regular nonconvex Kepler–Poinsot polyhedra, which are in turn analogous to the pentagram.
Names
Their names given here were given by John Conway, extending Cayley's names for the Kepler–Poinsot polyhedra: along with stellated and great, he adds a grand modifier. Conway offered these operational definitions:
- stellation – replaces edges by longer edges in same lines. (Example: a pentagon stellates into a pentagram)
- greatening – replaces the faces by large ones in same planes. (Example: an icosahedron greatens into a great icosahedron)
- aggrandizement – replaces the cells by large ones in same 3-spaces. (Example: a 600-cell aggrandizes into a grand 600-cell)
John Conway names the 10 forms from 3 regular celled 4-polytopes: pT=polytetrahedron {3,3,5} (a tetrahedral 600-cell), pI=polyicoshedron {3,5,5/2} (an icosahedral 120-cell), and pD=polydodecahedron {5,3,3} (a dodecahedral 120-cell), with prefix modifiers: g, a, and s for great, (ag)grand, and stellated. The final stellation, the great grand stellated polydodecahedron contains them all as gaspD.
Symmetry
All ten polychora have [3,3,5] (H4) hexacosichoric symmetry. They are generated from 6 related Goursat tetrahedra rational-order symmetry groups: [3,5,5/2], [5,5/2,5], [5,3,5/2], [5/2,5,5/2], [5,5/2,3], and [3,3,5/2].
Each group has 2 regular star-polychora, except for two groups which are self-dual, having only one. So there are 4 dual-pairs and 2 self-dual forms among the ten regular star polychora.
Properties
Note:
- There are 2 unique vertex arrangements, matching those of the 120-cell and 600-cell.
- There are 4 unique edge arrangements, which are shown as wireframes orthographic projections.
- There are 7 unique face arrangements, shown as solids (face-colored) orthographic projections.
The cells (polyhedra), their faces (polygons), the polygonal edge figures and polyhedral vertex figures are identified by their Schläfli symbols.
| Name Conway (abbrev.) |
Orthogonal projection |
Schläfli Coxeter |
C {p, q} |
F {p} |
E {r} |
V {q, r} |
Dens. | χ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Icosahedral 120-cell polyicosahedron (pI) |
 |
{3,5,5/2}  |
120 {3,5}  |
1200 {3}  |
720 {5/2}  |
120 {5,5/2}  |
4 | 480 |
| Small stellated 120-cell stellated polydodecahedron (spD) |
 |
{5/2,5,3} |
120 {5/2,5}  |
720 {5/25 |
1200 {3} |
120 {5,3}  |
4 | −480 |
| Great 120-cell great polydodecahedron (gpD) |
 |
{5,5/2,5} |
120 {5,5/2} |
720 {5}  |
720 {5} |
120 {5/2,5} |
6 | 0 |
| Grand 120-cell grand polydodecahedron (apD) |
 |
{5,3,5/2} |
120 {5,3} |
720 {5} |
720 5 |
120 {3,5/2}  |
20 | 0 |
| Great stellated 120-cell great stellated polydodecahedron (gspD) |
 |
{5/2,3,5} |
120 {5/2,3}  |
720 5 |
720 {5} |
120 {3,5} |
20 | 0 |
| Grand stellated 120-cell grand stellated polydodecahedron (aspD) |
 |
{5/2,5,5/2} |
120 {5/2,5} |
720 5 |
720 5 |
120 {5,5/2} |
66 | 0 |
| Great grand 120-cell great grand polydodecahedron (gapD) |
 |
{5,5/2,3} |
120 {5,5/2} |
720 {5} |
1200 {3} |
120 {5/2,3} |
76 | −480 |
| Great icosahedral 120-cell great polyicosahedron (gpI) |
 |
{3,5/2,5} |
120 {3,5/2} |
1200 {3} |
720 {5} |
120 {5/2,5} |
76 | 480 |
| Grand 600-cell grand polytetrahedron (apT) |
 |
{3,3,5/2} |
600 {3,3} |
1200 {3} |
720 5 |
120 {3,5/2} |
191 | 0 |
| Great grand stellated 120-cell great grand stellated polydodecahedron (gaspD) |
 |
{5/2,3,3} |
120 {5/2,3} |
720 5 |
1200 {3} |
600 {3,3} |
191 | 0 |
See also
- Regular polytope
- List of regular polytopes
- Infinite regular 4-polytopes:
- One regular Euclidean honeycomb: {4,3,4}
- Four compact regular hyperbolic honeycombs: {3,5,3}, {4,3,5}, {5,3,4}, {5,3,5}
- Eleven paracompact regular hyperbolic honeycombs: {3,3,6}, {6,3,3}, {3,4,4}, {4,4,3}, {3,6,3}, {4,3,6}, {6,3,4}, {4,4,4}, {5,3,6}, {6,3,5}, and {6,3,6}.
- Abstract regular 4-polytopes:
- Uniform 4-polytope uniform 4-polytope families constructed from these 6 regular forms.
- Platonic solid
- Kepler-Poinsot polyhedra — regular star polyhedron
- Star polygon — regular star polygons
References
Citations
- Conway, Burgiel & Goodman-Strass 2008, Ch. 26. Higher Still
- "Convex and abstract polytopes", Programme and abstracts, MIT, 2005
- Johnson, Norman W. (2018). "§ 11.5 Spherical Coxeter groups". Geometries and Transformations. Cambridge University Press. pp. 246–. ISBN 978-1-107-10340-5.
- Richeson, David S. (2012). "23. Henri Poincaré and the Ascendancy of Topology". Euler's Gem: The Polyhedron Formula and the Birth of Topology. Princeton University Press. pp. 256–. ISBN 978-0-691-15457-2.
- Coxeter 1973, § 1.8 Configurations
- Coxeter, Complex Regular Polytopes, p.117
- Conway, Burgiel & Goodman-Strass 2008, p. 406, Fig 26.2
- Coxeter, Star polytopes and the Schläfli function f{α,β,γ) p. 122 2. The Schläfli-Hess polytopes
Bibliography
- Coxeter, H.S.M. (1969). Introduction to Geometry (2nd ed.). Wiley. ISBN 0-471-50458-0.
- Coxeter, H.S.M. (1973). Regular Polytopes (3rd ed.). Dover. ISBN 0-486-61480-8.
- D.M.Y. Sommerville (2020) [1930]. "X. The Regular Polytopes". Introduction to the Geometry of n Dimensions. Courier Dover. pp. 159–192. ISBN 978-0-486-84248-6.
- Conway, John H.; Burgiel, Heidi; Goodman-Strass, Chaim (2008). "26. Regular Star-polytopes". The Symmetries of Things. pp. 404–8. ISBN 978-1-56881-220-5.
- Hess, Edmund (1883). "Einleitung in die Lehre von der Kugelteilung mit besonderer Berücksichtigung ihrer Anwendung auf die Theorie der Gleichflächigen und der gleicheckigen Polyeder".
- Hess, Edmund (1885). "Uber die regulären Polytope höherer Art". Sitzungsber Gesells Beförderung Gesammten Naturwiss Marburg: 31–57.
- Sherk, F. Arthur; McMullen, Peter; Thompson, Anthony C.; Weiss, Asia Ivic, eds. (1995). Kaleidoscopes: Selected Writings of H.S.M. Coxeter. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-01003-6.
- (Paper 10) Coxeter, H.S.M. (1989). "Star Polytopes and the Schlafli Function f(α,β,γ)". Elemente der Mathematik. 44 (2): 25–36.
- Coxeter, H.S.M. (1991). Regular Complex Polytopes (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-39490-1.
- McMullen, Peter; Schulte, Egon (2002). "Abstract Regular Polytopes" (PDF).
External links
- Weisstein, Eric W. "Regular polychoron". MathWorld.
- Jonathan Bowers, 16 regular 4-polytopes
- Regular 4D Polytope Foldouts
- Catalog of Polytope Images A collection of stereographic projections of 4-polytopes.
- A Catalog of Uniform Polytopes
- Dimensions 2 hour film about the fourth dimension (contains stereographic projections of all regular 4-polytopes)
- Olshevsky, George. "Hecatonicosachoron". Glossary for Hyperspace. Archived from the original on 4 February 2007.
- Olshevsky, George. "Hexacosichoron". Glossary for Hyperspace. Archived from the original on 4 February 2007.
- Olshevsky, George. "Stellation". Glossary for Hyperspace. Archived from the original on 4 February 2007.
- Olshevsky, George. "Greatening". Glossary for Hyperspace. Archived from the original on 4 February 2007.
- Olshevsky, George. "Aggrandizement". Glossary for Hyperspace. Archived from the original on 4 February 2007.
- Reguläre Polytope
- The Regular Star Polychora