Timeline of Georgian (country) history

This is a timeline of Georgian history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in Georgia and its predecessor states. To read about the background to these events, see History of Georgia. See also the List of Georgian Kings and Queens.

1800000 BC

Event
Homo erectus georgicus

8000 BC - 7000 BC

Event

6200 BC - 4000 BC

Event
Shulaveri. A late Neolithic/Eneolithic culture that existed on the territory of present-day Georgia, Azerbaijan and the Armenian Highlands The culture is dated to mid-6th or early-5th millennia BC and is thought to be one of the earliest known Neolithic cultures. Started in c. 6000 BC and lasted till 4000 BC.

4000 BC - 2200 BC

Event
Trialeti culture. The Trialeti age was a second culture to appear in what is present-day Georgia, after the Shulaveri age and it lasted from 4000 BC to 2200 BC.

3400 BC - 2000 BC

Event
Kura-Araxes culture. It mostly encompassed, on modern-day territories, the Southern Caucasus (except western Georgia), northwestern Iran, the northeastern Caucasus, eastern Turkey, and as far as Syria.

2500 BC - 760 BC

Event
Diauehi. A coalition of tribes, or kingdoms, located in northeastern Anatolia, that was formed in the 12th century BC in the post-Hittite period. It is mentioned in the Urartian inscriptions. It is usually (though not always) identified with Daiaeni of the Yonjalu inscription of the Assyrian king Tiglath-Pileser I's third year (1118 BC). Diauehi is a possible locus of proto-Kartvelian; it has been described as an "important tribal formation of possible proto-Georgians" by Ronald Grigor Suny (1994).

1200 BC - 600 BC

Event
Colchian culture. Late Bronze Age and Iron Age culture of the western Caucasus, mostly in what is present-day western Georgia.

1112 BC

Event
King Sien of Diauehi leads a large tribal coalition of tribes to stall Assyrian advances. He is captured by Assyrians, forcibly submitted to King Tiglath-Pileser I and later released on terms of vassalage. Tribal alliance of 20,000 Mushks commanded by 5 kings and Kaskian warriors is also defeated by Assyrians in the same year.

760 BC

Event
Despite numerous attempts of its King Utupurshi of Diauehi to salvage the nation, Diauehi is finally destroyed by the emerging power of Urartu. It is partitioned between Urartu and the entity of Colchis.

700 BC

Event
Cimmerians and Scythians invade Georgia and the Caucasus. Kingdom of Colchis develops in this age. Later on, Cimmerians play an influential role in the development of both Iberian and Colchian states.
Ancient Greek colonization of the Black Sea begins. Greeks establish a number of colonies on Colchian coast, namely: Phasis, Dioscurias, Pityus, Gyenos and few others.

600 BC

Event
Kingdom of Colchis appears. Described as being "the earliest Georgian formation", it was kingdom and region in Western Georgia, which played an important role in the ethnic and cultural formation of the Georgians. The Kingdom of Colchis, which existed from the 6th to the 1st centuries BC is regarded as another Georgian state and the term Colchians was used as the collective term for tribes which populated the eastern coast of the Black Sea. Colchis was populated by Colchians, an early Lazuri speaking tribe, ancestral to the contemporary Western Georgians, namely Svans and Mingrelians, as well as the related Lazs.

500 BC

Event
Colchians are mentioned in the Histories of Herodotus alongside Persians and Medes which undoubtedly points out their significant role as well as famed strength renowned throughout the Ancient World.

302 BC

Event
Kingdom of Iberia, centred in what is present-day eastern Georgia, is founded as an official monarchy by its first king Pharnavaz I of Iberia, after defeating Azo, his predecessor and usurper to the throne. Pharnabazid Dynasty is established.
Xenophon, a Greek mercenary and distinguished historical writer of Antiquity, passes through the area later known as Pontus. Recordings of his journey prove invaluable to the early Georgian history and ethnography. Xenophon described the following Proto-Georgian tribes: Chalybes, Drilae, Macrones, Mossynoeci, Phasians, Taochi, Tibareni and others.

284 BC

Event
According to traditional accounts, Georgian alphabet is created by the King Pharnavaz I of Iberia for the Georgian language.

90 BC

Event
Artaxiad Dynasty begins reigning in Iberia.

65 BC

Event
Pompey's Georgian campaign. Pompey the Great subjugates Kingdom of Iberia and makes western Georgian Kingdom of Colchis a Roman province.

1st century

YearDateEvent
30 ADPharnabazid Dynasty is restored to the Iberian throne.

2nd century

YearDateEvent
117-138 ADKingdom of Iberia reaches its peak with the reign of King Pharasmanes II of Iberia, who manages to install his brother Mithridates on the Armenian throne, who is later deposed and replaced by his nephew Rhadamistus. The possibility of uniting the two kingdoms is finally shattered by Parthian invasion and Rhadamistus is overthrown.
189 ADArsacid dynasty of Iberia succeeds the Pharnabazids.

3rd century

YearDateEvent
270 ADAnti-Roman uprising in Colchis.
284 ADChosroid Dynasty, a branch of the House of Mihran, begins reigning over the Kingdom of Iberia.

4th century

YearDateEvent
319 AD, 326 AD or 337 ADKing Mirian III of Iberia declares Christianity in Caucasian Iberia (eastern Georgia) as an official religion.

5th century

YearDateEvent
482-502 ADVakhtang I of Iberia fights against growing Persian domination and renewed attempts of forcible conversion of Iberia, Armenia and Albania to Zoroastrianism.
560s, 570s ADKhosrow I abolishes the king as a title of the Iberian ruler and incorporates Iberia into his Empire. Iberia becomes a mere province.
580 ADDeath of Bacurius, the last Chosroid ruler of Iberia and subsequent abolition of Iberian monarchy by Persians.
588 ADAfter the abolition of the monarchy by Sassanid Empire, Principate of Iberia is established with Guaram I of Iberia as its first ruler.

6th century

YearDateEvent
526-532 ADIberian War
541-562 ADLazic War

7th century

YearDateEvent
627 ADThird Perso-Turkic War - Tbilisi, capital of the Principate of Iberia, whose ruler Stephen I of Iberia is an ally of the Khosrau II, is sacked by the combined forces of Turks and Byzantines.
654 ADFirst entry of Arabs into Georgian lands. Principate of Iberia, unable to resist the invaders on its own, surrenders and accepts the terms of vassalage.

8th century

YearDateEvent
735-737 ADMarwan ibn Muhammad's invasion of Georgia

9th century

YearDateEvent
AD

10th century

YearDateEvent
1000 ADBagrat III of Georgia founds Kingdom of Georgia

11th century

YearDateEvent
1040 ADSeljuk Turks invade Georgia.
1071 ADByzantine-Georgian armies are defeated by Seljuk Turks at the Battle of Manzikert.
1089 ADAt the age 16 King David IV of Georgia inherits the throne and organizes the army to combat the Seljuk invaders.

12th century

YearDateEvent
1121 ADAt the Battle of Didgori Seljuks are defeated by the Georgians. Tbilisi and other Georgian lands go back to Georgia.

13th century

YearDateEvent
1204 ADQueen Tamar of Georgia conquers Black Sea coast of Byzantine Empire and Empire of Trebizond is created. She puts there as emperor her own relative Prince Alexios Komnenos.

14th century

YearDateEvent
AD

15th century

YearDateEvent
1400 ADTimur the Lame invades Georgia destroys most of the towns in Western Georgia. 60,000 survivors were taken back to the Timurid Empire as slaves.
1463Self-declared King of Imereti Bagrat VI defeats George VIII forces in the Battle of Chikhori and ensures his power.
1483Self-declared Atabeg of Samtskhe Qvarqvare II Jaqeli assaults royal forces and defeats them in the Battle of Aradeti, therefore ensuring his power. Kingdom of Georgia finally collapses.
1490Governors of Kartli finally recognizes dissolution of Kingdom of Georgia.

16th century

YearDateEvent
AD

17th century

YearDateEvent
AD

18th century

YearDateEvent
July 24, 1783 ADthe Treaty of Georgievsk is signed between the Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti and the Russian Empire, making Kartli-Kakheti a protectorate of Russia.
1795 ADAgha Mohammed Khan invades Georgia, capturing and sacking Tbilisi. Eastern Georgia briefly re-occupied by the Iranians.
1798 ADCivil war breaks out within Kartli following the death of Erekle II over the succession to the throne of Kartli, eventually taken by George XII.
1799 ADRussians enter Tbilisi.

19th century

YearDateEvent
January 8, 1801 ADTsar Paul I of Russia signs a decree on incorporating Kartli-Kakheti into Russia, confirmed by Alexander I on 12 September the same year.
1810Russian Army invades and annexes Kingdom of Imereti.
18 July 1811Autocephaly of Georgian Orthodox Church was quashed on order of the Tsar.
24 October 1813 ADTreaty of Gulistan signed between Qajar Iran and the Russian Empire, ending the Russo-Iranian War of 1804–1813. Eastern Georgia officially ceded by the Iranians to Russia.
9 September 1829David Gurieli was proclaimed deposed by the Russian authorities and Principality of Guria was directly annexed by Russian Empire.
1858Principality of Svaneti was abolished by the Russian authorities and was converted into a district of Russian Empire.
1864Principality of Abkhazia was abolished and incorporated in the Russian Empire, whereas Prince Mikhail Shervashidze was forced to reject his rights and resettle in Voronezh.
1867Niko Dadiani was deposed and Principality of Mingrelia was abolished and incorporated in the Russian Empire.
13 July 1878Treaty of Berlin was signed in the aftermath of the Russo-Turkish War. The Ottomans were forced to cede Adjara to the expanding Russian Empire.

20th century

YearDateEvent
191822 AprilTranscaucasian Democratic Federative Republic established.
191828 MayTranscaucasian Democratic Federative Republic disestablished.
191826 MayDemocratic Republic of Georgia established.
192125 FebruaryDemocratic Republic of Georgia annexed by the Bolshevik forces of the Soviet Union, following an invasion which begin 14 days earlier on the 11th.
197814 AprilA wave of demonstrations were held in Tbilisi to protest adopting a new constitution of the Soviet Georgia, no longer declaring Georgian to be the sole state language. Protests resulted in retaining the previous status of the Georgian language.
9 April 1989Soviet forces disperse demonstrations in Tbilisi, leaving 21 civilians killed.
9 April 1991Georgia declares independence from the Soviet Union, finalized on 25 December the same year.
1991-1993Georgian Civil War.
1992-1993War in Abkhazia.
October 19981998 Georgian attempted mutiny.

21st century

YearDateEvent
November 2003The Rose Revolution resulted in overthrow of incumbent President Eduard Shevardnadze.
May 2004The Adjara Revolution restored semi-independent region under control of the government of Georgia.
7 November 2007Police and Special Forces disperse peaceful demonstrations in Tbilisi and burst into the Imedi office.
August 2008Russia-Georgia War.

See also

Further reading

  • William Henry Overall, ed. (1870). "Georgia, Asia". Dictionary of Chronology. London: William Tegg. hdl:2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t9m32q949 via Hathi Trust.
  • Benjamin Vincent (1910), "Georgia", Haydn's Dictionary of Dates (25th ed.), London: Ward, Lock & Co., hdl:2027/loc.ark:/13960/t89g6g776 via Hathi Trust
  • "Georgia: Chronology". Eastern Europe, Russia and Central Asia 2003. Europa Publications. 2002. ISBN 978-1-85743-137-7.
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