Shaykh Ahmad

Shaykh Ahmad bin Zayn al-Dín bin Ibráhím al-Ahsá'í (Arabic: شيخ أحمد بن زين الدين بن إبراهيم الأحسائي) (1753–1826), commonly known as Shaykh Ahmad or al-Ahsá'í, was a prominent 19th-century Shia Muslim theologian and jurist, founded the influential Shaykhí school of Twelver Shiism, which attracted followers from throughout the Persian and Ottoman Empires.


Ahmad al-Ahsa'i
الشيخ أحمد الإحسائي
Ahmad bin Zayn al-Din al-Ahsáʼí
Personal
BornMay 1753
Al-Mutayraf, Al-Hasa, Khalidi Emirate (Present-day Saudi Arabia)
DiedJune 27, 1826(1826-06-27) (aged 72–73)
Medina, Hijaz (Present-day Saudi Arabia)
Resting placeJannaṫ al-Baqīʻ Cemetery, Medina, Hijaz (Present-day Saudi Arabia)
ReligionIslam
EthnicityArab
EraQajar Dyanasty
DenominationTwelver Shia
MovementShaykhísm
Muslim leader

He was a native of the Al-Ahsa region (Eastern Arabian Peninsula), educated in Bahrain and the theological centers of Najaf and Karbala in Iraq.[1] Spending the last twenty years of his life in Iran, he received the protection and patronage of princes of the Qajar dynasty.[2] His ancestors were nomadic Sunnis.[3]

Shaykh Ahmad diverged from the Usuli school on key issues related to eschatology, the role of the ulama, and the proper interpretation of the mystical hadith of the Twelve Imams. These divergences resulted in accusations of heresy from orthodox members of the Shia ulama, and instances of persecution against Ahsá'í and his followers occurred during and after his lifetime. His teachings were complex, thus he often practiced Taqayya concealing his controversial ideas from his opponents.[4]

Today, Shaykhí populations retain a minority following in Iran and Iraq. After the death of Shaykh Ahmad's successor, Kazim Rashti, many Shaykhís converted to Bábism and the Baháʼí Faith; the two Shaykhí leaders continue to be highly regarded by Baháʼís, being seen as spiritual forerunners to that religion.

History

Early life

Little is documented about the early life of Shaykh Ahmad, except that he was born in al-Ahsa, in the northeast of the Arabian peninsula, to a Shiʻi family of Sunni origin in either the year 1166 AH (1753 CE), or 1157 AH (1744 CE). Nabíl's Narrative, a history of the Baháʼí Faith, describes his spiritual awakening as follows:

He observed how those who professed the Faith of Islam had shattered its unity, sapped its force, perverted its purpose, and degraded its holy name. His soul was filled with anguish at the sight of the corruption and strife which characterised the Shí'ah sect of Islam [...] Forsaking his home and kindred, on one of the islands of Bahrayn, to the south of the Persian Gulf, he set out, [...] to unravel the mysteries of those verses of Islamic Scriptures which foreshadowed the advent of a new Manifestation [...] There burned in his soul the conviction that no reform, however drastic, within the Faith of Islam, could achieve the regeneration of this perverse people. He knew, [...] that nothing short of a new and independent Revelation, as attested and foreshadowed by the sacred Scriptures of Islam, could revive the fortunes and restore the purity of that decadent Faith.

While it is unclear how much of Nabil's interpretation is consistent with Shaykh Ahmad's true feelings, the underlying motivations for reform, and ultimately for messianic expectation, become somewhat clearer.

Education and Mission

Shaykh Ahmad, at about age forty (1784 or 1794 - circa), began to study in earnest in the Shiʻi centres of religious scholarship such as Karbala and Najaf. He attained sufficient recognition in such circles to be declared a mujtahid, an interpreter of Islamic Law. He contended with Sufi and Neo-Platonist scholars, and attained a positive reputation among their detractors. He declared that all knowledge and sciences were contained (in essential form) within the Quran, and that to excel in the sciences, all knowledge must be gleaned from the Quran. To this end he developed systems of interpretation of the Quran and sought to inform himself of all the sciences current in the Muslim world.

He also evinced a veneration of the Imams, even beyond the extent of his pious contemporaries and espoused heterodox views on the afterlife, the resurrection and end-times, as well as medicine and cosmology. His views on the soul posited a "subtle body" separate from, and associated with the physical body, and this also altered his views on the occultation of the Imam Muhammad al-Mahdi. His views resulted in his denunciation by several learned clerics, and he engaged in many debates before moving on to Persia where he settled for a time in the province of Yazd. It was in Yazd that much of his books and letters were written.

Dreams and Visions

He experienced a series of dreams and visions. In one such dream recounted by him, he believed that he was granted permission to transmit knowledge by each of the twelve Imams. In another dream he saw Imam Hasan teaching him Quranic verses. [5]

Founding the Shaykhi School

Juan Cole summarizes the situation at the advent of the Shaykhi School, and the questions that were unfolding as his views crystallized and he acquired an early following:

When Shaykh Ahmad al-Ahsa'i wrote, there was no Shaykhi school, which only crystallized after his death. He saw himself as a mainstream Shiʻite, not as a sectarian leader. Yet he clearly innovated in Shiʻi thought in ways that, toward the end of his life, sparked great controversy. Among the contentious arenas he entered was that of the nature of religious authority. He lived at a time when his branch of Islam was deeply divided on the role of the Muslim learned man. Was he an exemplar to be emulated by the laity without fail, or merely the first among equals, bound by a literal interpretation of the sacred text just as was everyone else? Or was he, as the Sufis maintained, a pole channeling the grace of God to those less enlightened than himself? How may we situate Shaykh Ahmad al-Ahsa'i with regard to these contending visions of Shiʻi Islam?[6]

Juan Cole, Shaykh Ahmad Al-Ahsaʾi on the Sources of Religious Authority

Moojan Momen in his Introduction to Shiʻi Islam (George Ronald, Oxford, 1985) states that many mujtahids were afraid that the Shaykh's preference for intuitive knowledge, which he claimed to obtain directly by inspiration from the Imams, would seriously undermine the authority of their position. Momen has some interesting and useful commentary on Shaykh Ahmad's doctrines and his succession during which the conflict with Shiʻi orthodoxy intensified.

Nader Saiedi in his Gate of the Heart (Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 2010) has characterised his followers by their fervent millenarian expectations, their complex mystical and esoteric knowledge, their insistence on the absolute transcendence of the divine Essence, their rejection of the doctrine of wahdatu’l-wujúd, their reinterpretation of the traditional doctrine of bodily resurrection (ma'ad-i-Jismani), and their ambiguous assertions concerning the necessity of the presence of a living Gate (a Báb) to the Hidden Imám for the guidance of the Shí'i community.[7]

Successor

Shaykh Ahmad appointed Kazim Rashti as his successor, who led the Shaykhí movement until his death.[8] He taught his students how to recognize the Mahdi and the Masih (the returned Jesus). After his death in 1843, many of his students spread out around Iraq and Iran to search for a new leader.

Published works

Shaykh Ahmad was a prolific writer, he is known to have completed 71 published works during his career, of which 354 contemporary manuscripts are known to be still extant.[9] Writing primarily in Arabic, his work spanned a wide array of literary forms. The largest number of his works consist of correspondence with other members of the ulama or his students, usually intended to expand upon a teaching advanced in another work, or provide answers to vexing questions of theology or jurisprudence. Treatises and lessons composed independently by al-Ahsáʼí make up a smaller number of his works, but tend to be longer than his correspondence and more commonly studied and reprinted. In keeping with Islamic and Persian literary and academic tradition, a large number of his works take the form of commentaries on Surahs from the Qurʼan, important Hadiths of Muhammad or the Imams, or writing by earlier mystical or theological writers.[10] The most comprehensive bibliography of Ahmad's known works identifies twelve wide subject areas addressed by individual works:

Sharh al-Fawa'id. Lithographed. N.P. (Tabriz: 1856).

Jawami' al-Kalim. Lithographed. N.P. (Tabriz: 1856-59).

Sharh al-Masha'ir. Lithographed. N.P. (Tehran: 1861).

Sharh al-'Arshiyya. Lithographed. N.P. (Tehran: 1861).

Sharh al-Ziyara al-Jami'a al-Kabira. Chapkhaneh Sa'adat (Kirman: 1972), 4 Volumes.

Rasa'il al-Hikma. Al-Da'ira al-'Alamiyya (Beirut: 1993).

Notes

  1. Zarandi 1932, p. 2.
  2. Zarandi 1932, p. 7.
  3. "AḤSĀʾĪ, SHAIKH AḤMAD – Encyclopaedia Iranica". iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 2020-09-20.
  4. Smith, Peter (1999). A Concise Encyclopedia of the Baháʼí Faith. Oxford, UK: Oneworld Publications. p. 31. ISBN 1-85168-184-1.
  5. "AḤSĀʾĪ, SHAIKH AḤMAD – Encyclopaedia Iranica". iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 2020-09-20.
  6. Cole 2001.
  7. Saiedi, Nader, 1955- (31 March 2010). Gate of the heart : understanding the writings of the Báb. [Waterloo, Ont.] ISBN 978-1-55458-056-9. OCLC 904293009.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. Corbin 1977.
  9. Momen 1991, p. 25.
  10. Momen 1991, p. 170.

References

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.