Third Hellenic Republic

Hellenic Republic
Hellenic Republic; Ελληνική Δημοκρατία; Ellinikí Dimokratía (Greek)
	Flag Coat of arms
	Motto: "Eleftheria i thanatos"; Ελευθερία ή θάνατος; "Freedom or Death"
	Anthem: «Ύμνος εις την Ελευθερίαν»; Ýmnos eis tin Eleftherían; "Hymn to Liberty";
	Location of Third Hellenic Republic (dark green) – in Europe (green & dark grey); – in the European Union (green) – [Legend]
Capital; and largest city	Athens; 37°58′N 23°43′E
Official language; and national language	Greek
Religion	Eastern Orthodoxy
Demonym(s)	Greek
Government	Unitary parliamentary republic
• President	Katerina Sakellaropoulou
• Prime Minister	Kyriakos Mitsotakis
• Speaker of the Parliament	Konstantinos Tasoulas
Legislature	Hellenic Parliament
Establishment history
• Independence declared from the Ottoman Empire	25 March 1821 (traditional starting date of the Greek War of Independence), 15 January 1822 (official declaration)
• Recognised	3 February 1830
• Current constitution	11 June 1975
Area
• Total	131,957 km2 (50,949 sq mi)[1] (95th)
• Water (%)	0.8669
Population
• 2017 estimate	10,768,477
• 2011 census	10,816,286[2] (80th)
• Density	82[3]/km2 (212.4/sq mi) (125th)
GDP (PPP)	2019 estimate
• Total	$326.700 billion[4] (57th)
• Per capita	$30,522[4] (47th)
GDP (nominal)	2019 estimate
• Total	$224.033 billion[4] (52nd)
• Per capita	$20,930[4] (38th)
Gini (2018)	32.3[5]; medium · 60th
HDI (2017)	0.870[6]; very high · 31st
Currency	Euro (€) (EUR)
Time zone	UTC+02:00 (Eastern European Time)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+03:00 (Eastern European Summer Time)
Date format	dd/mm/yyyy (AD)
Driving side	right
Calling code	+30
ISO 3166 code	GR
Internet TLD	.gra; .ελ
	The .eu domain is also used, as in other European Union member states.;

The Third Hellenic Republic (Greek: Γ΄ Ελληνική Δημοκρατία, romanized: Triti Elliniki Dimokratia) is the period in modern Greek history that stretches from 1974, with the fall of Greek military junta and the final abolition of the Greek monarchy, to the present day.

It is considered the third period of republican rule in Greece, following the First Republic during the Greek War of Independence (1821–1832) and the Second Republic during the temporary abolition of the monarchy in 1924–1935.

The term "Metapolitefsi" (Μεταπολίτευση, 'polity change') is commonly used for the entire period, but this term is properly restricted to the early part of the period, beginning with the fall of the junta and culminating in the democratic transformation of the country. While the First and Second Hellenic Republics are not in common use except in a historiographic context, the term Third Hellenic Republic is used frequently.[7][8]

The Third Hellenic Republic has been characterised by the development of social freedoms, the European orientation of Greece and the political dominance of the parties ND and PASOK. On the negative side the period has included high corruption, deterioration of certain economic indexes such as the public debt, and nepotism, mostly in the political scene and the state offices.[9][10][11]

Events

This period has been marked by many significant changes in the country. In 1981 Greece joined the EU. Simultaneously, the centre-left party PASOK won the election and changed the Greek political scenery. The decade of the 1990s saw the standard of living among Greeks steadily increase, a trend which reached its zenith around the time of the Olympic Games of 2004. On 1 January 2001, Greece voted to adopt the Euro, and the currency was introduced in the country one year later on 1 January 2002. In the last months of 2009, the Greek debt crisis broke out, an event that brought about great changes on both a social and political level.

Presidents of the Third Hellenic Republic

Political parties in Third Hellenic Republic

1974–1989

This period began with the centrists and centre-right being dominant, though the former lost support in the late 1970s with the rise of PASOK. Also the Communist Party of Greece was allowed to take part in elections for first time after the end of the Greek Civil War. The table below shows the results of elections during this period.

Political position/ Ideology	Political Party	1974 Legislative Elections	1977 Legislative Elections	1981 Legislative Elections	1981 European Elections	1984 European Elections	1985 Legislative Elections	1989 European Elections	1989 June Legislative Elections	1989 Nov Legislative Elections
Political position/ Ideology	Political Party	%	%	%	%	%	%	%	%	%
Far-left	KKE	–	9.36	10.93	12.84	11.64	9.89	–	–	–
Far-left	KKE interior	–	–	1.37	5.30	3.42	1.84	–	–	–

Left-wing	United Left	9.47	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
	SPADE	–	2.72	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
	SYN	–	–	–	–	–	–	14.31	13.13	10.97

Centre-left	PASOK	13.58	25.34	48.06	40.12	41.58	45.82	35.96	39.13	40.97

Ecologists	Alternative Ecologists	–	–	–	–	–	–	1.11	–	0.58

Centre	Centre Union	20.42	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
	EDIK	–	11.95	0.40	1.12	0.28	–	0.28	–	–
	KODISO	–	–	0.72	4.26	0.80	–	–	–	–
	Liberal Party	–	–	0.37	1.04	0.35	0.17	0.40	0.10	0.08
	Christian Democracy	–	–	0.15	1.12	0.45	–	0.41	0.20	–

Liberals	New Liberals	–	1.08	–	–	–	–	–	–	–

Centre-right	New Democracy	54.37	41.84	35.88	31.34	38.05	40.85	40.41	44.28	46.19
Centre-right	DIANA	–	–	–	–	–	–	1.36	1.01	–

Right-wing	EDE	1.08	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
	National Alignment	–	6.82	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
	Progressive Party	–	–	1.69	1.96	–	–	–	–	–

Far-right	EPEN	–	–	–	–	2.29	0.60	1.16	0.30	–

1990–2007

This period began with the fall of communist regimes in eastern Europe. It is characterized by the reinforcement of bipartisanship with the two main parties (New Democracy and PASOK) regularly polling over 80% of the vote between them, even reaching 86%.

Political position/ Ideology	Political Party	1990 Legislative Elections	1993 Legislative Elections	1994 European Elections	1996 Legislative Elections	1999 European Elections	2000 Legislative Elections	2004 Legislative Elections	2004 European Elections	2007 Legislative Elections
Political position/ Ideology	Political Party	%	%	%	%	%	%	%	%	%
Far-left	KKE	–	4.54	6.29	5.61	8.67	5.52	5.90	9.48	8.15

Left-wing	SYN/SYRIZA	10.28	2.94	6.25	5.12	5.16	3.20	3.26	4.16	5.04

Centre-left	PASOK	38.61	46.88	37.64	41.49	32.91	43.79	40.55	34.03	38.10
Centre-left	DIKKI	–	–	–	4.43	6.85	2.69	1.79	–	–

Ecologists	Alternative Ecologists	0.77	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Ecologists	Ecologist Greens	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	0.67	1.05

Centre	Union of Centrists	–	0.23	1.19	0.70	0.82	0.34	0.26	0.56	0.29

Liberals	The Liberals	–	–	–	–	1.62	–	–	–	–

Centre-right	New Democracy	46.89	39.30	32.66	38.12	36.00	42.74	45.36	43.02	41.84
Centre-right	DIANA	0.67	–	2.79	–	–	–	–	–	–

Right-wing	Political Spring	–	4.88	8.65	2.94	2.28	–	–	–	–

Far-right	EPEN	–	0.14	0.78	0.24	–	–	–	–	–
	Golden Dawn	–	–	–	0.11	0.07	–	–	–	–
	LAOS	–	–	–	–	–	–	2.19	4.12	3.80

2009–2019

This period corresponds to Greek government-debt crisis, that changed dramatically the political stage. Early in the period, PASOK were able to capitalise on a loss of support for ND. However, by the early 2010s, PASOK were also attracting blame for their handling of the crisis, and the radical party SYRIZA became the largest party on the left. The position of the far-right was also strengthened in this period.

Political position/ Ideology	Political Party	2009 European Elections	2009 Legislative Elections	2012 May Legislative Elections	2012 June Legislative Elections	2014 European Elections	2015 Jan. Legislative Elections	2015 Sept. Legislative Elections	2019 European Elections	2019 Legislative Elections
Political position/ Ideology	Political Party	%	%	%	%	%	%	%	%	%
Far-left	KKE	8.35	7.54	8.48	4.50	6.11	5.47	5.55	5.33	5.30
Far-left	ANTARSYA	0.43	0.36	1.19	0.33	0.72	0.64	0.85	0.64	0.41

Left Wing	SYRIZA	4.70	4.60	16.79	26.89	26.57	36.34	35.46	23.78	31.53
	Popular Unity	—	—	—	—	—	—	2.86	0.56	0.23
	MeRA25	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	2.99	3.44
	Course of Freedom	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	1.61	1.46

Centre-Left	PASOK / (MC, OT, DC)	36.64	43.92	13.18	12.28	8.02	4.68	6.28	7.72	8.10
	Democratic Left	—	—	6.11	6.25	1.20	0.49	—	—	—
	Social Agreement	—	—	0.96	—	—	—	—	—	—
	The River	—	—	—	—	6.60	6.05	4.09	1.51	—
	KIDISO	—	—	—	—	—	2.46	—	—	—

Ecologist	Ecologist Greens	3.49	2.53	2.93	0.88	0.90	—	—	0.87	—

Centre	Union of Centrists	0.38	0.27	0.61	0.28	0.65	1.79	3.43	1.45	1.24
Centre	Teleia	—	—	—	—	—	1.77	—	—	—

Liberal	Drassi	0.76	—	1.80	—	—	—	—	—	—
	Recreate Greece	—	—	2.15	—	—	—	0.53	0.69	0.74
	Democratic Alliance	—	—	2.55	—	—	—	—	—	—
	Drassi/Recreate Greece	—	—	—	1.59	0.91	—	—	—	—
	Greek European Citizens	—	—	—	—	1.40	—	—	—	—

Centre-Right	New Democracy	32.29	33.48	18.85	29.66	22.72	27.81	28.10	33.13	39.85

Right Wing	PAMME	1.27	–	–	–	–	–	—	—	—
	Independent Greeks	—	—	10.62	7.51	3.46	4.75	3.69	0.80	—
	UFP	—	—	—	—	1.04	—	—	—	—

Far Right	LAOS	7.14	5.63	2.89	1.58	2.69	1.03	—	1.23	—
	Golden Dawn	0.46	0.29	6.97	6.92	9.39	6.28	6.99	4.88	2.93
	Greek Solution	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	4.18	3.70

References

"Country Comparison: Area". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 7 January 2013.
Απογραφή Πληθυσμού – Κατοικιών 2011. ΜΟΝΙΜΟΣ Πληθυσμός [Results of Population-Housing Census 2011 concerning the permanent population of the country] (PDF) (in Greek). 20 March 2014. Retrieved 25 October 2016.
"Announcement of the results of the 2011 Population Census for the Resident Population" (PDF). Hellenic Statistical Authority. 28 December 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 November 2013. Retrieved 24 August 2013.
"Report for Selected Countries and Subjects". IMF. 20 October 2018.
"INCOME INEQUALITY 2018 Survey on Income and Living Conditions (Income reference period 2017)". Piraeus: Hellenic Statistical Authority. 21 June 2019. Retrieved 4 September 2019.
"Table 2. Human Development Index Trends, 1990-2017". Human Development Reports. New York: United Nations Development Programme. 14 September 2018. Retrieved 20 September 2018.
Ιορδάνογλου, Χρυσάφης Ι. (2002). Γερνώντας μαζί με την τρίτη ελληνική δημοκρατία. Εκδόσεις Παρατηρητής. ISBN 960-374-232-5.
Μαυρογένης, Γιώργος (2008). Πολιτική Επικοινωνία & ΜΜΕ (Κεφάλαιο 17: Πολιτική Επικοινωνία στην Τρίτη Ελληνική Δημοκρατία). Εκδόσεις Σταμούλη. ISBN 9789603517566.
"H ποιότητα στην Γ΄ Ελληνική Δημοκρατία". kathimerini.gr. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
"Η Μεταπολίτευση, μία σύντομη αποτίμηση". kathimerini.gr. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
"Τρίτη Ελληνική Δημοκρατία. Του Γ. Ρωμαίου". tvxs.gr. Retrieved 29 January 2015.

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[1] "Country Comparison: Area". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 7 January 2013.

[ELSTAT-2] Απογραφή Πληθυσμού – Κατοικιών 2011. ΜΟΝΙΜΟΣ Πληθυσμός [Results of Population-Housing Census 2011 concerning the permanent population of the country] (PDF) (in Greek). 20 March 2014. Retrieved 25 October 2016.

[3] "Announcement of the results of the 2011 Population Census for the Resident Population" (PDF). Hellenic Statistical Authority. 28 December 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 November 2013. Retrieved 24 August 2013.

[imfgdp-4] "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects". IMF. 20 October 2018.

[5] "INCOME INEQUALITY 2018 Survey on Income and Living Conditions (Income reference period 2017)". Piraeus: Hellenic Statistical Authority. 21 June 2019. Retrieved 4 September 2019.

[6] "Table 2. Human Development Index Trends, 1990-2017". Human Development Reports. New York: United Nations Development Programme. 14 September 2018. Retrieved 20 September 2018.

[7] Ιορδάνογλου, Χρυσάφης Ι. (2002). Γερνώντας μαζί με την τρίτη ελληνική δημοκρατία. Εκδόσεις Παρατηρητής. ISBN 960-374-232-5.

[8] Μαυρογένης, Γιώργος (2008). Πολιτική Επικοινωνία & ΜΜΕ (Κεφάλαιο 17: Πολιτική Επικοινωνία στην Τρίτη Ελληνική Δημοκρατία). Εκδόσεις Σταμούλη. ISBN 9789603517566.

[9] "H ποιότητα στην Γ΄ Ελληνική Δημοκρατία". kathimerini.gr. Retrieved 29 January 2015.

[10] "Η Μεταπολίτευση, μία σύντομη αποτίμηση". kathimerini.gr. Retrieved 29 January 2015.

[11] "Τρίτη Ελληνική Δημοκρατία. Του Γ. Ρωμαίου". tvxs.gr. Retrieved 29 January 2015.