Sam Maceo

Salvatore Maceo was born in Palermo, Sicily to Vito Maceo and Angelina Sansone in 1894.[1] He had three brothers, Rosario (Rose), Vincent, and Frank.[4] In 1901 the Maceo family immigrated to Leesville, Louisiana in the United States.[5] He trained as a barber and moved to Galveston in 1910, shortly before World War I, to start a business with his brother Rose.[6]

As Prohibition took hold Sam and Rose began to give gifts of wine that they were able to smuggle to their customers. As their customers became more interested in the liquor they gradually became more serious bootleggers. The Maceo brothers allied themselves with the Beach Gang, opened a "cold drink place," (i.e. speakeasy), and invested in the gang's gambling operations.[7] Eventually the Beach Gang leader Ollie Quinn and the brothers opened the Hollywood Dinner Club, the Gulf coast's most elegant night club at the time.[4][8] Sam's smooth personality quickly made him the "face" of the nightclub. He is said to have developed his style and interpersonal skills by modeling Quinn's facility in dealing with politicians.

Fortuitous arrests of the leaders of the gangs allowed the brothers to gain control of the island's underworld.[9] The Maceos gradually invested in numerous clubs and other entertainment ventures in the city involving gambling and bootlegging. Their other big venture, besides the Hollywood, was a club and casino called Maceo's Grotto (later renamed the Balinese Room) which opened in 1929.[10] The Maceos soon controlled most of the gambling, prostitution, and other vice on the island.[11] Their wealth and Sam's ability to deal with influential figures allowed him to exert increasing influence over other businesses and the government of the island.

The Balinese Room, one of the syndicate's two main clubs

The criminal organisation created by the Maceos quickly became a business empire in what is known as Galveston's open era or the Free State of Galveston. Through business dealings and partnerships Sam Maceo was able to earn millions for his organisation.[3] However, though Sam was "the boss", Rose is generally credited as being the main decision maker in the organisation.[12]

The headquarters of the Maceo organisation was the Turf Athletic Club.[13] In addition to gymnasium and steam room facilities the club contained a bookmaking parlor for baseball and horse race betting as well as two clubs, the Studio Lounge and the Western Room.[14] The criminal empire, led by Sam, included dozens of bookmaking parlors, casinos, and clubs throughout the island and Galveston County, particularly Kemah and Dickinson.[15][16][17] Additionally the Maceos came to dominate vice and narcotics as far north as Dallas.[18]

The crown jewel of the Maceo empire was the Hollywood Dinner Club.[19] Once the Hollywood was shut down by the Texas Rangers in 1939 the Balinese Room became the premiere club in the syndicate's holdings. Other properties held by the Maceos included the Moulin Rouge, Murdoch's Bingo, and the Pleasure Pier.[4]

Investments in oil speculation helped to diversify the Maceo's portfolio and add to their wealth leading to the creation of Gulf Oil Properties.[20] Other Maceo corporate holdings included Maceo and Company, Dickinson Equipment, Murdoch Bathhouse Company Inc., Gulf Coast Properties Inc., Gulf Entertainment places, and the Galveston Novelty Company.[21]

Maceo cultivated relationships with business leaders throughout Galveston including William L. Moody, head of one of Galveston's most prominent families. Over the years Sam was able to secure substantial financing from Moody's American National Insurance Company (ANICO) and many other institutions.[22] Maceo established strong relationships with the blessing from leading families such as the House of Sealy and the Kempner family.[23] Major legitimate businesses on the island such as the Sealy's banking, premier Hotel Galvez were, in fact, able to thrive in large part because of the illegal activities permitted and including access to the Galveston Wharves and shipping terminals owned by the House of Sealy.

The Maceos did not own all the major vice businesses on the island. Though dominant figures in many ways, they generally did not attempt to prevent others from prospering so long as it did not interfere with their businesses. Nevertheless, in the view of many the Maceos ran the illegal activities on the island for three decades.[4]

Though the operations the Maceos owned were largely confined to Galveston County, there were stories of partnerships outside of the county. Houston crime boss Bignaggio Angelica was said to be a subordinate of Sam and Rose.[24] Houston businessman Vincent Vallone, officially a restaurateur, was said to be a partner of the Maceos and heavily involved in the Houston gambling and nightclub scene. In 1937 Maceo and Vallone were arrested together on federal narcotics charges, but were never convicted. Well-known mobsters, such as Albert Anastasia, Frank Nitti and Al Capone were also involved with the Maceos. [25]

Maceo first married Jessica McBride in Galveston.[1] He later remarried to Edna Marie Sedgwick, a ballet dancer from Rhode Island in 1941. Sedgwick had begun her career in ballet at a young age, had performed for heads of state throughout Europe and had performed in Universal Studios films such as "You're a Sweetheart" (1937). While traveling with a group of entertainers to Galveston, Edna met Sam and they were soon married. Sam and Edna had three children, Sam Jr., Edward, and Sedgie.[26] Following Sam's death Edna married Henry Plitt of New York, founder of Plitt Theaters.[26]

In spite of Sam's influence in the community and importance to the economy, the Maceos were never accepted by the leading families of Galveston society. Indeed, Sam was never allowed to join the local country club, a mark of acceptance among leading families. Reports indicate that Edna in particular felt the rejection by high society.[26][27]

In the business world, Sam Maceo was known as being pleasant and persuasive.[3] He was influential with politicians, business leaders, and Hollywood celebrities alike.

The general public saw Maceo as a kind, generous person who genuinely cared for the Galveston community.[26] Sam was known for favoring local companies when hiring contractors for the syndicate. He donated heavily to the church and to local charities. According to one story, a local automobile dealer, on the edge of bankruptcy, fortuitously managed to sell a fleet of cars to all of the priests in the city, paid for by Sam Maceo. Another account says that when Maceo discovered that a local black church could not afford a new roof, a work crew soon appeared free of charge to do the work.[26]

In 1937 federal charges were filed against Sam Maceo who was accused of being the mastermind of a nationwide narcotics trafficking scheme.[3] Maceo was released on bail and fought extradition to New York.[28] Ultimately he was acquitted in 1942.[3] There was a great deal of speculation in the Galveston community as to whether Maceo was framed including speculation that the Moody family was involved.[29]

Though the Maceo-owned clubs were raided numerous times the raids were rarely successful (with the important exception of the Hollywood Dinner Club being closed) and the Maceos were able to carry on their business throughout their careers.

The heyday of the Free State was over by the 1940s. Because of conflicts with the United States Treasury, the Hollywood Dinner Club was shut down in the late 1930s.[15] The local clubs found it increasingly difficult to attract major entertainment figures. Gambling had been legalized in Nevada in 1931 and this distinct advantage over Galveston gradually lured mob figures such as New York City's Bugsy Siegel to Las Vegas.[30] The competition created by the up-and-coming entertainment center in the desert substantially challenged the island on the Gulf. Still even during the later years the Balinese Room was able to attract the likes of Tony Bennett and Peggy Lee, among others.[30][31]

By the late 1940s corruption at the Texas state and county level was in decline.[32] As investigation of the Maceo activities became more serious, the Maceos began plans to move their empire to Nevada. Sam Maceo became a major investor in the Desert Inn, which opened in 1950, the largest and most elaborate casino resort on the Las Vegas Strip at the time. Moe Dalitz, who opened the Desert Inn, and Sam and had long been allies and business partners, and financing of the Las Vegas project was largely facilitated by the Maceos and Moodys through the ANICO[33][34] (the company, for its part, is known to have lent millions to known mob figures).[35] Sam and Rose Maceo transferred controlling interest of most of their Galveston empire to a new group dominated by the Fertitta family with investments coming from business interests around the island. The Fertitta group, however, never wielded the influence that the Maceos had.

Sam Maceo died of cancer in 1951 at Johns Hopkins Hospital, just after the opening of the Desert Inn.[36] His death made national obituary news.[37] Galveston's wide-open era ended a few years after Maceo's death when authorities raided the island's gambling establishments. The Balinese Room continued to operate as a restaurant until 2008, when it was completely destroyed by Hurricane Ike.

• Balinese Room
• Free State of Galveston
• Galveston, Texas
• Rosario Maceo
• Ollie Quinn
• Dutch Voight
• Sicilian American
• Tilman J. Fertitta
• Texas City Disaster

• Galveston, Texas from the Handbook of Texas Online
• Burka, Paul (December 1983). "Grande Dame of the Gulf". Texas Monthly.
• Cartwright, Gary (June 1993). "One Last Shot". Texas Monthly.
• Cartwright, Gary (1998). Galveston: a history of the island. TCU Press. ISBN 0-689-11991-7.
• McComb, David G. (1986). Galveston: a history. University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-72049-1.
• McComb, David G. (1989). Texas, a modern history. University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-73048-9.
• Sitton, Thad (2006). The Texas Sheriff: Lord of the County Line. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-3471-0.
• Utley Robert Marshall (2007). Lone Star Lawmen. Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-515444-3.