Tamanu oil

Tamanu oil is pressed from nuts of either the Calophyllum inophyllum (usually) or the Calophyllum tacamahaca (ati), tropical trees belonging to Calophyllaceae family. The nuts yield 70–75% of the greenish-yellow inedible oil.[1] The oil originates in Polynesia, where it continues to play an important cultural role. Commercial uses of tamanu oil are predominantly for skin care. The oil has both medicinal value and use as a fuel. Calophyllum inophyllum oil (CIO) is rich in antioxidants and contains UV-absorption properties, that can be used to treat skin within the dermatology field.[2] Tamanu oil has been found to have cytotoxic, wound healing, and antibacterial properties.[3]

The fruit of the tamanu tree

Uses

The seeds yield a thick, dark green tamanu oil for medicinal use or hair grease. The first neoflavone isolated in 1951 from natural sources was calophyllolide from C. inophyllum seeds.[4]

The fatty acid methyl esters derived from C. inophyllum seed oil meets the major biodiesel requirements in the United States (ASTM D 6751), and European Union (EN 14214). The average oil yield is 11.7 kg-oil/tree or 4680 kg-oil/hectare. In the northwest coastal areas of Luzon island in Philippines, the oil was used for night lamps.[5] This widespread use started to decline when kerosene became available, and later on electricity. It was also used as fuel to generate electricity to provide power for radios during World War II.

In Southern India, the oil of the seeds of the plant is used specifically for treating skin diseases. It is also applied topically in cases of rheumatism. The oil may have been useful in waterproofing cloth and is used as a varnish. An extract from the fruit was once used to make a brown dye to colour cloth. The oil can also be used to make soap.[6]

In the most of the South Sea islands, tamanu or sultan champa oil is used as an analgesic medicine (natives use it for sciatica and rheumatism) and to cure ulcers and bad wounds[7] A farmer in Nagappattinam district of Tamil Nadu has successfully used the oil as biodiesel to run his 5-hp pumpset.[8]

Oil extracted from the seeds is traditionally used topically to treat a wide range of skin injuries from burn, scar and infected wounds to skin diseases such as dermatosis, urticaria and eczema. CIO has been confirmed to be a safe topical solution. Studies showed that through scratch essay, CIO with high concentrations accelerates keratinocyte wound healing.[9]

CIO exhibits high antibacterial activity against bacterial strains involved in acne.[10]

Recently, studies have shown that CIO appears as a promising source to develop new antibiotics notably to fight multi-drug resistant bacteria implicated in skin infections.[11]

Other names

It is also called beauty leaf oil, calophyllum inophyllum seed oil, calophyllum inophyllum oil, kamani oil, calophyllum oil, calophyllum inophyllum essential oil, dilo oil, foraha oil, Alexandrian laurel oil, poon oil, nyamplung oil, domba oil, honne oil (Honge is used as biodiesel]), undi oil, pinnai oil, fetau oil, punnai oil, daok oil, pinnay oil, kamanu oil, bitaog oil, tamanu nut oil, punna oil, takamaka oil (ambiguous), laurelwood oil (ambiguous), tacamahac oil (ambiguous), punnaga oil, fetaʻu oil, palo maria oil, ballnut tree oil, ballnut oil, btaches oil, beach calophyllum oil, or mù u oil.

  • Common name: Beauty Leaf, Alexandrian laurel
  • Hindi: सुलतान चम्पा Sultan Champa
  • Marathi: सुरंगी Surangi पुन्नाग punnag, उंड unda OR उंडी undi
  • Tamil : புன்னை punnai
  • Tulu : Ponne
  • Telugu=Punnaga, నమేరువు nameruvu, పొన్న ponna
  • Kannada=surhonne,ಸುರಹೊನ್ನೆ
  • English=Alexandrian laurel
  • oriya= tungakesara
  • Malayalam= പുന്ന punna
  • Urdu= سرپن surpun
  • Sanskrit= काम्बोजः kambojh, कुम्भीकः kumbhikh, नाग चम्पा naag champa, नागपुष्पः nagapushpah,
  • Konkani= उंडी undi, उंगम unga
  • Vietnamese= Dầu mù u
  • Indonesia = Nyamplung
  • Chamorro = Daok
Tree
Inflorescence
Flower

Fruits

Fruiting takes place twice in a year in May and November. The fruit (the ball nut) is a round, green drupe reaching 2 to 4 cm in diameter and having a single large seed. When ripe, the fruit is wrinkled and its color varies from yellow to brownish-red. The weight of the small fruit is 9 to 16.0 g when they are fresh. After drying, the weight is reduced to about 4 g. Ripe and fallen fruits are collected from the bottom of the tree, by beating the limbs with a long hand stick, or hand-picked by climbing the tree.

Kernel

The kernel part in the whole dry fruit comprises 43–52% of its weight. The kernel is 1.5 cm diameter, enclosed in a soft seed coat and a hard seed coat. The kernel contains 55–73% of oil and 25% moisture when fresh.[12]

Seed processing and extraction of oil

The seeds are decorticated by wooden mallets or by decorticators or by pressing under planks. Usually, the kernels are pressed in wooden and stone ghani.[12]

Properties and fatty acids of oil

The oil is bluish-yellow to dark green viscous, known as domba oil, or pinnai oil, or dilo oil. It has a disagreeable taste or odour, as it contains some resinous material that can easily be removed by refining. The concentration of resinous substances in the oil varies from 10 to 30%.[13] The main compounds of the seed oil are oleic, linoleic, stearic, and palmitic acid.

Physical characteristics[12]

physical characterRange
Refractive index 30 °C1.460-1.470
Iodine value79-98
Saponification value190-205
Unsaponifiable matter1.5%, maximum
Acid value20-40
Moisture0.5%, maximum

Fatty acids present in oil

Fatty acidPercentage
Palmitic acid14.8-18.5
Stearic acid6.0-9.0
Oleic acid36-53
Linoleic acid16-29
Erucic acid2.5-3.5

Another source says the oil contains the following fatty acids:

Fatty acidContent
Linoleic acid38%
Oleic acid34%
Stearic acid13%
Palmitic acid12%

Other components include calophyllolide, friedelin, inophyllums B and P, terpenic essences, benzoic and oxibenzoic acids, phospho-amino lipids, glycerides, saturated fatty acids, and 4-phenylcoumarins.[7]

References
  1. Richmond, George P.; del Rosario, Mariano Vivencio (1907). "Commercial Utilization of some Philippine Oil-Bearing Seeds; Preliminary Paper". The Philippine Journal of Science. II: 444.
  2. Léguillier, Teddy; Lecsö-Bornet, Marylin; Lémus, Christelle; Rousseau-Ralliard, Delphine; Lebouvier, Nicolas; Hnawia, Edouard; Nour, Mohammed; Aalbersberg, William; Ghazi, Kamelia; Raharivelomanana, Phila; Rat, Patrice (2015-09-25). "The Wound Healing and Antibacterial Activity of Five Ethnomedical Calophyllum inophyllum Oils: An Alternative Therapeutic Strategy to Treat Infected Wounds". PLOS ONE. 10 (9): e0138602. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1038602L. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0138602. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4583440. PMID 26406588. This article incorporates text available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
  3. Léguillier, Teddy; Lecsö-Bornet, Marylin; Lémus, Christelle; Rousseau-Ralliard, Delphine; Lebouvier, Nicolas; Hnawia, Edouard; Nour, Mohammed; Aalbersberg, William; Ghazi, Kamelia; Raharivelomanana, Phila; Rat, Patrice (2015-09-25). "The Wound Healing and Antibacterial Activity of Five Ethnomedical Calophyllum inophyllum Oils: An Alternative Therapeutic Strategy to Treat Infected Wounds". PLOS ONE. 10 (9): e0138602. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1038602L. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0138602. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4583440. PMID 26406588.
  4. Garazd, M. M.; Garazd, Ya L.; Khilya, V. P. (2003-01-01). "Neoflavones. 1. Natural Distribution and Spectral and Biological Properties". Chemistry of Natural Compounds. 39 (1): 54–121. doi:10.1023/A:1024140915526. ISSN 0009-3130. S2CID 38062976.
  5. "Alexandrain Laurel, Undi, Undal, Sultan Champa". Gardentia. Retrieved 2017-11-12.
  6. "Undi". www.svlele.com. Retrieved 2017-11-12.
  7. Dweck, A. C.; Meadows, T. (December 2002). "Tamanu (Calophyllum inophyllum) – the African, Asian, Polynesian and Pacific Panacea" (PDF). International Journal of Cosmetic Science. 24 (6): 341–348. doi:10.1046/j.1467-2494.2002.00160.x. ISSN 1468-2494. PMID 18494888. S2CID 21847865.
  8. Prabu, M. J. (2014-03-26). "Using bio fuel to run an irrigation pump for five acres". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2017-11-12.
  9. Léguillier, Teddy; Lecsö-Bornet, Marylin; Lémus, Christelle; Rousseau-Ralliard, Delphine; Lebouvier, Nicolas; Hnawia, Edouard; Nour, Mohammed; Aalbersberg, William; Ghazi, Kamelia; Raharivelomanana, Phila; Rat, Patrice (2015-09-25). "The Wound Healing and Antibacterial Activity of Five Ethnomedical Calophyllum inophyllum Oils: An Alternative Therapeutic Strategy to Treat Infected Wounds". PLOS ONE. 10 (9): e0138602. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1038602L. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0138602. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4583440. PMID 26406588.
  10. Léguillier, Teddy; Lecsö-Bornet, Marylin; Lémus, Christelle; Rousseau-Ralliard, Delphine; Lebouvier, Nicolas; Hnawia, Edouard; Nour, Mohammed; Aalbersberg, William; Ghazi, Kamelia; Raharivelomanana, Phila; Rat, Patrice (2015-09-25). "The Wound Healing and Antibacterial Activity of Five Ethnomedical Calophyllum inophyllum Oils: An Alternative Therapeutic Strategy to Treat Infected Wounds". PLOS ONE. 10 (9): e0138602. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1038602L. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0138602. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4583440. PMID 26406588.
  11. Léguillier, Teddy; Lecsö-Bornet, Marylin; Lémus, Christelle; Rousseau-Ralliard, Delphine; Lebouvier, Nicolas; Hnawia, Edouard; Nour, Mohammed; Aalbersberg, William; Ghazi, Kamelia; Raharivelomanana, Phila; Rat, Patrice (2015-09-25). "The Wound Healing and Antibacterial Activity of Five Ethnomedical Calophyllum inophyllum Oils: An Alternative Therapeutic Strategy to Treat Infected Wounds". PLOS ONE. 10 (9): e0138602. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1038602L. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0138602. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4583440. PMID 26406588.
  12. SEAHand Book-2009 by The Solvent Extractors' Association of India
  13. "Calophyllum inophyllum Species Information" (PDF). Agroforestree Database. 2013-12-11. Retrieved 2019-08-27.
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