Ta (Indic)

Ancient scripts
Bangla and Tibetan scripts
	Note: Korean Hangul is an alphabet, not an Indic abugida, but; appears to ultimately have some derivation from 'Phags-pa.
Sharada-based scripts
Nagaris and other Gupta-based scripts
Kawi scripts
Tai and Khmer scripts
Other Grantha-based scripts
Other Brahmic scripts
	Canadian Aboriginal syllabics do not have a letter derived from Ta.
Phonemic representation:	/t/
IAST transliteration:	ta Ta
ISCII code point:	BA (186)

Ta is the sixteenth consonant of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, ja is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter after having gone through the Gupta letter .

Aryabhata used Devanagari letters for numbers, very similar to the Greek numerals, even after the invention of Indian numerals. The values of the different forms of त are:[1]

त [t̪ə] = 16 (१६)
ति [t̪ɪ] = 1,600 (१ ६००)
तु [t̪ʊ] = 160,000 (१ ६० ०००)
तृ [t̪ri] = 16,000,000 (१ ६० ०० ०००)
तॢ [t̪lə] = 1,600,000,000 (१ ६० ०० ०० ०००)
ते [t̪e] = 16×10¹⁰ (१६×१०^१०)
तै [t̪ɛː] = 16×10¹² (१६×१०^१२)
तो [t̪oː] = 16×10¹⁴ (१६×१०^१४
तौ [t̪ɔː] = 16×10¹⁶ (१६×१०^१६)

Historic Ta

There are three different general early historic scripts - Brahmi and its variants, Kharoṣṭhī, and Tocharian, the so-called slanting Brahmi. Ta as found in standard Brahmi, was a simple geometric shape, with variations toward more flowing forms by the Gupta . The Tocharian Ta had an alterante Fremdzeichen form, . The third form of ta, in Kharoshthi () was probably derived from Aramaic separately from the Brahmi letter.

Brahmi Ta

The Brahmi letter , Ta, is probably derived from the Aramaic Taw , and is thus related to the modern Latin T and Greek Tau.[2] Several identifiable styles of writing the Brahmi Ta can be found, most associated with a specific set of inscriptions from an artifact or diverse records from an historic period.[3] As the earliest and most geometric style of Brahmi, the letters found on the Edicts of Ashoka and other records from around that time are normally the reference form for Brahmi letters, with vowel marks not attested until later forms of Brahmi back-formed to match the geometric writing style.

Brahmi Ta historic forms
Ashoka (3rd-1st c. BCE)	Girnar (~150 BCE)	Kushana (~150-250 CE)	Gujarat (~250 CE)	Gupta (~350 CE)

Tocharian Ta

The Tocharian letter is derived from the Brahmi , and has an alternate Fremdzeichen form used in conjuncts and as an alternate representation of Tä.

Tocharian Ta with vowel marks
Ta	Tā	Ti	Tī	Tu	Tū	Tr	Tr̄	Te	Tai	To	Tau	Tä	Fremdzeichen

Kharoṣṭhī Ta

The Kharoṣṭhī letter is generally accepted as being derived from the Aramaic Taw , and is thus related to T and Tau, in addition to the Brahmi Ta.[2]

Devanagari Ta

Ta (त) is a consonant of the Devanagari abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter , after having gone through the Gupta letter . Letters that derive from it are the Gujarati letter ત, and the Modi letter 𑘝.

Devanagari-using Languages

In all languages, त is pronounced as [tə] or [t] when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Devanagari uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

Devanagari त with vowel marks
Ta	Tā	Ti	Tī	Tu	Tū	Tr	Tr̄	Tl	Tl̄	Te	Tai	To	Tau	T
त	ता	ति	ती	तु	तू	तृ	तॄ	तॢ	तॣ	ते	तै	तो	तौ	त्

Conjuncts with त

Half form of Ta.

Devanagari exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts. In modern Devanagari texts, most conjuncts are formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". Some conjunct clusters are always represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters. Vertically stacked conjuncts are ubiquitous in older texts, while only a few are still used routinely in modern Devanagari texts. The use of ligatures and vertical conjuncts may vary across languages using the Devanagari script, with Marathi in particular preferring the use of half forms where texts in other languages would show ligatures and vertical stacks.[4]

Ligature conjuncts of त

True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Devanagari are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include Na and the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra. Nepali and Marathi texts use the "eyelash" Ra half form for an initial "R" instead of repha.

Repha र্ (r) + त (ta) gives us the ligature rta: ^note

Eyelash र্ (r) + त (ta) gives us the ligature rta:

त্ (t) + rakar र (ra) gives us the ligature tra:

Repha र্ (r) + त্ (t) + rakar र (ra) gives us the ligature rtra:

त্ (t) + र্ (r) + य (ya) gives us the ligature trya:

क্ (k) + त (ta) gives us the ligature kta:

क্ (k) + त্ (t) + rakar र (ra) gives us the ligature ktra:

क্ (k) + त্ (t) + व (va) gives us the ligature ktva:

ङ্ (ŋ) + क্ (k) + त (ta) gives us the ligature ŋkta:

त্ (t) + त (ta) gives us the ligature tta:

Repha र্ (r) + त্ (t) + त (ta) gives us the ligature rtta:

त্ (t) + त্ (t) + rakar र (ra) gives us the ligature ttra:

Repha र্ (r) + त্ (t) + त্ (t) + rakar र (ra) gives us the ligature rttra:

त্ (t) + त্ (t) + न (na) gives us the ligature ttna:

त্ (t) + त্ (t) + व (va) gives us the ligature ttva:

प্ (p) + त (ta) gives us the ligature pta:

प্ (p) + त্ (t) + rakar र (ra) gives us the ligature ptra:

ष্ (ṣ) + त (ta) gives us the ligature ṣta:

Stacked conjuncts of त

Vertically stacked ligatures are the most common conjunct forms found in Devanagari text. Although the constituent characters may need to be stretched and moved slightly in order to stack neatly, stacked conjuncts can be broken down into recognizable base letters, or a letter and an otherwise standard ligature.

छ্ (cʰ) + त (ta) gives us the ligature cʰta:

ढ্ (ḍʱ) + त (ta) gives us the ligature ḍʱta:

ड্ (ḍ) + त (ta) gives us the ligature ḍta:

द্ (d) + त (ta) gives us the ligature dta:

ङ্ (ŋ) + त (ta) gives us the ligature ŋta:

त্ (t) + ब (ba) gives us the ligature tba:

त্ (t) + च (ca) gives us the ligature tca:

त্ (t) + ज (ja) gives us the ligature tja:

त্ (t) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives us the ligature tjña:

त্ (t) + ल (la) gives us the ligature tla:

त্ (t) + ञ (ña) gives us the ligature tña:

ठ্ (ṭʰ) + त (ta) gives us the ligature ṭʰta:

ट্ (ṭ) + त (ta) gives us the ligature ṭta:

त্ (t) + न (na) gives us the ligature tna:

त্ (t) + व (va) gives us the ligature tva:

Bengali Ta

The Bengali script ত is derived from the Siddhaṃ , and is marked by a similar horizontal head line, but less geometric shape, than its Devanagari counterpart, त. The inherent vowel of Bengali consonant letters is /ɔ/, so the bare letter ত will sometimes be transliterated as "to" instead of "ta". Adding okar, the "o" vowel mark, gives a reading of /t̪o/.

Like all Indic consonants, ত can be modified by marks to indicate another (or no) vowel than its inherent "a".

Bengali ত with vowel marks
ta	tā	ti	tī	tu	tū	tr	tr̄	te	tai	to	tau	t
ত	তা	তি	তী	তু	তূ	তৃ	তৄ	তে	তৈ	তো	তৌ	ত্

ত in Bengali-using languages

ত is used as a basic consonant character in all of the major Bengali script orthographies, including Bengali and Assamese.

Conjuncts with ত

Bengali ত exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts, with a tendency towards stacked ligatures.[5]

Khanda Ta

Some ostensible conjuncts with an initial ত are realized visually with a character called Khanda Ta "Broken Ta". This "broken" form of ত is used to represent the bare consonant without an inherent "A" vowel, and does not normally take vowel marks. It resembles the normal letter ত, but reversed, without a head line, and a reduced tail.

ৎ (khanda ta) + ক (ka) gives us the conjunct tka:

Other ত Conjuncts

Other conjuncts take the form of a ligature when ত is the initial head consonant, or usually as a stacked conjunct when ত is non-head. As is normal, as a later element in a stacked conjunct, ত loses its head line when conjoining, and has a reduced tail when followed by Ra-phala.

ক্ (k) + ত (ta) gives us the ligature kta:

ক্ (k) + ত্ (t) + র (ra) gives us the ligature ktra, with the ra phala suffix:

ন্ (n) + ত (ta) gives us the ligature nta:

ন্ (n) + ত্ (t) + র (ra) gives us the ligature ntra, with the ra phala suffix:

ন্ (n) + ত্ (t) + র্ (r) + য (ya) gives us the ligature ntrya, with the ra phala and ya phala suffixes

ন্ (n) + ত্ (t) + ব (va) gives us the ligature ntva, with the va phala suffix:

ন্ (n) + ত্ (t) + য (ya) gives us the ligature ntya, with the ya phala suffix:

প্ (p) + ত (ta) gives us the ligature pta:

র্ (r) + ত (ta) gives us the ligature rta, with the repha prefix:

র্ (r) + ত্ (t) + র (ra) gives us the ligature rtra, with the repha prefix and ra phala suffix:

র্ (r) + ত্ (t) + য (ya) gives us the ligature rtya, with the repha prefix and ya phala suffix:

স্ (s) + ত (ta) gives us the ligature sta:

স্ (s) + ত্ (t) + র (ra) gives us the ligature stra, with the ra phala suffix:

স্ (s) + ত্ (t) + ব (va) gives us the ligature stva, with the va phala suffix:

স্ (s) + ত্ (t) + য (ya) gives us the ligature stya, with the ya phala suffix:

ত্ (t) + ম (ma) gives us the ligature tma:

ত্ (t) + ম্ (m) + য (ya) gives us the ligature tmya, with the ya phala suffix:

ত্ (t) + ন (na) gives us the ligature tna:

ত্ (t) + র (ra) gives us the ligature tra, with the ra phala suffix:

ত্ (t) + র্ (r) + য (ya) gives us the ligature trya, with the ra phala and ya phala suffixes

ত্ (t) + স (sa) gives us the ligature tsa:

ত্ (t) + ত (ta) gives us the ligature tta:

ত্ (t) + থ (tʰa) gives us the ligature ttʰa:

ত্ (t) + ত্ (t) + ব (va) gives us the ligature ttva, with the va phala suffix:

ত্ (t) + ত্ (t) + য (ya) gives us the ligature ttya, with the ya phala suffix:

ত্ (t) + ব (va) gives us the ligature tva, with the va phala suffix:

ত্ (t) + য (ya) gives us the ligature tya, with the ya phala suffix:

Gujarati Ta

Gujarati Ta.

Ta (ત) is the sixteenth consonant of the Gujarati abugida. It is derived from the Devanagari Ta with the top bar (shiro rekha) removed, and ultimately the Brahmi letter .

Gujarati-using Languages

The Gujarati script is used to write the Gujarati and Kutchi languages. In both languages, ત is pronounced as [tə] or [t] when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Gujarati uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

Ta	Tā	Ti	Tī	Tu	Tū	Tr	Tl	Tr̄	Tl̄	Tĕ	Te	Tai	Tŏ	To	Tau	T

Gujarati Ta syllables, with vowel marks in red.

Conjuncts with ત

Half form of Ta.

Gujarati ત exhibits conjunct ligatures, much like its parent Devanagari Script. Most Gujarati conjuncts can only be formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". A few conjunct clusters can be represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters, and vertically stacked conjuncts can also be found in Gujarati, although much less commonly than in Devanagari.

True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Gujarati are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include Na and the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra.

ર્ (r) + ત (ta) gives us the ligature RTa:

ત્ (t) + ર (ra) gives us the ligature TRa:

ત્ (t) + ત (ta) gives us the ligature TTa:

ત્ (t) + ન (na) gives us the ligature TNa:

પ્ (p) + ત (ta) gives us the ligature PTa:

ષ્ (ʂ) + ત (ta) gives us the ligature ṢTa:

Javanese Ta

Telugu Ta

Telugu independent and subjoined Ta.

Ta (త) is a consonant of the Telugu abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter . It is closely related to the Kannada letter ತ. Most Telugu consonants contain a v-shaped headstroke that is related to the horizontal headline found in other Indic scripts, although headstrokes do not connect adjacent letters in Telugu. The headstroke is normally lost when adding vowel matras.

Telugu conjuncts are created by reducing trailing letters to a subjoined form that appears below the initial consonant of the conjunct. Many subjoined forms are created by dropping their headline, with many extending the end of the stroke of the main letter body to form an extended tail reaching up to the right of the preceding consonant. This subjoining of trailing letters to create conjuncts is in contrast to the leading half forms of Devanagari and Bengali letters. Ligature conjuncts are not a feature in Telugu, with the only non-standard construction being an alternate subjoined form of Ṣa (borrowed from Kannada) in the KṢa conjunct.

Malayalam Ta

Malayalam letter Ta

Ta (ത) is a consonant of the Malayalam abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter , via the Grantha letter Ta. Like in other Indic scripts, Malayalam consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Malayalam Ta matras: Ta, Tā, Ti, Tī, Tu, Tū, Tr̥, Tr̥̄, Tl̥, Tl̥̄, Te, Tē, Tai, To, Tō, Tau, and T.

Conjuncts of ത

As is common in Indic scripts, Malayalam joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. There are several ways in which conjuncts are formed in Malayalam texts: using a post-base form of a trailing consonant placed under the initial consonant of a conjunct, a combined ligature of two or more consonants joined together, a conjoining form that appears as a combining mark on the rest of the conjunct, the use of an explicit candrakkala mark to suppress the inherent "a" vowel, or a special consonant form called a "chillu" letter, representing a bare consonant without the inherent "a" vowel. Texts written with the modern reformed Malayalam orthography, put̪iya lipi, may favor more regular conjunct forms than older texts in paḻaya lipi, due to changes undertaken in the 1970s by the Government of Kerala.

ക് (k) + ത (ta) gives us the ligature kta:

ത് (t) + ത (ta) gives us the ligature tta:

ന് (n) + ത (ta) gives us the ligature nta:

പ് (p) + ത (ta) gives us the ligature pta:

യ് (y) + ത (ta) gives us the ligature yta:

സ് (s) + ത (ta) gives us the ligature sta:

ത് (t) + ഥ (tʰa) gives us the ligature ttʰa:

ത് (t) + ന (na) gives us the ligature tna:

ത് (t) + ഭ (bʰa) gives us the ligature tbʰa:

ത് (t) + മ (ma) gives us the ligature tma:

ത് (t) + സ (sa) gives us the ligature tsa:

Odia Ta

Odia independent and subjoined letter Ta.

Ta (ତ) is a consonant of the Odia abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter , via the Siddhaṃ letter Ta. Like in other Indic scripts, Odia consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Odia Ta with vowel matras
Ta	Tā	Ti	Tī	Tu	Tū	Tr̥	Tr̥̄	Tl̥	Tl̥̄	Te	Tai	To	Tau	T
ତ	ତା	ତି	ତୀ	ତୁ	ତୂ	ତୃ	ତୄ	ତୢ	ତୣ	ତେ	ତୈ	ତୋ	ତୌ	ତ୍

Conjuncts of ତ

As is common in Indic scripts, Odia joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a small subjoined form of trailing consonants. Most consonants' subjoined forms are identical to the full form, just reduced in size, although a few drop the curved headline or have a subjoined form not directly related to the full form of the consonant. The second type of conjunct formation is through pure ligatures, where the constituent consonants are written together in a single graphic form. This ligature may be recognizable as being a combination of two characters or it can have a conjunct ligature unrelated to its constituent characters.

ତ୍ (t) + କ (ka) gives us the ligature tka:

ତ୍ (t) + ତ (ta) gives us the ligature tta:

ତ୍ (t) + ସ (sa) gives us the ligature tsa:

References

Ifrah, Georges (2000). The Universal History of Numbers. From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer. New York: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 447–450. ISBN 0-471-39340-1.
Bühler, Georg. "On the Origin of the Indian Brahmi Alphabet". archive.org. Karl J. Trübner. Retrieved 10 June 2020.
Evolutionary chart, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol 7, 1838
Pall, Peeter. "Microsoft Word - kblhi2" (PDF). Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed. Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
"The Bengali Alphabet" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-09-28.

^note Conjuncts are identified by IAST transliteration, except aspirated consonants are indicated with a superscript "h" to distinguish from an unaspirated cononant + Ha, and the use of the IPA "ŋ" and "ʃ" instead of the less dinstinctive "ṅ" and "ś".

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[Ifrah-1] Ifrah, Georges (2000). The Universal History of Numbers. From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer. New York: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 447–450. ISBN 0-471-39340-1.

[Buhler-2] Bühler, Georg. "On the Origin of the Indian Brahmi Alphabet". archive.org. Karl J. Trübner. Retrieved 10 June 2020.

[3] Evolutionary chart, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol 7, 1838

[KNAB-4] Pall, Peeter. "Microsoft Word - kblhi2" (PDF). Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed. Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed. Retrieved 19 June 2020.

[5] "The Bengali Alphabet" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-09-28.

note