Shaxian dialect
Shaxian dialect (Central Min: 沙縣事, Mandarin Chinese: 沙縣話) is a dialect of Central Min Chinese spoken in Sha County, Sanming in Western Fujian Province of China.
| Shaxian dialect | |
|---|---|
| 沙縣事 | |
| Pronunciation | [sua˦ kuɪ̃ ˧ sai˨˦] |
| Native to | Southern China |
| Region | Sha County, Sanming, Fujian |
Sino-Tibetan
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
| Glottolog | None |
| Linguasphere | 79-AAA-hba |
Phonology
Shaxian dialect has 17 initials, 36 rimes and 6 tones.
Initials
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Velar | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Voiceless | Voiced | Voiceless | Voiced | Voiceless | Voiced | Voiceless | Voiced | ||
| Nasal | (m) 罵慢 | (n) 鈴南 | (ŋ) 雅眼 | ||||||
| Stop | Tenuis | p 布婆 | b 母毛 |
t 東大 | k 哥間 | g 蟻額 | |||
| Aspirated | pʰ 普抱 | tʰ 通頭 | kʰ 溪欠 | ||||||
| Affricate | Tenuis | ʦ 酒曹 | tʃ 朱足 | ||||||
| Aspirated | ʦʰ 秋春 | tʃʰ 出穿 | |||||||
| Fricative | s 心沙 | ʃ 水船 | x 好興 | ||||||
| Lateral | l 納力 | ||||||||
| Zero consonant | zero consonant 影黃 | ||||||||
Notes:
- /tʃ/, /tʃʰ/, /ʃ/ only connected with round mouth rimes (撮口呼韻母);
- /b/, /l/, /g/ cannot be connected with nasal vowel rimes;
- /m/, /n/, /ŋ/ only connected with nasal vowel rimes.
Rimes
| i / ɤ 資 / 子 | i / e 西 / 死 |
| u / o 故 / 古 | y / ø 居 / 舉 |
| iu / io 抽 / 丑 | ui / ue 追 / 嘴 |
| yi / yɤ 威 / 偉 | o / ɔ 波 / 保 |
| io / iɔ 腰 / 約 | e / ɛ 排/八 |
| ye / yɛ 吹 / 血 | a 家 |
| ia 遮 | ua 瓜 |
| ya 蟻 | ai 猜 |
| uai 乖 | au 交 |
| iau 曉 | ŋ̍ 光 |
| aŋ 講 | uaŋ 望 |
| ɛiŋ 心 | iɛiŋ 英 |
| yɛiŋ 永 | ɔuŋ 風 |
| œyŋ 鍾 | iŋ 廠 |
| ĩ / ẽ 仙 / 險 | uĩ / uẽ 翻/粉 |
| yĩ / yẽ 根 / 卷 | ɔ̃ 爭 |
| iɔ̃ 驚 | ɔ̃i 燈 |
Some rimes come in pairs in the above table, and they are closely related with the tones: the one to the left only exist in dark level (陰平), light level (陽平), light rising (陽上) and departing (去聲); while the other only exist in dark rising (陰上) and entering (入聲). It can be compared with close and open rimes of Fuzhou dialect, Eastern Min.
Tones
| No. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tone name | dark level 陰平 |
light level 陽平 |
dark rising 陰上 |
light rising 陽上 |
departing 去聲 |
entering 入聲 |
| Tone contour | ˧ 33 | ˧˩ 31 | ˨˩˨ 21 | ˥˧ 53 | ˨˦ 24 | ˨˩˨ 212 |
| Example Hanzi | 詩 | 南 | 始 | 是 | 四 | 失 |
The entering tones in Sanming dialect don't have any entering tone coda (入聲韻尾) such as /-ʔ/, /-p̚/, /-t̚/ and /-k̚/. It's quite different from many other Chinese dialects.
Tone sandhi
Shaxian dialect has extremely extensive tone sandhi rules: in an utterance, only the last syllable pronounced is not affected by the rules.
The two-syllable tonal sandhi rules are shown in the table below (the rows give the first syllable's original citation tone, while the columns give the citation tone of the second syllable):
| dark level 33 |
light level 31 |
dark rising 21 |
light rising 53 |
departing 24 |
entering 212 | |
| dark level 33 |
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| light level 31 |
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| dark rising 21 |
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| light rising 53 |
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| departing 24 |
dark rising (21) | |||||
| entering 212 |
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Some rimes may change their pronunciation because they are closely related with the tones (see above).
References
- Compilation Commission of Chorography of Sha County 沙县地方志编纂委员会 (1992). Sha xian zhi 沙县志 ["Chorography of Sha County"]. 32. Beijing: Zhongguo kexue jishu chubanshe 中国科学技术出版社 ["China Science and Technology Press"]. ISBN 7-110-02307-9.
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