Rivers State

Rivers State, named after the many rivers that border its territory, was part of the Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 till 1893 when it became part of the Niger Coast Protectorate. In 1900, the region was merged with the chartered territories of the Royal Niger Company to form the colony of Southern Nigeria. The state was formed in 1967 with the split of the Eastern Region of Nigeria. In 1996 the state lost territory to form Bayelsa State.

In the early days of the colonial period, several protection treaties were signed between various indigenous communities and the British colonial government. Between 1941 and 1952, agitation for the creation of Rivers province began with the formation of the Ijo Rivers People's League. By 1953, the Council of Rivers Chiefs was birthed as a replacement body for the League, the same year, another organisation, the Calabar Ogoja Rivers (COR) State Movement became existent.

The Council of Rivers Chiefs was later renamed in 1954 to Rivers Chiefs and People's Congress and in 1956, the organisation became known as the Rivers Chiefs People's Conference. Until 1958, hopes of an independent state resonated with the region and lingered consistently in the minds of its natives. During the constitutional conference that year, the country's nationhood was affirmed while an agreement was reached on some measures to mitigate the fears of the ethnic minorities in the area. Around this time, the COR State Movement had broken away to press their own case. Thereafter, the British launched a commission led by Sir Henry Willink to look into the misgivings of these autochthons. The Willink Commission initiated the conception of the Niger Delta Development Board (NDDB). The purpose was to tackle the problems of underdevelopment, however, this failed to rise to the expectations of the masses. After much discontent, some of the people attempted to take the extralegal route to achieve their goals.

In February 1966, Isaac Boro, Sam Owonaro and Nottingham Dick alongside their supporters proclaimed a "Delta People's Republic". The rebellion persisted for twelve days but was resisted by the Federal and the old Eastern Nigeria government. On 27 May 1967, under the administration of General Yakubu Gowon, Decree No. 14 was issued, allowing the creation of Rivers State. From then on, complaints about political marginalisation, environmental degradation and economic pauperisation remained among the Ijaw groups, such that a separate Bayelsa State was carved out of Rivers State by the military government of Sani Abacha on 1 October 1996.[8]

Rainfall is generally seasonal, variable, as well as heavy, and occurs between the months of March and October through November. The wet season peaks in July, lasting more than 290 days. The only dry months are January and February having little to no effect.

Total annual rainfall decreases from about 4,700 mm (185 in) on the coast, to about 1,700 mm (67 in) in the extreme north. It is 4,698 mm (185 in) at Bonny along the coast and 1,862 mm (73 in) at Degema. For Port Harcourt, temperatures throughout the year are relatively constant with little variation throughout the course of the seasons. Average temperatures are typically between 25 and 28 °C (77 and 82 °F). Some parts of the state still receive up to 150 mm (6 in) of rainfall during the dry period. Relative humidity rarely dips below 60% and fluctuates between 90% and 100% for most of the year.

The land surface of Rivers State can be divided into three zones: freshwater swamps, mangrove swamps and coastal sand ridges. The freshwater zone extends northwards from the mangrove swamps. This land surface is generally less than 20m above sea level. As a lower Niger floodplain, it contains a greater silt and clay foundation and is more susceptible to perennial inundation by river floods. The floodplain's total thickness rises to about 45m in the northeast and over 9m in the beach ridge barrier zones to the southwest.

On coastal sand ridges, the soils are mostly sandy or sandy loams. Various crops are supported including coconut, oil palm, raffia palm and cocoyam. The drier upland region of Rivers State covers 61% of landmass while the riverine areas, with a relief range of 2m to 5m, take up 39%.

Common fig-tree blue in Port Harcourt Zoo

Male Agama lizard

Due to its geographical location, Rivers State has always played an important role in the natural history of Nigeria, having been found to host a vast array of wildlife and plants. Its tropical rainforests are home to more species than all other local biomes combined thanks to its climate and canopy structure. Unfortunately, some of the upland forested areas have seen disruption from human activity, impacting negatively on the biodiversity and ecological functions of natural habitats. In most places, the dominant vegetation usually consists of Elaeis guineensis which has the highest productivity amongst all recognized oleaginous crops.

The riverine part of the state has three hydro-vegetation zones such as beach ridge, salt water and fresh water. Each zone has its own characteristics and composition, with the freshwaters encompassing the upper and lower floodplains of the Niger Delta.

Finima Nature Park is a protected area and forest reserve in Bonny Island covering an area of approximately 10 km² (3.9 sq mi). The park's vegetation has progressively developed into a high forest considering the form from which it began in 1999. There are two storeys that can be distinguished from outside the forest, the emergents include Symphonia globulifera, Cleistopholis patens, Uapaca spp., Musanga cecropioides, Hallea ledermannii, Terminalia spp., Anthostema aubryanum, Tectona grandis and Elaeis guineensis. The understory is composed mainly of Calamus deeratus, Alchornea cordifolia, Monodora tenuifolia, Harungana madagascariensis, Strophanthus preussii, Rauvolfia vomitoria and Raphia spp.

The interior of the forest is very shady, and as a result a wide variety of shade tolerant forbs (e.g. Nephrolepis biserrata, Culcasia scandens, Laportea spp., Chromolaena odorata, Aframomum melegueta and Costus afer) and various sedges form thickets on the forest floor. By dry season, large cushion of litter cover the floor because of increase in abscission rate of some plants such as Musanga cecropioides, Hallea ledermannii, Calamus deeratus, Gmelina arborea, Raphia spp. and Elaeis guineensis.

Mammals, reptiles and amphibians are also found in the park. The common mammals are mona monkeys and pygmy hippopotamuses. Among the reptiles and amphibians are snakes and crocodiles, turtles, frogs, lizards, and skinks.

One of the world's Ramsar Convention-listed wetlands, Upper Orashi Forest, is a 252 km² (97 sq mi) protected area in Ahoada West. It has been identified by BirdLife International as an IBA because of its importance to global populations of grey parrots and other birds.[9] The Biseni Forest in the north west of Ahoada and west of Upper Orashi Forest have also been designated an Important Bird Area. The forest has an area of 219 km (136 mi) within which mammals like red-bellied monkey and yellow-backed duiker are found along with raffia palms and some woody broadleaved species such as Symphonia globulifera and Ficus spp.[10]

Satellite view of Niger Delta. Nun River in the center

The state has many rivers, some of which include:[11]

• Santa Barbara River
• Bonny River
• Andoni River
• New Calabar River
• Nun River
• River Orashi
• San Bartholomeo River
• Emesu River
• Sombreiro River
• St Nicholas River
• Otamiriochie River
• Ogochie River
• Imo Miriochie River
• Oloshi River
• Opobo Channel River

Over the period from 1991 to 2006, the total population of Rivers State has increased by close to 3 million people. The last official census showed that 5,198,716 people were living in the state, of whom 2,673,026 were men and 2,525,690 were women. Adults and adolescents aged 15 to 64 years accounted for 61% of the population in the state. Children below the age of 15 accounted for 36% of the population, and those aged 65 years and above, another 3%. Port Harcourt and Obio-Akpor had the highest number of inhabitants of any local government area, while Ogu–Bolo and Omuma had the lowest. The total area of the state was 11,077 km² (4,277 sq mi) and the density was 635.89 inhabitants per square kilometre (1,646.9/sq mi).

Rivers State has higher literacy rate compared to most states in the South South geopolitical zone. Its male literacy as of 2006 was 52.3% while female literacy rate was 47.7%.[12] In the same survey, it ranked as 26th most extensive and the 6th most populous of all the states of Nigeria. A 2015 estimate put the number of residents of Rivers State at over 7 million, nearly triple the number recorded in 1991.

According to the National Bureau of Statistics projection, the population in the state was 4% of the total population of the country. Data of 2010–2015 showed life expectancies for male, 54 years and female, 57 years were very low.[13] General mortality rate was 60 per 1000, under-5 mortality rate was 90 and maternal mortality rate was 889 per 100,000 live births, one of the highest nationwide.[13]

As a multicultural, multitribal region, Rivers State has much to offer in its diversity of people. The area that makes up the modern state has been inhabited in one way or the other since the last year of the first millennium. The earliest known settled communities in what is now Rivers State include the Ndoki on the lower Imo River and Ikwerre people.[14] Today, over 26 distinct groups are recognized by the Rivers State government, each with its own language, lifestyle, and cultural heritage.

Before the creation of states in 1967, Igbo was the dominant indigenous language in the Eastern Region out of which much of what now constitutes Rivers State was carved. It was spoken mostly in Port Harcourt, Bonny, Opobo and in several major towns as well as villages. Under the then regional set-up, Opobo, Andoni and Nkoroo formed one division, with Opobo town as headquarters. The language of the native court at Opobo which served the three communities was Igbo.[15]

Multilingualism is a part of everyday life for the population of Rivers State and most of Nigeria. English, inherited from colonial rule is common and widely spoken in various forms in different localities. Some indigenous Riverians are also bilingual, speaking a mixture of English or Pidgin English with one of the native languages. This is partly due to the frequent exposure of the younger generations to foreign dialects especially in the country's largest cities.[16] Excluding Pidgin, all other ones spoken in the state belong to either Benue–Congo or Ijoid within the Niger–Congo language family. The Benue–Congo is subdivided into Cross River, Igboid, and Edoid groups. The Ijoid languages are predominant around the creek belt, Cross River is spoken in the central and eastern parts, Igbo language is spoken in Northern and Southern Areas of Rivers State.[16]

Languages of Rivers State listed by LGA:[17]

Omuma | | Etche -

LGA	Languages
Abua-Odual	Kugbo; Odual; Ogbia
Ahoada	Ekpeye
Ahoada East	Ekpeye
Ahoada West	Ekpeye, Engenni
Akuku-Toru	Kalabari	-	Andoni	Obolo
Asari- Toru	Kalabari
Bonny	Ibani
Degema	Abua; Degema; Kalabari; Ogbronuagum
Eleme	Baan; Eleme
Emuoha	Ikwerre
Etche	Etche
Gokana	Baan; Gokana
Ikwerre	Ikwerre
Khana	Anaang; Khana
Obio-Akpor	Ikwerre	Ogba-Egbema-Ndoni	Ogba, Egbema, Ndoni
	Ogu-Bolo	Wakirike
Ogba-Egbema Ndoni	Ogba, Egbema, Ndoni
Okrika	Wakirike
Opobo-Nkoro	Ibani; Nkoroo
Oyigbo	Igbo
Port Harcourt	Ikwerre, Wakirike
Tai	Baan; Tee Economy A market in Igwuruta, Rivers State Rivers State has maintained its importance as a leading supplier of wealth to the nation for centuries. In 2007, the state ranked 2nd nationwide with a gross domestic product (GDP) of $21.07 billion and a per capita income of $3,965.[18] Natural resources The state is famous for its vast reserves of crude oil and natural gas. It was perhaps the richest and most important section of the African zone of the British Empire. Rivers State has two major oil refineries, two major seaports, airports, and various industrial estates spread across the land. More than 60% of the country's output of crude oil is produced in the state. Other natural resources found within its boundaries are silica sand, glass sand and clay.[19] Agriculture Prior to the discovery of oil in commercial quantity in 1951, Agriculture was the primary occupation of the people of Rivers State. Around the 19th century when the industrial revolution reached its peak in England, the area was then referred to as Oil Rivers Protectorate, this was due to its abundant palm oil and kernel which basically constituted the main revenue source of the country. In a sample survey carried out by the Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources, about 40% of the rural inhabitants were committed to farming in 1983. Rivers State is one of the leading states in the production of yam, cassava, cocoyam, maize, rice and beans. About 39% (760,000 hectares) of the state's total land mass, particularly in the upland area, is suitable for cultivation. Major cash crops produced are oil palm products, rubber, coconut, raffia palm and jute. Other crops grown for food include vegetables, melon, pineapples, mango, pepper, banana and plantain. The fishing industry is an important sector in Rivers State. Besides being lucrative, fishing is also a favourite past time activity. There are approximately 270 species of fish existing; with many artisanal fishermen in the riverine areas. The state provides valuable seafood such as crabs, oysters, shrimps and sea snails among others. Vertebrates like birds, mammals and reptiles are also found in the region.[19] Infrastructure Energy Oil facility at Bonny Island Energy, and especially electricity is a key factor for economic growth. Rivers State has one of the nation's highest per capita energy consumption rates. As of 2012, it had a power generation capacity of 400 megawatts, a significant improvement over a meagre 30 megawatts during the late nineties.[20] Its energy sector is protected by the government through legislation and funding. It is overseen by the ministries of Power, Energy and Natural Resources. The state's oil-refining capacity is the biggest in the country, with more than 340,000 barrels of crude oil per day. There's a vast untapped potential in the state for solar power. Interest in solar energy has been increasing but not much has been invested. Up to now, energy production is insufficient to meet demand, resulting in frequent power outages, slow manufacturing and business performance. Transportation Port Harcourt International Airport, Omagwa Transportation within Rivers State is mainly land and water-based. The industry has the Ministry of Transport as its chief regulating body. Apart from roads and waterways, there are functional airdromes that provide out-of-state transport. The sea ports contain harbors where ships can dock and transfer people or cargo to or from land. Taxicabs, buses and ferries dominate public transport. They are usually inexpensive and are often used for multi passenger pick ups. Commercial vehicles in Port Harcourt maintain sky blue, white and sky blue livery. Operating without these government-approved colors is punishable with a fine of ₦10,000.[21] Both domestic and international flights are available from Port Harcourt International Airport. Airlines such as Lufthansa, Air France, Med-View and Cronos link the state to destinations including Frankfurt, Paris, Lagos and Malabo. Passengers can easily get a taxi or rental car at the authorized vehicle area. Companies like Europcar, Avis and Hertz have offices near the airport. In addition, the Port Harcourt Air Force Base is located in the state capital. It gained popularity as a commercial destination due to the closure of the international airport. After that airport reopened, most airlines abandoned the base. However, it still has some destinations since the airport is closer to the centre than the main airport. Seaports handle much more diversified import cargo activities than airports. The Port of Onne is one of the largest and busiest seaports in the country. Its mobile harbour cranes are one of the biggest in Africa, with a lifting capacity of 208 metric tonnes. Another important seaport is the Port of Port Harcourt. It was the second largest port in Nigeria in the 1950s. In 1954, it cleared about $54 million worth of imports and exports, while the shipping facilities at Calabar cleared $11 million worth of goods.[22] Water Majority of Riverians obtain their water for household uses from vendors. There are also those who extract their water from private boreholes and wells and incur costs for the investment, maintenance, spare parts, pumping, and in some cases treating the water. Several others receive their domestic water from rainwater catchments, nearby streams or rivers. In the oil-bearing communities, many residents have easy access to basic infrastructure systems, although, most of the facilities are nonfunctional.[23] In the large urban localities such as Port Harcourt and Obio-Akpor, Port Harcourt Water Corporation handles the provision of urban water supply and wastewater management services for 15% of the population. A number of towns and villages with iron-contaminated H2O have resorted to treating one chemical contaminant with another. Most of the water collection in low-income urban residential areas is done by women.[23] In 2008, NDHS reported that 26% of adult females collect drinking water more than adult male counterparts at 21%.[23] In order to improve access to safe, reliable, affordable, and sustainable water supply services, USAID, through its Sustainable Water and Sanitation in Africa program collaborated with the Ministry of Water Resources and Rural Development from April 2013 to June 2015.[24] Government and politics Main articles: Government of Rivers State and Politics of Rivers State The Rivers State government consists of elected representatives and appointed officials. The state government has executive and legislative branches, with an independent judiciary. At the local level, elected officials are responsible for local government areas. Executive The executive branch is headed by the Governor, assisted by the Deputy Governor, both elected for a term of 4 years (maximum of 2 terms). The governor appoints commissioners responsible for each of the ministries and appoints the heads of parastatals, and the state-owned bodies with specific regulatory or administrative duties. In some cases, a governor may be replaced or removed for example, through death, impeachment or if an election is annulled by a competent court of law or by a two-thirds majority of the House of Assembly. Legislature The legislative authority in Rivers State is held by the state House of Assembly, which is made up of elected representatives from all constituencies of the state. Its functions at the state level are relative to those of the National Assembly at the federal level, creating laws for the good governance of the state, as well as acting as a check and balance on the powers and actions of the state's Chief Executive. The House of Assembly consists three times the total number of seats which the state has in the House of Representatives. Judiciary Main article: Judiciary of Rivers State The judicial branch of the state government has sole authority and responsibility for the interpretation and application of the state's laws as well as the adjudication of disputes or controversies. It consists of eight courts: the High Court of Justice, the Magistrates Courts, the Customary Courts, the Juveniles Courts, the Revenue Courts, the Sanitation Courts, the Mobile Courts and Ports Related Offences Courts. It is governed mainly by the Chief Judge of the High Court of Justice. There are about 26 serving judges in the High Court of Justice, which comprises 10 Judicial Divisions including Port Harcourt, Ahoada, Degema, Nchia, Bori, Omoku, Isiokpo, Okrika, Okehi, and Oyigbo.[25] Federal representation Elections are conducted every 4 years in which riverian voters will directly elect 16 representatives to the Nigerian National Assembly. Those chosen are grouped into 3 senators representing Rivers South East, Rivers West, Rivers East and 13 representatives representing Andoni/Opobo/Nkoro, Obio/Akpor, Oyigbo/Tai/Eleme, Port Harcourt II, Etche/Omuma, Asari-Toru/Akuku-Toru, Okrika/Ogu–Bolo, Khana/Gokana, Port Harcourt I, Ahoada West/Ogba–Egbema–Ndoni, Abua–Odual/Ahoada East, Ikwerre/Emohua, Degema/Bonny. Since the advent of the Fourth Republic in 1999, the People's Democratic Party has usually held a majority in both the Senate and the House of Representatives.[26] Local Government Areas Rivers State is currently consisted of 23 Local Government Areas, all of which handle local administration, under an elected Chairman. Each of the local government areas has its own administrative seat. They are: LGA name Area (km2) Census 2006 population Administrative seat Postal Code Wards Port Harcourt 109 541,115 Port Harcourt 500 20 Obio-Akpor 260 464,789 Rumuodumaya 500 17 Okrika 222 222,026 Okrika 500 12 Ogu–Bolo 89 74,683 Ogu 500 12 Eleme 138 190,884 Nchia 501 10 Tai 159 117,797 Sakpenwa 501 10 Gokana 126 228,828 Kpor 501 17 Khana 560 294,217 Bori 502 19 Oyigbo 248 122,687 Afam 502 10 Opobo–Nkoro 130 151,511 Opobo Town 503 11 Andoni 233 211,009 Ngo 503 11 Bonny 642 215,358 Bonny 503 12 Degema 1,011 249,773 Degema 504 17 Asari-Toru 113 220,100 Buguma 504 13 Akuku-Toru 1,443 156,006 Abonnema 504 17 Abua–Odual 704 282,988 Abua 510 13 Ahoada West 403 249,425 Akinima 510 12 Ahoada East 341 166,747 Ahoada 510 13 Ogba–Egbema–Ndoni 969 284,010 Omoku 510 17 Emohua 831 201,901 Emohua 511 14 Ikwerre 655 189,726 Isiokpo 511 13 Etche 805 249,454 Okehi 512 19 Omuma 170 100,366 Eberi 512 10 Cities and towns Main article: List of cities and towns in Rivers State Further information: List of villages in Rivers State Education Primary and secondary education See also: List of schools in Rivers State In 1999, the state had 2,805 government primary schools and 243 secondary schools. The secondary schools are concentrated mainly in LGA headquarter towns and in Port Harcourt. Colleges and universities Tertiary institutions include the University of Port Harcourt,[27] Choba, Port Harcourt established by the federal government in 1975, the Rivers State University, founded in 1980 by the state government, the School of Health Technology, Port Harcourt, established by the state government, the Federal College of Education (Technical), Omoku and the state-owned Ken Saro Wiwa Polytechnic at Bori, the Ignatius Ajuru University of Education (Ignatius Ajuru University) at Rumuolumeni, Nkpolu Oroworukwo and Ndele and the School of Nursing and Midwifery at Rumueme, Port Harcourt.[28] The Elechi Amadi Polytechnic in Port Harcourt gained polytechnic status in 2006 and was named Port Harcourt Polytechnic and later renamed Elechi Amadi Polytechnic after the scholar Elechi Amadi[29] Riverians Main article: List of people from Rivers State See also Index of Rivers State-related articles Outline of Rivers State List of Governors of Rivers State by time in office List of people from Rivers State References See List of Governors of Rivers State for a list of prior governors "2006 PHC Priority Tables – NATIONAL POPULATION COMMISSION". population.gov.ng. Retrieved 2017-10-10. "C-GIDD (Canback Global Income Distribution Database)". EIU Canback. Retrieved 2008-08-20. "Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org. Retrieved 2018-09-13. "Nigeria: Administrative Division". City Population. Retrieved 28 November 2014. "Amaechi Catches Facebook Bug". Daily Independent, accessed via HighBeam Research (subscription required). 10 August 2009. Archived from the original on 6 July 2017. Retrieved 27 February 2016. "Rivers State government website". Retrieved December 7, 2010. "History of Rivers State". Rsha.gov.ng. Archived from the original on 13 December 2012. Retrieved 30 November 2014. "Upper Orashi forest". Birdlife International. 7 September 2008. Retrieved 8 August 2017. "Biseni forest". BirdLife International. Retrieved 8 August 2017. ed, Uma Eleazu, general (1988). Nigeria, the first 25 years. Port Harcourt, Rivers State: Infodata [u.a.] ISBN 9781296151. "Action Plan Nigeria" (PDF). UNESCO. 7 September 2012. Retrieved 4 August 2017. "Strategic Health Development Plan" (PDF). Rivers State Ministry of Health. 5 January 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 June 2016. Retrieved 4 August 2017 – via Mamaye.org. Omabala Aguleri (13 July 2014). Igbo History Hebrew Exiles of Eri. eBookIt.com. ISBN 978-1456622206. Retrieved 5 August 2017. Ivan R. Dihoff, ed. (1983). African Languages, Development and the State. Foris. ISBN 9070176572. Richard Fardon; Graham Furniss (2002). African Languages, Development and the State. Routledge. p. 66. ISBN 1134868049. Retrieved 6 August 2017. "Nigeria". Ethnologue (22 ed.). Retrieved 2020-01-10. "Remittances from diaspora Nigerians as lubricant for the economy". Nigerian Tribune. 8 September 2014. Archived from the original on 17 March 2015. Retrieved 3 December 2014. "Rivers". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 30 November 2014. "Power Sector Transformation In Rivers State". The Tide. 27 May 2012. Retrieved 30 July 2017. "The Hazards Of Unpainted Taxis". The Tide. 5 February 2014. Retrieved 28 July 2017. Information Service (1956). Eastern Region (Nigeria). Enugu: Enugu, Eastern Nigeria Information Service. "Urban Water Sector Reform And Port Harcourt Water Supply And Sanitation Project" (PDF). AfDB. Retrieved 3 August 2017. "Regulatory Water Sector Reforms in Rivers State". USAID. Archived from the original on 7 November 2013. Retrieved 3 August 2017.CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) "About Us". Rivers State Judiciary. Archived from the original on 5 December 2014. Retrieved 28 November 2014. Nigerian National Assembly delegation from Rivers "University of Port Harcourt". University Port Harcourt Student Rivers. "SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE". OnlineNigeria. 2/10/2003. Retrieved 2010-03-04. Check date values in: |date= (help) "Rivers State College of Arts and Science". Rivers State College of Arts and Science. Retrieved 2010-03-04. Further reading Main article: Bibliography of Rivers State E. D. W. Opu-Ogulaya. History of the Creation of the Rivers State of Nigeria: Primer One. Rivers State, Nigeria: Government Printer. Mitee, Leesi Ebenezer (2010). Laws of Rivers State of Nigeria: an encyclopaedic guide. Luton: Worldwide Business Resources. ISBN 978-0956198815.(Full text via Google Books.) Jones, G.I. (2000). The trading states of the oil rivers: a study of political development in eastern Nigeria. Oxford: James Currey. ISBN 0852559186.(Full text via Google Books.) External links Rivers State government website Geographic data related to Rivers State at OpenStreetMap