Ted Kennedy 1980 presidential campaign

The 1980 presidential campaign of Ted Kennedy, United States Senator from Massachusetts, was formally launched on November 7, 1979, as Senator Kennedy, the youngest Kennedy brother, announced his intention to seek the Democratic Party nomination for the presidency of the United States in the 1980 presidential election against incumbent President Jimmy Carter.[5]

Kennedy For President Committee
Campaign1980 United States presidential election (Democratic primaries)
CandidateTed Kennedy
United States Senator from Massachusetts
(1962–2009)
AffiliationDemocratic Party
StatusWithdrawn
EC formedOctober 29, 1979
AnnouncedNovember 7, 1979
SuspendedAugust 11, 1980
Key peopleStephen Edward Smith
(Campaign manager)[1]
Ron Brown
(Deputy campaign manager)[2]
Thomas P. Southwick
(Press secretary)[3]
ReceiptsUS$16,862,212.00[4]
SloganTeddy is ready

Kennedy benefited from President Carter's historically low approval ratings, reminiscing of his brothers' presidency and presidential campaigns, and support from the liberal faction of the Democratic Party.[6] However, disorganization and ineffective campaigning allowed Carter to bridge the 2-to-1 polling gap following a rise in his approval rating due to his initial handling of the Iran hostage crisis.

Despite losing the majority of presidential contests Kennedy rose in the polls and overcame Carter in multiple states following another drop in his approval rating due to his poor handling of the hostage crisis and receiving prominent labor union endorsements. After failing to prevent Carter from gaining enough delegates to cause a brokered convention Kennedy attempted to release the delegates from their voting commitments which also failed. On August 11, 1980, Kennedy ended his campaign at the national convention after failing to have the rules overturned.[7]

Kennedy's campaign was the last attempt by any member of the Kennedy family to gain a party's presidential nomination and despite having lost the nomination after leading Carter with a two to one polling advantage Kennedy's speech, "The Dream Shall Never Die", was viewed as the highlight of his political career and one of the most influential orations of the era.[8] Kennedy's challenge to Carter was the last time any major candidate opposed an incumbent Democratic president in the primaries, with it being considered one of the major reasons Carter lost the 1980 election, and was the last time any incumbent president lost multiple states to an opponent.[9]

Background
Following Robert Kennedy's assassination there was an attempt to draft Ted either as the presidential or vice presidential nominee of the Democratic Party for the 1968 presidential election, but all of the attempts failed.

Following his brother's victory in the 1960 Presidential election his Senate seat was left open with Ted reaching the minimum age required to serve in the Senate by the time the special election was to be held. Ted won the special election after facing significant primary and general opposition and would be joined in the Senate by Robert F. Kennedy in 1964.

After his eldest brother's assassination, both he and Robert were floated as possible presidential candidates, with Lyndon B. Johnson concerned about the "Bobby problem".[10] However, the push for another Kennedy candidate was focused on Robert and only a Draft Bobby campaign was launched in 1964 that gained significant traction in the New Hampshire vice presidential primary, but failed elsewhere. In 1968 Robert ran a presidential campaign, against the advice of Ted who urged him to wait until 1972, that vied with Senator Eugene McCarthy in the Democratic primary until his assassination after winning the California primary.[11][12] Robert's delegates split and backed multiple different favorite sons and Ted was floated as a replacement for Robert with Governor Michael DiSalle pushing the idea.[13] However, the plan failed to gain traction and Ted only received 12.75 unsolicited delegates of Robert's 393.5 delegates. Ted also considered being the vice presidential nominee, but later declined.[14]

After the Chappaquiddick incident in 1969 it was feared that it would be impossible for him to win a national race and despite calls for him to enter the 1972 race Kennedy chose to not run and instead supported George McGovern.[15][16] However, in 1976 Kennedy stated that he would be open to a "genuine draft" or be the running mate to Hubert Humphrey due to the rise of Jimmy Carter who would most likely not support the agenda of the liberal faction of Democrats.[17]

Carter administration
Ted Kennedy meets Jimmy Carter in 1977

Relations between Kennedy and the Carter administration were strained due to disagreements over policy between the two who both held considerable political power; Kennedy's political celebrity within the party and Carter's holding of the presidency. The debate over healthcare was a point of contention between the two as despite having proposed health care reform that included key features of Kennedy's national health insurance bill and during the 1976 presidential campaign Carter had asked Kennedy to create a bill that would decrease federal spending and retain the role of private insurance companies, but later halted the bill due to budgetary concerns and political caution.[18][19][20][21]

Ire between the two grew as Carter attempted to prevent Kennedy from gaining more official power in the Senate including Carter's attempts to change Senator James Eastland's decision to retire to prevent Kennedy from taking over the chairmanship of the Senate Judiciary Committee.[22]

Announcement
Speaker of the House Tip O'Neill

On October 29, an official "Kennedy for President Committee" was formed causing multiple state level draft committees to disband, but the majority of these committees were restructured into official committees that suffered from a lack of organization.[23][24] After spending the past weeks giving speeches critical of Carter, Kennedy announced on November 7, 1979 his intention to seek the Democratic nomination for president, despite statements made by Kennedy's mentor and Speaker of the House Tip O'Neill saying that he did not expect him to run, in Faneuil Hall, Boston, Massachusetts where he made statements attacking Carter for his "lack of a clear summons from the center of power".[25][26]

Shortly after his announcement a debate between Kennedy and Carter was arranged by The Des Moines Register and the Des Moines Tribune that was to be held two weeks before the Iowa caucus.[27] According to a poll conducted by Time Kennedy was leading with 49% of Democratic voters with Carter behind at 39% and the remaining undecided. Similar results were found in a poll conducted by CBS and The New York Times showing Kennedy at 54% and Carter at 20%.[28] On November 8, the National Conservative Political Action Committee announced that it formed a "Kennedy Truth Squad" to publicize Kennedy's legislative history and his actions at Chappaquiddick.[29]

On November 4, 1979, he was interviewed by Roger Mudd and was later criticized for his rambling answer to "Senator, why do you want to be President?" as Kennedy was holding off his presidential announcement.[30][31]

In spite of Kennedy's performance in polling against Carter, Theodore H. White, author of the Making of the President series, described the first week of Kennedy's campaign as a snowman dissolving in early spring due to his poor performance during Mudd's interview and Governor Hugh Carey described him as a plummeting star in private.[32][33]

Campaign developments 1979

November

Kennedy conducted his first political rallies in New England and the southern United States.[34][35] While he was campaigning in the southern United States a poll of 157 Democratic National Committee members was conducted by the American Broadcasting Company that showed Carter with 99, Kennedy with 44, Brown with 2, and 12 undecided.[36]

In the early stages of the Iran Hostage Crisis, which had begun on the same day as his interview with Mudd, Kennedy criticized Carter for not having better contingency plans to protect Americans in the Iranian embassies.[37] He also criticized Carter taking no action against rising inflation.[38] However, by mid-November Kennedy stopped attacking Carter's response to the hostage crisis and started to criticize him as a continuation of the presidencies of Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford.[39]

On November 18, he held a meeting at his home in Virginia with an invitation to all 104 presidents of AFL-CIO unions in an attempt to gain the organization's endorsement at its convention.[40] The next day he met with leaders of the Communications Workers of America, which had over 600,000 members, where he was praised by the executive board members, but on November 20 the board voted 12 to 5 in favor of giving its endorsement to Carter.[41]

Although Kennedy was a critic of Big Oil, Herbert Schmertz, vice president of public affairs for ExxonMobil, served as a volunteer to help create and lead the $21 million advertisement campaign for Kennedy.[42][43] Kennedy later stated that Carter's decontrolling of oil would cost Americans $1,000 more per year causing Robert S. Strauss, Carter's campaign manager, to accuse Kennedy of using false information that was contrary to the Congressional Budget Office's estimates.[44]

December
Kennedy entered the presidential race when Carter's approval rating had fallen to the low thirties due to rising inflation and economic recession, but the Iran hostage crisis created a rally 'round the flag effect that allowed Carter's approval rating to rise above fifty percent.

Although Kennedy had initially led Carter in polling up to the announcement of his presidential campaign, Carter's approval rating rose following the start of the Iran hostage crisis and an ABC-Harris poll conducted in November showed Carter leading Kennedy with 42% to 40% with Jerry Brown at 11%. However, Louis Harris stated that Carter's approval rating could fall as President Gerald Ford's had following the Mayaguez incident.[45]

Kennedy criticized Carter for giving asylum to Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi in early December leading to bipartisan criticism of Kennedy and Carter attacked Kennedy for the first time since he announced his candidacy stating that Kennedy's comments would delay the release of American hostages in Iran.[46][47] Stephen Edward Smith, his brother-in-law and campaign manager, criticized Carter for using the hostage crisis to deflect criticism.[48] A Gallup Poll conducted after Kennedy's statements showed Carter leading him with 50% to 37% with Kennedy's statements and over 70% of Americans approving of Carter's handling of the hostage crisis being cited as major reasons for Carter's rise in polling and in the general election it showed Kennedy narrowly defeating Ronald Reagan by 49% to 44% after polling in October showed him leading Reagan with 64% to 34%.[49][50][51]

On December 13, he attended the United Mine Workers' convention where he criticized Carter's support of nuclear power and gave support to expanding the use of coal by designing every fossil fuel power plant to be able to burn coal.[52][53] Despite his fall in polling Kennedy received multiple prominent endorsements in late December with Representative Mo Udall giving his endorsement to Kennedy on December 18, and on December 27, the rest of Massachusetts' congressional delegation endorse him with Senator Paul Tsongas heading the delegation.[54][55]

Campaign developments 1980

January

On January 3, 1980, his campaign became eligible for presidential campaign matching funds.[56] Shortly before the debate, conducted by The Des Moines Register and the Des Moines Tribune, was meant to be held, Jimmy Carter announced that he would not be participating and later cancelled all of his appearances in Iowa.[57]

Former Representative Allard K. Lowenstein stated that Kennedy was not going to win Iowa and that it would be difficult for him to defeat Carter unless the situations in Iran and Afghanistan changed before the February primaries.[58] On January 21, Carter defeated Kennedy in the Iowa caucuses with almost 60% of the vote and 30 delegates to Kennedy's 15, however former Representative Teno Roncalio stated there "were still 14 rounds left to go".[59][60][61]

Nearing and following his defeat in Iowa Kennedy restructured his campaign with aides being asked to forgo their paychecks to conserve money, cancelling a national ten-city fundraising tour, ending the usage of his Boeing 727 plane to save $125,000, and removing organization in Illinois, Ohio, and Indiana to move them to New England in preparation for the Maine and New Hampshire primaries.[62][63] The national campaign staff was decreased from over two hundred to less than seventy five and all of the paid staffers working in Illinois were fired and replaced with volunteer work.[64] A four-day campaign throughout New England was later cancelled due to his commitments in Washington, D.C.[65]

February

On February 5, nine members, including Vice Presidents Ken Bannon, Irving Bluestone, Mark Stepp, and Martin Gerber, of the twenty-five-member board of the United Automobile Workers announced that they would support Kennedy.[66]

On February 5, Vice President Walter Mondale stated that Carter's response to the Soviet Union "proves he has more backbone than Democratic or Republican challengers" causing Kennedy to reply that "if he has so much backbone why won't he come up here and start debating" due to Carter's refusal to debate Kennedy or leave Washington, D.C.[67] Carter's campaign also created five anti-Kennedy radio advertisements criticizing Kennedy for not being able to hold the position of Senate majority whip in 1971 and for voting to cut $885 million from the nuclear submarine program. Kennedy later accused Brown and Carter of working together in an "unholy alliance" to defeat him in the Maine caucus.[68]

Leaked internal memos and documents from the campaign showed that Kennedy was struggling to gain the endorsements of numerous prominent Democratic officials that were now going to Carter instead and how they were worried that Kennedy's position on gun control would hurt him in the Maine caucus among rural voters.[69][70] On February 10, Carter won the Maine caucus with a plurality of 43.59% for 1,017 delegates at the state convention to Kennedy's 40.16% for 847 delegates at the state convention.[71]

Following the Maine caucus an internal poll of the New Hampshire primary was conducted by Peter Hart and it showed that Carter would win the state in a landslide.[72] On February 26, Carter defeated Kennedy in New Hampshire with 47.08% for 10 delegates to Kennedy's 37.30% for 9 delegates.[73]

March

Following his defeat in New Hampshire, Kennedy decreased the pay of his workers' by 50% and spent $270,000 on advertisements in Illinois and New York.[74] On March 4, he easily won his home state Massachusetts with 65.07% giving him 77 delegates to Carter's 34 delegates, but was defeated in a landslide in the Vermont caucus.[75][76]

On March 11, Carter won the Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, and Delaware primaries winning a total of 206 delegates to Kennedy's 33.[77] Kennedy performed poorly in all five states with his best performance being in Florida with 23% due to the conservatism of Southern Democrats, but he performed well among Jewish voters in Florida due to a recent United Nations vote that was critical of Israel.[78][79]

Although it was predicted that Carter would win the Illinois primary's popular vote, Kennedy campaigned in the Chicago area to gain support from urban and minority voters to receive the area's delegates that accounted for one-third of the state's total delegates to lessen the impact of Carter's victory.[80] However, shortly before the primary Kennedy ended all campaign activities to visit and mourn the death of Allard K. Lowenstein.[81] On March 16, Carter narrowly won Puerto Rico with 52% for 21 delegates against Kennedy's 48% for 20 delegates.[82] On March 18, Carter won the Illinois primary in a landslide with over sixty percent of the popular vote and won 165 delegates to Kennedy's 14.[83]

On March 22, Carter won the Virginia and Mississippi caucuses in landslides winning over 2,000 state convention delegates while Kennedy received less than 400 and 30 of Mississippi's 32 delegates with the remaining two being uncommitted.[84][85]

However, despite his multiple defeats beforehand, Kennedy narrowly won Connecticut with 29 delegates to Carter's 25 delegates and New York with 163 delegates to Carter's 118 delegates on March 25.[86] Although Carter had received the black vote in Illinois Kennedy won in all of the majority black congressional districts in New York and received almost eighty percent of the Jewish vote.[87]

April to May

Carter won in Kansas and Wisconsin.[88] In the Louisiana primary Carter won 39 delegates against Kennedy's 12 delegates.[89] Kennedy narrowly won the Pennsylvania primary and received 94 delegates against Carter's 91 delegates.[90] Kennedy won the Michigan caucus and received 71 convention delegates against Carter's 70 convention delegates.[91]

Carter won Texas.[92] On May 6, Carter won Indiana, North Carolina, and Tennessee while Kennedy won Washington, D.C. On May 13, Carter won Maryland and Nebraska. On May 20, Carter won Oregon and the Michigan state convention chose to have their delegates remain uncommitted at the national convention. On May 27, Carter won Arkansas, Idaho, Kentucky, and Nevada.

June to July

On June 3, Kennedy won the California, New Jersey, New Mexico, Rhode Island, and South Dakota primaries and Carter won the Montana, Ohio, and West Virginia primaries. However, Carter won enough delegates to pass the minimum 1,666 delegates needed to win on the first ballot with the final delegate total being 1,948 for Carter and 1,215 for Kennedy.[93][94] Despite it now being mathematically impossible for Kennedy to win the presidential nomination he announced that he would not drop out of the race.[95]

On June 20, Kennedy criticized the initial draft of the Democratic Party's 1980 platform as it did not address "the anxieties and fears of the American people" and asked for revisions to the economic plans.[96] Although some of his proposed ideas were accepted in the final version of the platform the majority of his suggestions were rejected.[97]

On July 1, Kennedy was interviewed at his Senate office and stated that he could concede to Carter if he would support a $12.6 billion employment program and other anti-recession expenditures.[98] Although members of Carter's campaign had criticized Chicago Mayor Jane Byrne for being the only mayor of a major city to support Kennedy, a meeting was held between Byrne and Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Moon Landrieu and former DNC Chairman Robert S. Strauss that was alleged to be an attempt to gain her endorsement from Kennedy or for the general election after the convention.[99]

In mid-July, the Democratic Rules Committee voted to require delegates to vote for their pledged candidates on the first ballot was approved by a vote of 87.25 to 65.5.[100] On July 31, John B. Anderson suggested that he would drop out of the presidential election if Kennedy won the Democratic nomination after a private meeting was held between both of the candidates.[101]

August

On August 1, Kennedy stated that Carter was treating the delegates like robots and that the nominee might as well be chosen by mail order ballot if the convention wasn't open.[102][103] Morley Winograd, who served as the chairman of the Commission on Presidential Nomination and Party Structure when the rule that all delegates are bound on the first ballot and now served as a Michigan delegate for Kennedy, criticized the roll call vote and the method of how the rule was passed citing the three minute debate time limit and that the commission was focused on more important issues at the time.[104] On August 5, Senator Henry M. Jackson gave his support to an open convention and stated that Kennedy would have an easier time defeating Ronald Reagan.[105]

On August 6, Kennedy gave a speech in Washington, D.C. where he stated that he would not endorse Carter unless he accepts some of his economic policies and that he would give a speech in favor of his policies at the convention.[106][107] Shortly before the convention convened Kennedy spent the remaining days campaigning in New York City and released a list of seven possible vice presidential running mates that consisted of Senator Henry M. Jackson, Governor Reubin Askew, Mayor Tom Bradley, Representative Lindy Boggs, Secretary of Education Shirley Hufstedler, Representative L. Richardson Preyer, and Senator Adlai Stevenson III.[108][109] However, Askew, who was selected to replace Florida Governor Bob Graham who had rejected serving as Kennedy's running mate, later stated that he was not interested in serving as vice president.[110]

The Democratic delegates voted to enforce the rules to bound all delegates on the first ballot on the first day of the convention on August 11. One hour and twenty three minutes later Kennedy announced that he was ending his presidential campaign.[111] Representative Barbara Mikulski was given the role of nominating Kennedy at the national convention and the delegates bound to Kennedy either voted for Kennedy, another candidate, or abstain in both the presidential and vice presidential ballots in protest.[112]

Platform

Domestic policy

During the drafting of the Democratic Party's 1980 platform, Kennedy proposed that planks in favor of a $12 billion recession program, wage-price controls, and gasoline rationing be added. He also proposed that the United States should phase out the usage of nuclear power and replace it with coal and solar power.[113] However, the Democratic Platform Committee rejected all of these proposals.[114]

Kennedy supported abortion rights and the Equal Rights Amendment. Stronger support for both positions was included into the 1980 Democratic platform.[114]

Foreign policy

On December 1, 1979, Kennedy criticized the foreign relationship the United States held with Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi stating that it "reminds us that we cannot entrust our fortunes to regressive regimes that may become casualties at any moment" and against giving the Shah asylum.[115][116] He also stated that the United States should help create a peace agreement between Israel and Egypt, but to not force the Israelis to accept insecure borders and that they shouldn't negotiate with the Palestine Liberation Organization.[117]

On December 13, 1979, he gave a speech at a fundraising dinner in New York where he stated that he was in favor of increasing foreign aid to Israel by $350 million in response to inflation lowering the value of the United States dollar.[118]

Kennedy's proposal for ending the Soviet–Afghan War involved both the United States and Soviet Union agreeing not to intervene in Afghani affairs, to create a coalition government, an initial withdrawal of 20,000 Soviet soldiers for a future total withdrawal, and that both nations would not have military alliances with Afghanistan.[119]

Endorsements
List of political endorsements
Organizations
Cabinet members
U.S. Congress
State officials
U.S. municipal officials
Notable individuals

Campaign finance
Candidate Campaign committee
Raised Total contrib. Ind. contrib. Pres. pub. funds Spent
Ted Kennedy[4] $16,862,212.00 $263,129.00 $5,002,448.00 $3,862,555.00 $16,735,701.00
State/territory Campaign fundraising and spending by state/territory
Ind. contrib. Ind. contrib. <$200 % <$200 Spent
Alabama [166] $17,670.00 $1,045.00 5.91% $200.00[167]
Alaska [166] $6,950.00 $0.00 0.00% $0.00[167]
Arkansas [166] $13,850.00 $0.00 0.00% $20.00[167]
California [166] $658,185.00 $2,796.00 0.42% $1,788.00[167]
Colorado [166] $17,600.00 $0.00 0.00% $0.00[167]
Delaware [166] $7,900.00 $200.00 2.53% $0.00[167]
Washington, D.C. [166] $199,771.00 $275.00 0.14% $831,422.00[167]
Florida [166] $213,082.00 $410.00 0.19% $200.00[167]
Foreign electoral intervention [166] $11,300.00 $0.00 0.00% $0.00
Georgia (U.S. state) [166] $12,346.00 $0.00 0.00% $0.00[167]
Hawaii [166] $10,750.00 $150.00 1.40% $250.00[167]
Idaho [166] $10,100.00 $0.00 0.00% $0.00[167]
Illinois [166] $411,401.00 $1,550.00 0.38% $5,175.00[167]
Indiana [166] $23,670.00 $0.00 0.00% $0.00[167]
Iowa [166] $10,808.00 $585.00 5.41% $0.00[167]
Kansas [166] $25,950.00 $0.00 0.00% $0.00[167]
Kentucky [166] $3,900.00 $0.00 0.00% $0.00[167]
Louisiana [166] $19,298.00 $0.00 0.00% $0.00[167]
Maine [166] $8,600.00 $0.00 0.00% $0.00[167]
Maryland [166] $112,526.00 $475.00 0.42% $0.00[167]
Massachusetts [166] $622,388.00 $650.00 0.10% $1,225.00[167]
Michigan [166] $64,515.00 $400.00 0.62% $150.00[167]
Minnesota [166] $32,260.00 $810.00 2.51% $175.00[167]
Mississippi [166] $7,850.00 $0.00 0.00% $0.00[167]
Missouri [166] $72,918.00 $260.00 0.36% $20,000.00[167]
Montana [166] $7,210.00 $0.00 0.00% $25.00[167]
Nebraska [166] $5,950.00 $300.00 5.04% $3.00[167]
Nevada [166] $18,675.00 $0.00 0.00% $0.00[167]
New Hampshire [166] $29,625.00 $0.00 0.00% $15.00[166]
New Jersey [166] $112,310.00 $0.00 0.00% $1,060.00[166]
New Mexico [166] $15,159.00 $0.00 0.00% $0.00[167]
New York (U.S. state) [166] $602,522.00 $400.00 0.07% $1,257,193.00[167]
North Carolina [166] $9,275.00 $0.00 0.00% $0.00[167]
North Dakota [166] $1,500.00 $0.00 0.00% $0.00[167]
Ohio [166] $102,091.00 $0.00 0.00% $0.00[167]
Oklahoma [166] $19,980.00 $0.00 0.00% $0.00[167]
Oregon [166] $7,601.00 $0.00 0.00% $0.00[167]
Other $135,934.00 N/A N/A $0.00
Pennsylvania [166] $129,760.00 $150.00 0.12% $1,015.00[167]
Puerto Rico [166] $117,720.00 $0.00 0.00% $0.00[167]
Rhode Island [166] $31,600.00 $1,000.00 3.16% $400.00[167]
South Carolina [166] $6,650.00 $150.00 2.26% $0.00[167]
South Dakota [166] $6,739.00 $0.00 0.00% $0.00[167]
Tennessee [166] $6,739.00 $0.00 0.00% $100.00[167]
Texas [166] $62,325.00 $5.00 >0.01% $0.00[167]
Utah [166] $6,550.00 $250.00 3.82% $0.00[167]
Vermont [166] $4,800.00 $150.00 3.13% $0.00[167]
Virginia [166] $78,660.00 $150.00 0.19% $450.00[167]
Washington (U.S. state) [166] $22,981.00 $300.00 1.31% $0.00[167]
West Virginia [166] $14,270.00 $0.00 0.00% $0.00[167]
Wisconsin [166] $24,910.00 $410.00 1.65% $250.00[167]
Wyoming [166] $7,650.00 $150.00 1.96% $0.00[167]

References
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  39. "Kennedy: Put a real Democrat in White House". The Gazette. November 14, 1979. p. 5. Archived from the original on February 17, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  40. "Kennedy plays host to AFL-CIO leaders". Statesman Journal. November 19, 1979. p. 2. Archived from the original on February 18, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  41. "Carter gains endorsement". Longview News-Journal. November 20, 1979. p. 36. Archived from the original on February 18, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  42. "Big Oil Jolted As Top Defender Joins Top Critic Ted Kennedy". Longview News-Journal. November 21, 1979. p. 32. Archived from the original on February 19, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  43. "Schmertz: From Big Oil to Kennedy and Back". Hartford Courant. December 2, 1979. p. 124. Archived from the original on February 21, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  44. "Ted's Heating Oil Data False, Carter Aide Says". The Pittsburgh Press. November 25, 1979. p. 22. Archived from the original on February 20, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  45. "Carter Now Running Even With Kennedy". The Indianapolis Star. December 4, 1979. p. 4. Archived from the original on February 21, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  46. "Ted parries critics of his attack on the shah". Daily News. December 8, 1979. p. 326. Archived from the original on February 21, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  47. "Kennedy defends criticism of shah". Santa Maria Times. December 8, 1979. p. 8. Archived from the original on February 21, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  48. "Carter Blasts Kennedy For Remarks on Shah". The Salt Lake Tribune. December 8, 1979. p. 2. Archived from the original on February 21, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  49. "Democrats prefer Carter to Kennedy". South Idaho Press. December 12, 1979. p. 1. Archived from the original on February 22, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  50. "Gallup poll indicates Kennedy lacks votes to beat Republicans". Tallahassee Democrat. December 14, 1979. p. 18. Archived from the original on February 22, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  51. "Reagan trailing Carter, tops Ted". The San Francisco Examiner. January 2, 1980. p. 14. Archived from the original on February 23, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  52. "Ted Revives Brother's Deeds to Seek Mine Workers Support". The Star Press. December 14, 1979. p. 10. Archived from the original on February 22, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  53. "Ted To UMW: Coal Is Crucial To U.S. Future". The Pittsburgh Press. December 14, 1979. p. 6. Archived from the original on February 22, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  54. "Udall Endorsement Goes To Ted Kennedy". The Sacramento Bee. December 19, 1979. p. 35. Archived from the original on February 22, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  55. "Key state Democrats endorse Ted Kennedy". The Berkshire Eagle. December 28, 1979. p. 3. Archived from the original on February 22, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  56. "Ted Qualifies For Funds". The Indianapolis News. January 4, 1980. p. 2. Archived from the original on February 23, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  57. "Ted Tries Broadcast Saturation". The Miami Herald. January 7, 1980. p. 10. Archived from the original on February 23, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  58. "Kennedy has little chance to beat Carter, aide concedes". Dayton Daily News. January 14, 1980. p. 1. Archived from the original on February 23, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  59. "Carter's Iowa victory draws opposite views". Casper Star-Tribune. January 23, 1980. p. 20. Archived from the original on February 23, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  60. "Kennedy has failed to exploit changes in delegate selection". The Courier-Journal. February 3, 1980. p. 51. Archived from the original on February 24, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  61. "Iowa Caucus Caucus History".
  62. "Campaign Aids Asked To Skip Paychecks". The Evening Times. January 24, 1980. p. 2. Archived from the original on February 23, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  63. "Regrouped Kennedy forces dig in for do-or-die fight in New England". The Orlando Sentinel. January 24, 1980. p. 4. Archived from the original on February 23, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  64. "Kennedy sharply trims Illinois staff in shakeup". Chicago Tribune. January 25, 1980. p. 3. Archived from the original on February 23, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  65. "Kennedy Campaign Swing Is Canceled". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. January 24, 1980. p. 9. Archived from the original on February 23, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  66. "Nine On UAW Board Endorse Ted Kennedy". The Herald-Palladium. February 5, 1980. p. 23. Archived from the original on February 24, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  67. "Ted Gets Frustrated By Carter's Refusal To Engage in Debates". The Miami Herald. February 6, 1980. p. 8. Archived from the original on February 24, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  68. "Carter abandons aloofness with anti-Kennedy radio ads". The Miami News. February 6, 1980. p. 14. Archived from the original on February 24, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  69. "Kennedy's Ohio woes revealed in memos". The Akron Beacon Journal. February 8, 1980. p. 48. Archived from the original on February 24, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  70. "Briefing Book Offers View of Kennedy Campaign". The Atlanta Constitution. February 10, 1980. p. 20. Archived from the original on February 24, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  71. "Maine officials say Carter victory was slim". The Courier-News. February 16, 1980. p. 3. Archived from the original on February 24, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  72. "Kennedy trailing". Portage Daily Register. February 18, 1980. p. 3. Archived from the original on February 24, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  73. "New Hampshire winners look to future contests". The Courier. February 27, 1980. p. 1. Archived from the original on February 25, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  74. "Kennedy To Halve Staff, 'Go For Broke' In Illinois, N.Y." The Atlanta Constitution. March 1, 1980. p. 4. Archived from the original on February 26, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  75. "Ford may wheel into Republican race". Star-Phoenix. March 5, 1980. p. 4. Archived from the original on February 26, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  76. "Kennedy takes Massachusetts, Carter Vermont". Standard-Speaker. March 5, 1980. p. 1. Archived from the original on February 26, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  77. "State By State Delegate Count". The Los Angeles Times. March 20, 1980. p. 20. Archived from the original on February 29, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  78. "Primaries". Arizona Republic. March 12, 1980. p. 4. Archived from the original on February 28, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  79. "Delegate tally". The Miami Herald. March 13, 1980. p. 351. Archived from the original on February 28, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  80. "Kennedy's Illinois Focus On Minorities". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. March 14, 1980. p. 10. Archived from the original on February 29, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  81. "Kennedy's Illinois Focus On Minorities". Journal Gazette. March 15, 1980. p. 2. Archived from the original on February 29, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  82. "Carter, Reagan top Illinois poll". The Courier. March 17, 1980. p. 1. Archived from the original on February 29, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  83. "Kennedy Needs to Capture 55% of Delegates Left". The Los Angeles Times. March 20, 1980. p. 20. Archived from the original on February 29, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  84. "Carter Rapped By Both Sides". Carlsbad Current-Argus. March 23, 1980. p. 4. Archived from the original on March 1, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  85. "Carter Wins Easily In Virginia Caucus". Sunday News. March 23, 1980. p. 68. Archived from the original on March 1, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  86. "New York and Connecticut". Arizona Republic. March 26, 1980. p. 2. Archived from the original on March 1, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  87. "Analysis: Demos may have a horserace". Hawaii Tribune-Herald. March 26, 1980. p. 2. Archived from the original on March 1, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  88. "Yesterday's election results in Kansas and Wisconsin". The Belleville Telescope. April 3, 1980. p. 1. Archived from the original on September 2, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  89. "Louisiana delegate results". Santa Cruz Sentinel. April 7, 1980. p. 25. Archived from the original on September 25, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  90. "Kennedy, Bush primary victors, but losing war". Edmonton Journal. April 23, 1980. p. 99. Archived from the original on September 25, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  91. "Rosalynn is 'running hard'". Detroit Free Press. April 28, 1980. p. 3. Archived from the original on September 29, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  92. "The Texas primary". The Boston Globe. May 5, 1980. p. 8. Archived from the original on February 26, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  93. "Kennedy stand clouds Carter win". The South Bend Tribune. June 4, 1980. p. 4. Archived from the original on February 26, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  94. "Delegate count". Democrat and Chronicle. June 5, 1980. p. 9. Archived from the original on February 26, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  95. "Kennedy nixes Carter bid for unity". The Billings Gazette. June 4, 1980. p. 7. Archived from the original on February 26, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  96. "Kennedy Prepared To Fight Platform Drafted By Demos". The Daily News. June 21, 1980. p. 1. Archived from the original on February 26, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  97. "Kennedy platform rejected". The Daily News. June 23, 1980. p. 10. Archived from the original on February 26, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  98. "Ted 'could' give support to Carter". Clarion-Ledger. July 2, 1980. p. 1. Archived from the original on February 16, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  99. "Carter aides woo Chicago Mayor Byrne". Spokane Chronicle. July 5, 1980. p. 4. Archived from the original on February 28, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  100. "Kennedy will carry fight on delegate control to end". The Des Moines Register. July 11, 1980. p. 13. Archived from the original on February 28, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  101. "Anderson's remarks give Kennedy much-needed lift". Public Opinion. August 1, 1980. p. 4. Archived from the original on February 16, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  102. "Ted rips Carter on party rules". Daily News. August 2, 1980. p. 324. Archived from the original on February 16, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  103. "Ted assails 'mail-order' party". Democrat and Chronicle. August 2, 1980. p. 4. Archived from the original on February 16, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  104. "Author of roll call rule unhappy". Lansing State Journal. August 4, 1980. p. 15. Archived from the original on February 16, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  105. "Jackson feels Ted stronger Demo candidate". St. Joseph Gazette. August 6, 1980. p. 2. Archived from the original on February 16, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  106. "Kennedy won't promise to give support to Carter". The Baltimore Sun. August 7, 1980. p. 1. Archived from the original on February 17, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  107. "'Cross of Gold' success pursued by Ted Kennedy". Chillicothe Gazette. August 7, 1980. p. 1. Archived from the original on February 17, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  108. "Last-Ditch Kennedy Effort Seemingly Futile, Poll Shows". The Indianapolis Star. August 9, 1980. p. 4. Archived from the original on February 17, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  109. "Carter forces confident of rules victory Shows". Hawaii Tribune-Herald. August 10, 1980. p. 2. Archived from the original on February 17, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  110. "Askew says no thanks to Kennedy VP listing". Florida Today. August 11, 1980. p. 10. Archived from the original on July 18, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  111. "Democrats end the (Ted) Kennedy myth". The Ithaca Journal. August 12, 1980. p. 2. Archived from the original on February 17, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  112. "Woman To Nominate Ted". The Indianapolis News. August 7, 1980. p. 7. Archived from the original on February 17, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  113. "Democrats Haggle Over Platform". The Atlanta Constitution. June 22, 1980. p. 7. Archived from the original on February 26, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  114. "Kennedy platform rejected". Latrobe Bulletin. June 23, 1980. p. 10. Archived from the original on February 26, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  115. "Ted: Learn from crisis, don't deal with terrorists". Daily News. December 2, 1979. p. 315. Archived from the original on February 21, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  116. "Tec clarifies position on crisis". St. Joseph Gazette. December 4, 1979. p. 1. Archived from the original on February 21, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  117. "Ted: U.S. can't OK terrorism". The San Bernardino County Sun. December 2, 1979. p. 2. Archived from the original on February 21, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  118. "Ted Calls For Increase In Israel Aid". The Miami Herald. December 13, 1979. p. 26. Archived from the original on February 22, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  119. "Kennedy airs Afghan plan". Bennington Banner. March 21, 1980. p. 8. Archived from the original on March 1, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
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  121. "ADA snubs Carter, says Ted's its man". Daily News. 25 June 1979. p. 468. Archived from the original on 9 November 2019 – via Newspapers.com.
  122. "Ted to appear on TV in East". Quad-City Times. January 26, 1980. p. 4. Archived from the original on February 23, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  123. "Police union gives Ted its backing". The Berkshire Eagle. July 15, 1980. p. 3. Archived from the original on February 28, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  124. "Fearing Prez' cuts, teachers back Ted". Daily News. March 17, 1980. p. 149. Archived from the original on February 29, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  125. "United Automobile Workers". The Akron Beacon Journal. November 22, 1979. p. 120. Archived from the original on February 19, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  126. "Union backs Kennedy". The Times-News. November 20, 1979. p. 3. Archived from the original on February 18, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  127. "Kennedy Fails to Inherit New Frontiersmen". The Los Angeles Times. February 17, 1980. p. 10 – via Newspapers.com.
  128. "Sen. Williams to head Kennedy N.J. campaign". The Herald-News. January 16, 1980. p. 45. Archived from the original on February 23, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  129. "Clark may help Kennedy in Iowa, but won't guarantee victory". The Muscatine Journal. 1 November 1979. p. 1. Archived from the original on 2 June 2019 – via Newspapers.com.
  130. "Ted Kennedy Bounces Back". The Tennessean. February 6, 1980. p. 17. Archived from the original on February 24, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  131. "'Wisconsin For Kennedy' Head Named". Albuquerque Journal. November 22, 1979. p. 68. Archived from the original on February 19, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  132. "Credit Deferred". Daily Press. February 21, 1980. p. 4. Archived from the original on February 25, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  133. "1980: Carter vs. Kennedy left African Americans feeling ignored". Daily News. 29 July 2019. Archived from the original on 17 September 2019 – via NBC.
  134. "Teedy keeps plugging even if he's not winning". Lansing State Journal. March 23, 1980. p. 4. Archived from the original on March 1, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  135. "Ruess supports Ted Kennedy". Manitowoc Herald-Times. March 28, 1980. p. 10. Archived from the original on March 1, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  136. "Rep.Simon endorses Kennedy". The Decatur Daily Review. November 20, 1979. p. 45. Archived from the original on February 18, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  137. "Ted Kennedy's Final Round". Rolling Stone. 25 July 1979. Archived from the original on 3 November 2019.
  138. "Viva Kennedy group reborn". El Paso Times. February 7, 1980. p. 8. Archived from the original on February 24, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  139. "Kennedy steering committee formed". Great Falls Tribune. December 8, 1979. p. 13. Archived from the original on February 21, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  140. "Owens Is Setting Up Campaign Operations For Kennedy". The Salt Lake Tribune. November 10, 1979. p. 9. Archived from the original on February 14, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  141. "Presidential race in foreground". Casper Star-Tribune. December 10, 1979. p. 17. Archived from the original on February 22, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  142. "King is backing Carter". The Burlington Free Press. November 10, 1979. p. 10. Archived from the original on February 14, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  143. "King is backing Carter". The Boston Globe. November 9, 1979. p. 20. Archived from the original on February 14, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  144. "Open Letter". The Burlington Free Press. March 4, 1980. p. 26. Archived from the original on February 26, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  145. "North Is Warm, But Uncommitted, To Ted Kennedy". Petoskey News-Review. November 15, 1979. p. 12. Archived from the original on February 18, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  146. "Kennedy operatives in state named". Bennington Banner. December 4, 1979. p. 10. Archived from the original on February 21, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  147. "Kennedy Preparations Told". The Bismarck Tribune. November 23, 1979. p. 2. Archived from the original on February 19, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  148. "Kennedy committee for Isles set up formally". The Honolulu Advertiser. February 7, 1980. p. 6. Archived from the original on February 24, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  149. "Turnout tops 1976 by 10%". The Boston Globe. March 6, 1980. p. 26. Archived from the original on February 28, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  150. "Kennedy supporters launch state crusade". Lincoln Journal Star. December 3, 1979. p. 19. Archived from the original on February 21, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  151. "Wisconsin supporters welcome Ted Kennedy". Kenosha News. January 10, 1980. p. 1. Archived from the original on February 23, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  152. "Kennedy hopes to gain ground on Carter in New England races". Statesman Journal. February 3, 1980. p. 10. Archived from the original on February 24, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  153. "Critics of Mayor Byrne multiply". The South Bend Tribune. 24 April 1980. p. 15. Archived from the original on 31 May 2019 – via Newspapers.com.
  154. "Philly mayor backs Ted". Star-Gazette. 24 April 1980. p. 1. Archived from the original on 31 May 2019 – via Newspapers.com.
  155. "Kennedy chairmen named". Sioux City Journal. December 4, 1979. p. 9. Archived from the original on February 21, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  156. "Democrat leader backs Kennedy". Star-Gazette. March 15, 1980. p. 9. Archived from the original on February 29, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  157. "Ashe, on the mend, aims to regain tennis stature". The Courier. November 29, 1979. p. 26. Archived from the original on February 20, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  158. "Celebrities helping political candidates find greener pastures". Austin American-Statesman. 27 March 1980. p. 2. Archived from the original on 31 May 2019 – via Newspapers.com.
  159. "Kennedy charisma advantage". The Santa Fe New Mexican. 7 November 1979. p. 4. Archived from the original on 8 November 2019 – via Newspapers.com.
  160. "UAW's Fraser Gives Endorsement". Star-Gazette. 15 January 1980. p. 1. Archived from the original on 31 May 2019 – via Newspapers.com.
  161. "Rabbis endorse". St. Louis Jewish Light. February 27, 1980. p. 4. Archived from the original on February 25, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  162. "Ohio Campaign For Kennedy Is 'On Hold'". The Cincinnati Enquirer. November 27, 1979. p. 39. Archived from the original on February 20, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  163. "Norman Mailer throws support to Ted Kennedy". The Ottawa Citizen. February 7, 1980. p. 69. Archived from the original on February 24, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  164. "Actor Sheen Glad To Be In Ted Kennedy's Corner". The Palm Beach Post. February 26, 1980. p. 26. Archived from the original on February 25, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  165. "Labor machines swing support for Kennedy". Manitowoc Herald-Times. April 9, 1980. p. 4. Archived from the original on September 25, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  166. "Browse Individual contributions". FEC.gov. Archived from the original on 2019-05-08.
  167. "Browse Disbursements". FEC.gov. Archived from the original on 2019-05-14.
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