Textual variants in the Epistle to the Romans

Textual variants in the Epistle to the Romans are the subject of the study called textual criticism of the New Testament. Textual variants in manuscripts arise when a copyist makes deliberate or inadvertent alterations to a text that is being reproduced. An abbreviated list of textual variants in this particular book is given in this article below.

First page of the Codex Boernerianus; in Romans 1:7 "in Rome" replaced into "in love"

Most of the variations are not significant and some common alterations include the deletion, rearrangement, repetition, or replacement of one or more words when the copyist's eye returns to a similar word in the wrong location of the original text. If their eye skips to an earlier word, they may create a repetition (error of dittography). If their eye skips to a later word, they may create an omission. They may resort to performing a rearranging of words to retain the overall meaning without compromising the context. In other instances, the copyist may add text from memory from a similar or parallel text in another location. Otherwise, they may also replace some text of the original with an alternative reading. Spellings occasionally change. Synonyms may be substituted. A pronoun may be changed into a proper noun (such as "he said" becoming "Jesus said"). John Mill's 1707 Greek New Testament was estimated to contain some 30,000 variants in its accompanying textual apparatus[1] which was based on "nearly 100 [Greek] manuscripts."[2] Peter J. Gurry puts the number of non-spelling variants among New Testament manuscripts around 500,000, though he acknowledges his estimate is higher than all previous ones.[3]

Legend

A guide to the symbols used in the body of this article.

Notable manuscripts

Notable textual variants

Romans 1:7

ἐν Ῥώμῃ (in Rome) – א A B C D K P Ψ 33 81 88 104 181 330 436 451 614 629 630 1241 1739txt 1877 1881 1962 1984 1985 2127 2492 2495 Byz Lect it vg syr cop arm Origen Ambst. Augustine
ἐν ἀγάπῃ θεοῦ (in love of God) – Codex Boernerianus
omitted by 1739mg 1908 Origen

Romans 1:8

περι – א A B C D* K 33 81 1506 1739 1881
υπερ – Dc G Ψ Byz

Romans 1:15

ἐν Ῥώμῃ – omitted by Ga

Romans 1:29

πονηρια πλεονεξια κακια – B 0172vid 1739 1881 Origen Basil
πονηρια κακια πλεονεξια – א A copbomss
κακια πονηρια πλεονεξια – C Dsupp.c 33 81 copsa, bo eth
κακια πορνεια πλεονεξια – Dsupp.* G (629 add πονηρια) itd, e, g
πορνεια πονηρια πλεονεξια κακια – L Ψ (88 add και after each word) 326 330 436 451 614 630 1241 1877 1962 1984 1985 2127 2492 2495 Byz Lect syrh arm
πορνεια αδικια πλεονεξια κακια – 181
πονηρια πορνεια πλεονεξια κακια – 104 vg?
και πορνεια πλεονεξια κακια – P
πλεονεξια κακια – K

Romans 3:26

Ἰησοῦ – א, A, B, C, K, P, 81, 88, 104, 181, 630, 1241, 1739, 1881, 1877, 1962, 2495, Byz, ℓ 598, ℓ 599, ℓ 603
Ἰησοῦν – D, Ψ, 33, 326, 330, 436, 451, 614, 1985, 2127, 2492
Ἰησοῦν Χριστόν – 1984
Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ – 629
κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ – syrp
omit F, G, 336, it
Romans 4:23-5:3 in Uncial 0220

Romans 6:11

ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ – 𝔓46, A, B, D, G, Ψ, 629, 630, 1739, it, vg
ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ τῷ κυριῷ ἡμῶν – א, C, K, P, 33, 81, 88, 181, 326, 330, 436, 451, 614, 1241, 1739, 1877, 1881, 1962, 1984, 1985, 2127, 2492, 2495, Byz, Lect
ἐν Χριστῷ τῷ κυριῷ ἡμῶν – 104
omit itr

Romans 6:16

εἰς θάνατον (for death) – omitted by D, 1739*, d, r, am, pesh, sa, armmss, Ambrosiaster

Romans 6:17

καρδιας – majority of mss
καθαρας – A

Romans 8:1

Ιησου – א, B, D, G, 1739, 1881, itd, g, copsa, bo, eth
Ιησου μη κατα σαρκα περιπατουσιν – A, Db, Ψ, 81, 629, 2127, vg
Ιησου μη κατα σαρκα περιπατουσιν αλλα κατα πνευμα – אc, Dc, K, P, 33, 88, 104, 181, 326, 330, (436 omit μη), 456, 614, 630, 1241, 1877, 1962, 1984, 1985, 2492, 2495, Byz, Lect

Romans 9:11

κακον – 𝔓46, D, F, G, Ψ, Byz
φαυλον – א, B, C, 6, 81, 365, 630, 945, 1506, 1739, 1881, al

Romans 10:21

καὶ ἀντιλέγοντα (and contrary) – omitted by F, G, g, Ambrosiaster, Hilary

Romans 11:1

τὸν λαόν – א, A, Β, C, D, K, P, Ψ, 33, 81, 88, 181, 330, 436, 451, 614, 629, 630, 1241, 1739, 1877, 1881, 1962, 1984, 1985, 2127, 2492, 2495, Byz, Lect, itar, d, dem, e, z, vg, syrp, h, copsa, bo, arm, Origen, Eusebius, Chryzostom, Augustine, Theodoret
τὴν κληρονομίαν – 𝔓46>, G, it, goth, Ambrosiaster, Ambrose, Pelagius

Romans 12:9

ἀποστυγοῦντες τὸ πονηρόν – F, G, lat, syr replaced into μισουντες το πονηρον

Romans 12:11

κυριω – 𝔓46 א Α Β Db,c P Ψ 33 81 88 104 181 326 330 436 451 614 629 630 1241 1739 1877 1881 1962 1984 1985 2127 2492 2495 Byz
καιρω – D* F G 5

Romans 13:1

υπο θεου – א Α Β D2 Ψ Byz
απο θεου – D* F G 629 945

Romans 13:9

ου ψευδομαρτυρησεις, ουκ επιθυμησεις – 01 048 81 88 104 326 330 365 436 451 629 1506 1962 1984 2127 2492 2495 Byzpt ℓ 597 ℓ 598 ℓ 599 a b vgcl (syrh) copbo
ου ψευδομαρτυρησης, ουκ επιθυμησης – P
ουκ επιθυμησεις – 𝔓46 Α Β D F G L Ψ 6 33 181 614 630 1175 1241 1739 1877 1881 vgst syrp copsa
ουκ επιθυμησεις, ου ψευδομαρτυρησεις – 2495

Romans 15:19

πνευματος θεου – 𝔓46 א D P Ψ 88 181 326 436 614 629 1241
πνευματος αγιου – A D G 33 81 104 630 1739
πνευματος θεου αγιου – 330 451

Romans 15:29

Χριστου – 𝔓46 א Α Β C D G P 81 629 630 1739 1881 ar d e f g x z vgww cop arm
του ευαγγελιου του Χριστου – אc Ψ 33 88 104 181 326 330 436 451 614 1241 1877 1962 1984 2127 2492 2495 Byz Lect vgcl syrp,h
της διδαχης του Χριστου – ethro

Romans 15:31

διακονια – 𝔓46 א Α C Dc P Ψ 33 81 88 104 181 326 330 436 451 614 629 630 1241 1739 1877 1881 1962 1984 1985 2127 2492 2495 Byz Lect
δωροφορια – B D Ggr

Romans 16:15

Ιουλιαν, Νηρεα – א Α Β C2 D P Ψ 33 81 88 104 181 326 330 436 451 614 629 630 1241 1739 1877 1881 1962 1984 1985 2127 2492 2495 Byz Lect it vg syr cop arm
Βηρεα και Αουλιαν – 𝔓46
Ιουνιαν, Νηρεα – C Ggr

Romans 16:20

ἡ χάρις τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ (Χριστου) μεθ' ὑμῶν (The grace of our Lord Jesus (Christ) with you) – mss of the Alexandrian, Caesarean, and Byzantine text-types
omitted by D*vid, Fp, G, d, f, g, m, bodl Ambrosiaster Pelagiusms

Romans 16:24

Verse omitted by Codex Sinaiticus A B C 5 81 263 623 1739 1838 1962 2127 itz vgww copsa,bo ethro Origenlat)
Verse included by D G Ψ 88 181 326 330 451 614 629 630 1241 1877 1881 1984 1985 2492 2495 Byz Lect it vgcl syrh
Verse included but following 16:27 P 33 104 256 436 1319 1837 syrp arm

Romans 16:25-27

verses omitted by F, G, 629, d**?, g, goth?, Jeromemss

See also

References
  1. Adam Fox, John Mill and Richard Bentley: A Study of the Textual Criticism of the New Testament 1675–1729 (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1954), pp. 105–115; John Mill, Novum Testamentum Graecum, cum lectionibus variantibus MSS (Oxford 1707)
  2. Metzger and Ehrman (2005), p.154
  3. Peter J. Gurry, "The Number of Variants in the Greek New Testament: A Proposed Estimate" New Testament Studies 62.1 (2016), p. 113

Further reading
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