Xiapu dialect

Xiapu dialect (Eastern Min: 霞浦話; Foochow Romanized: Hà-puō-uâ) is a dialect of Eastern Min Chinese spoken in Xiapu, Ningde in northeastern Fujian province of China.

Xiapu dialect
霞浦話
Native toSouthern China
RegionXiapu, Ningde, Fujian
Language codes
ISO 639-3–
GlottologNone
Linguasphere79-AAA-ibe

Phonology

Xiapu dialect has 15 initials, 43 rimes and 7 tones.

Initials
Bilabial Dental Alveolar Velar Glottal
Nasal m
蒙		 n
日		 ŋ
語
Stop Aspirated pʰ
波		 tʰ
他		 kʰ
氣
Tenuis p
邊		 t
低		 k
求		 ʔ
鶯
Fricative (β) θ
時		 (ʒ) x
喜
Affricate Aspirated ʦʰ
出
Tenuis ʦ
曾
Lateral l
柳

Rimes
aiauaaiauuai
aŋiaŋuaŋaiŋɔuŋ
aʔiaʔuaʔaiʔɔuʔ
ɛ, ɔɛu
ɔʔ
e, oøoieu
eiŋ, ouŋyoŋ
eiʔ, ouʔøʔ, yoʔ
uiuui
uŋyuŋ
uʔyuʔ
i, y
iŋ
iʔ

Tones
No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Tone name dark level
陰平		 light level
陽平		 rising
上聲		 dark departing
陰去		 light departing
陽去		 dark entering
陰入		 light entering
陽入
Tone contour ˦ (44) ˨ (22) ˦˨ (42) ˧˥ (35) ˨˩˨ (212) ˥ (5) ˨ (2)

Initial assimilation

The two-syllable initial assimilation rules are shown in the table below:

The Coda of the Former Syllable The Initial Assimilation of the Latter Syllable
Null coda or /-ʔ/
  • /p/, /pʰ/ change to /β/;
  • /t/, /tʰ/, /θ/ change to /l/;
  • /x/ change to the null initial;
  • /ʦ/ and /ʦʰ/ change to /ʒ/;
  • /m/, /n/, /ŋ/, /k/, /kʰ/, /l/ and the null initial remain unchanged.
/-ŋ/
  • /p/ and /pʰ/ change to /m/;
  • /t/, /tʰ/, /θ/ change to /n/;
  • /k/, /kʰ/, /x/ and the null initial change to /ŋ/;
  • /ʦ/ and /ʦʰ/ change to /ʒ/;
  • /m/, /n/ and /ŋ/, /l/ remain unchanged.
/-k̚/ All initials remain unchanged.

Tone sandhi

The two-syllable tonal sandhi rules are shown in the table below:

the second syllable
the first syllable dark level
44		 light level
22		 rising
42		 dark departing
35		 light departing
212		 dark entering
5		 light entering
2
dark departing
35		 55 51
dark entering
5
rising
42		 51 5
dark level
44		 44
light departing
212
light entering
2
light level
22		 22

References
  • Compilation Commission of Chorography of Xiapu County 霞浦县地方志编纂委员会 (1990). Xia pu xian zhi 霞浦县志 ["Chorography of Xiapu County"]. 27. Beijing: Fangzhi chubanshe 方志出版社 ["Chorography Press"]. ISBN 7-80122-542-2.
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