Sudan–United States relations

Relations between the countries declined quickly following the 1989 military coup and the rise of Islamist leaders in Sudan's government.[8] Sudanese support for Iraq during the 1990–91 Gulf War helped ensure the downturn.[8] The United States, pushed by domestic interest groups such as evangelical Christians and the Congressional Black Caucus, expressed outspoken unhappiness over Khartoum's handling of the war with the SPLM/A, the human-rights situation, including alleged government support for slavery, and its welcoming environment toward international terrorist groups.[8] Washington put Sudan on its list of state supporters of terrorism in 1993, an action that resulted in additional U.S. sanctions against Sudan.[8]

The administration of President William J. Clinton subsequently worked to isolate Sudan.[8] During the mid-1990s, it instituted a Front Line States policy of pressure against Khartoum with the assistance of Uganda, Ethiopia, and Eritrea.[8] Growing unhappiness over Sudan's policies and terrorist threat information aimed at Americans in Sudan, much of which turned out to be false, caused the United States in the spring of 1996 to relocate all Americans from the embassy in Khartoum to the U.S. Embassy in Nairobi.[8] The embassy in Khartoum remained open but staffed by Sudanese and occasional Americans visiting from Kenya.[8] At the urging of the United States, Sudan forced Osama bin Laden to leave the country in May 1996, but Washington did not follow this development by trying to improve ties with Sudan.[8] The low point in relations occurred in August 1998, just days after the bombing of the American embassies in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, and Nairobi, Kenya, when a U.S. naval vessel launched cruise missiles against a pharmaceutical factory in Khartoum on the questionable grounds that it was linked to the production of chemical weapons.[8]

At the end of the Clinton administration, the United States opened a dialogue with Sudan on counterterrorism, and Sudan was receptive.[8] The George W. Bush administration generally continued a tough policy toward Sudan, but the events of September 11, 2001, had a dramatic impact on the relationship.[8] The United States moved counterterrorism to the highest foreign-policy priority, and Sudan, taking advantage of this new situation, stepped up its counterterrorism cooperation with the United States.[8] President Bush nominated former Senator John Danforth as his special envoy for Sudan in 2001.[8] Danforth focused on ending the Sudanese civil war, but the U.S. Congress and the evangelical community remained highly critical of Sudan.[8] The United States pursued a policy of carrots and sticks.[8] In October 2002, President Bush signed the congressionally initiated Sudan Peace Act, which provided for punitive financial and diplomatic steps against Sudan if Washington concluded that Khartoum was acting in bad faith at the peace talks.[8] At the same time, Sudan offered significant cooperation on counterterrorism, a response appreciated in Washington.[8]

The United States, working with IGAD, Britain, and Norway, played a key role in bringing the civil war in Sudan to an end.[8] While this development had the potential to significantly improve Sudanese–American relations, Sudan's botched handling of the crisis in Darfur that began in 2003 set back relations with Washington.[8] In 2006, under pressure from Congress and domestic interest groups, the Bush administration named another special envoy for Sudan, Andrew Natsios, who resigned at the end of 2007 and was replaced by former diplomat Richard S. Williamson.[8] The United States took the lead in requesting the UN Security Council to impose additional international sanctions against Sudan.[8] Failing to convince the UN to institute broader sanctions, President Bush signed a bill at the end of 2007 that allowed state and local governments to cut investment ties with companies doing business with Sudan.[8] At the same time, the United States committed US$2.7 billion in fiscal years 2005–6 for humanitarian assistance, peacekeeping in Darfur, implementation of the CPA, and reconstruction and development in South Sudan.[8] Khartoum continued to cooperate with the United States on counterterrorism.[8] The United States also was the single largest holder—in the amount of US$1.5 billion—of Sudanese debt.[8] The United States supported full implementation of the CPA and the Darfur Peace Agreement and rapid deployment of more than 20,000 additional peacekeepers to Darfur.[8]

U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry with Sudanese Foreign Minister Ibrahim Ghandour, 2015

The situation in Darfur dominated the United States–Sudan relationship until early in the administration of President Barack H. Obama.[8] Obama named Scott Gration as the new special envoy for Sudan.[8] He changed the tone of the dialogue with the government in Khartoum and began contact with Darfur's highly fragmented rebel movements.[8] He also concluded that the United States must give at least as much attention to successful implementation of the CPA as to resolution of the crisis in Darfur.[8] He favored engagement with Khartoum over confrontation and proposed a policy of engagement that included rewards and penalties.[8] Gration's policy had support in the White House but detractors elsewhere in the U.S. government and some harsh critics on Capitol Hill and in the “Save Darfur Coalition” community.[8] Late in 2010, the United States spelled out the conditions for the normalization of ties with Sudan.[8] They included full implementation of the CPA and the holding of a referendum on the future of South Sudan in January 2011.[8] The United States significantly increased the number of personnel devoted to an effort to assure this outcome.[8] Washington also noted that there must be peace and accountability in Darfur.[8]

On 13 January 2017, the U.S. lifted economic and trade sanctions on Sudan due to cooperation with the Sudanese government in fighting terrorism, reducing conflict, and denying safe haven to South Sudanese rebels and improving humanitarian access to people in need. The White House announced the easing of sanctions as part of a five-track engagement process.[9] On 16 March 2017, the U.S. and Sudan announced the resumption of military relations after exchanging military attachés.[10] In April 2017, it was announced that the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), which was “especially keen to see sanctions lifted“, had decided to open a large office in Khartoum.[11][12] Sudan was also removed from the list of Muslim-majority countries on the American travel ban.[11] On 6 October 2017, the U.S. permanently lifted all 1997 sanctions after Sudan cut all ties with the North Korean regime of Kim Jong Un.[11]

Al-Bashir was deposed as Sudan's president in a coup d'état in April 2019. In September 2019, Sudan's new prime minister, Abdalla Hamdok, said that he held useful talks with U.S. officials while at the United Nations, and expressed hope Khartoum could “very soon" be removed from the U.S. state sponsor of terrorism list.[13] In December 2019, U.S. Secretary of State Mike Pompeo stated that the U.S. and Sudan are to begin exchanging ambassadors after 23 years of no diplomatic relations.[14] That same month, Hamdok became the first Sudanese leader to visit Washington D.C. since 1985.[15]

The last U.S. Ambassador was Tim Carney, who left the post on 30 November 1997. Also in December, it was reported that the Sudanese transitional government will close the offices of Hamas, Hezbollah, and any other Islamic group designated as terrorist by the U.S.[16] Sudan remains on the U.S. state sponsor of terrorism list.

Secretary of State Michael R. Pompeo meets with Sudanese Sovereign Council Chair General Abdel Fattah al-Burhan, in Khartoum, on 25 August 2020.

As of June 2019, the office of U.S. Ambassador to Sudan was vacant. The Chargé d’Affaires was Steven Koutsis[17] and the Deputy Chief of Mission was Ellen B. Thorburn.[18]

On 5 May 2020, Sudan appointed Noureldin Sati, a veteran diplomat, as ambassador.[19]

In August 2020, Mike Pompeo became the first US secretary of state to visit Sudan since Condoleezza Rice in 2005.[lower-alpha 1] The visit came on the heels of the Israel–United Arab Emirates peace agreement. His visit was meant to discuss the possibility of opening relations between Sudan and Israel and exhibit assistance and support for Sudan's shift to democracy.[21]

On 19 October 2020, President Donald Trump announced that he would lift the designation of Sudan as a state sponsor of terrorism once $335 million in compensation from Sudan to American families victims of terrorism was deposited into an escrow account.[22] On 23 October 2020, President Donald Trump officially notified the Congress of his intention to remove Sudan from the State Department's blacklist of state sponsors of terrorism.[23]

On 14 December 2020, the United States officially removed Sudan from the list after it agreed to establish relations with Israel.[24]

On 6 January 2021, U.S. Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin signed a memorandum of understanding with Sudanese Acting Finance Minister Heba Mohamed Ali, in order to clear Sudan's arrears with the World Bank, and to allow their access to more than US$1 billion in annual lending.[25]