Tornado outbreak of March 21–22, 1952

The tornado outbreak of March 21–22, 1952, also known as the March 1952 Southern United States tornado outbreak, generated eleven violent tornadoes across the Southern United States, which is the fourth-largest number of F4–F5 events produced by a single outbreak.[nb 1] Only the 1965 Palm Sunday tornado outbreak, the 1974 Super Outbreak, and the 2011 Super Outbreak surpassed this number. The outbreak caused 209 fatalities–50 of which occurred in a single tornado in Arkansas.[2][3] The severe weather event also resulted in the fourth-largest number of tornado fatalities within a 24-hour period since 1950.[4]

Tornado outbreak of March 21–22, 1952
TypeTornado outbreak
DurationMarch 21–22, 1952
Tornadoes confirmed31
Max. rating1F4 tornado
Duration of tornado outbreak21 day and 40 minutes
Damage$285.3 million (2019 USD)
Casualties209 fatalities, ≥1,212 injuries
Areas affectedSouthern United States (primarily the Mississippi Alluvial Plain), especially Arkansas, Tennessee, and Missouri

1Most severe tornado damage; see Fujita scale
2Time from first tornado to last tornado

Meteorological synopsis

A large low pressure system raced across the Northern Pacific before reaching the coast of the Southern Alaska panhandle on March 17. A new low formed from the original one and moved quickly southeastward through Canada and the Great Plains before turning eastward over Northern Oklahoma during the afternoon of March 19. It subsequently moved into Southwesten Missouri near Joplin and shot northeastward as another low that had formed in Nevada on March 19 surged into the region on March 21 and made a gradual northeastward turn through Northern Texas, Southeastern Oklahoma, and Northwestern Arkansas before turning northward on March 22 after it entered Illinois. Favorable conditions in the atmosphere led to a massive area of strong and severe thunderstorms that produced damaging winds, large hail, heavy rain, flooding, lightning, and tornadoes.[5]

Daily statistics
Confirmed tornadoes by Fujita rating
FU F0 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 Total
0 2 1 6 11 11 0 31
Daily statistics of tornadoes produced by the tornado outbreak of March 21–22, 1952
Date Total Fujita scale rating Deaths Injuries Damage Ref.
 FU   F0   F1   F2   F3   F4   F5 
March 21 27 0 2 0 5 10 10 0 202 1133 $ [6][7][2]
March 22 4 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 7 79 $ [6][7][2]
Total 31 0 2 1 6 11 11 0 209 1,212 $ [6][7][2]
Outbreak death toll[6]
State Total County County
total
Alabama 4 Morgan 4
Arkansas 112 Cross 4
Howard 7
Lonoke 11
Mississippi 2
Poinsett 3
Prairie 6
White 50
Woodruff 29
Missouri 17 Pemiscot 17
Mississippi 9 Marshall 9
Tennessee 67 Carroll 1
Chester 23
Dyer 16
Fayette 7
Gibson 2
Hardeman 4
Henderson 11
Hickman 3
Totals 209
All deaths were tornado-related

List of tornadoes

March 21 event
List of confirmed tornadoes – Friday, March 21, 1952[nb 2][nb 3]
F# Location County / Parish State Start Coord. Time (UTC) Path length Max. width Summary Refs.
F4 W of Center Point to W of Newhope Howard AR 34.02°N 94.02°W / 34.02; -94.02 (Center Point (March 21, F4)) 20:40–? 13 miles (21 km) 833 yards (762 m) 7 deaths – This violent tornado destroyed 22 homes on the outskirts of Dierks, most of which were frail. Seven people sustained injuries, and losses totaled $150,000. [9][10]
F3 SW of Paron to E of Ferndale Saline AR 34.72°N 92.82°W / 34.72; -92.82 (Paron (March 21, F3)) 22:00–? 17.7 miles (28.5 km) 440 yards (400 m) This tornado originated in the same supercell as the Dierks event. Near Paron, it destroyed one home and unroofed several others. Barns and a church were wrecked as well. A number of livestock died or sustained injuries. Losses totaled $40,000. Tornado researcher Thomas P. Grazulis classified this tornado as an F2. [11][9]
F4 SW of Kensett to Judsonia to NW of Russell White AR 35.22°N 91.70°W / 35.22; -91.70 (Kensett (March 21, F4)) 22:50–? 14.6 miles (23.5 km) 1,760 yards (1,610 m) 50 deaths – This large, intense tornado was 1 1⁄2 mi (2.4 km) wide at times. It passed through the business district of Judsonia and damaged or destroyed 945 structures in town. In all, at least 30 deaths were confirmed in Judsonia alone. 20 more deaths occurred between Bald Knob and Russell. Damage also occurred on the northwestern side of Kensett as well as Midway. 325 injuries occurred along the path. The tornado became the fourth deadliest in the U.S. state of Arkansas on record. [11][9][12][13]
F2 Southeastern Mayflower Faulkner AR 34.95°N 92.42°W / 34.95; -92.42 (Mayflower (March 21, F2)) 23:00–? 0.1 miles (0.16 km) 10 yards (9.1 m) This brief tornado demolished or damaged more than six homes near Mayflower, several of which were small. Six injuries occurred. [9][14]
F4 SE of Woodlawn to WNW of Carlisle Lonoke AR 34.90°N 91.85°W / 34.90; -91.85 (Wattensaw (March 21, F4)) 23:00–? 7.6 miles (12.2 km) 10 yards (9.1 m) 2 deaths – This tornado killed two people and injured six others as it struck the rural community of Wattensaw. Officially, the tornado was one of several that belonged to a 65-mile-long (105 km) family; however, according to Grazulis, it was a single, continuous tornado that impacted Hickory Plains, Georgetown, McCrory, and Hickory Ridge. [15][16]
F3 SW of Allport to S of Screeton Lonoke AR 34.53°N 91.80°W / 34.53; -91.80 (England (March 21, F3)) 23:00–23:15 16.2 miles (26.1 km) 10 yards (9.1 m) 9 deaths – As this tornado passed near England, it destroyed 40 homes, most of which were poorly built. Nine people died on the northwestern outskirts of town. Additional damage occurred near Carlisle and Hamilton. Nine injuries occurred. According to Grazulis, this tornado tracked for 70 mi (110 km) and was the same as the F4 that struck Cotton Plant, though it is officially part of a tornado family. [15][17][18][6]
F2 WNW of Carlisle to SSE of Hickory Plains Prairie AR 34.80°N 91.80°W / 34.80; -91.80 (Hickory Plains (March 21, F2)) 23:20–? 13.3 miles (21.4 km) 417 yards (381 m) 5 deaths – Two of the five fatalities occurred at Hickory Plains, which incurred partial or total destruction. 15 injuries occurred. [15][19]
F0 W of Tollville Prairie AR 34.72°N 91.57°W / 34.72; -91.57 (Tollville (March 21, F0)) 23:20–? 0.1 miles (0.16 km) 417 yards (381 m) 1 death – This tornado, which occurred south of Hazen, damaged or destroyed 42 homes. Five people sustained injuries. Grazulis listed two fatalities. [9][17][20][15]
F3 Georgetown to McCrory Woodruff AR 35.13°N 91.45°W / 35.13; -91.45 (Georgetown (March 21, F3)) 23:30–00:00 17.6 miles (28.3 km) 600 yards (550 m) This tornado nearly leveled the village of Georgetown and McCrory. [17]
F4 Cotton Plant to NNE of Hunter Woodruff AR 35.00°N 91.25°W / 35.00; -91.25 (Cotton Plant (March 21, F4)) 23:30–? 13.1 miles (21.1 km) 880 yards (800 m) 29 deaths – This tornado laid waste to parts of Cotton Plant, where losses totaled $500,000. Portions of Hillemann also sustained extensive damage. Inclusive of both communities, the tornado damaged or destroyed 214 homes. The tornado injured 180 people. [15][17][21]
F3 NE of Weldon to WNW of Cash Jackson, Poinsett, Craighead AR 35.47°N 91.20°W / 35.47; -91.20 (Weldon (March 21, F3)) 23:40–? 28.5 miles (45.9 km) 440 yards (400 m) This tornado damaged or destroyed 15 homes in Jackson County, many of which were small. Intermittent damage began near Weldon and occurred as far as Cash. In all, six people sustained injuries. Grazulis classified this tornado as an F2. [15][17][22]
F4 E of RoEllen to WSW of Yorkville Dyer TN 36.02°N 89.20°W / 36.02; -89.20 (RoEllen (March 21, F4)) 00:00–? 4.7 miles (7.6 km) 200 yards (180 m) 2 deaths – This tornado damaged or destroyed a total of 17 homes near RoEllen. 10 injuries occurred. Grazulis classified the tornado as an F3. [15][23]
F4 N of Hickory Ridge Cross AR 35.42°N 91.00°W / 35.42; -91.00 (Hickory Ridge (March 21, F4)) 00:00–? 0.1 miles (0.16 km) 880 yards (800 m) 4 deaths – This violent tornado damaged or destroyed 116 homes in Hickory Ridge. Five people were injured. [15][24]
F3 S of Greenfield to Trumann to Caraway to Blytheville Poinsett, Mississippi AR 35.60°N 90.72°W / 35.60; -90.72 (Greenfield (March 21, F3)) 00:45–? 51.8 miles (83.4 km) 880 yards (800 m) 3 deaths – This tornado family may have first killed one person and damaged or destroyed 21 structures in Fisher; however, the first confirmable damage occurred north of Harrisburg. As the tornado struck Trumann, approximately 24 buildings were destroyed or damaged. The tornado is then listed to have hit Caraway and Blytheville, although this may have been the path of another F3 listed below. 96 injuries were reported. [15][25][26]
F3 Marked Tree to ENE of Lepanto Poinsett AR 35.53°N 90.42°W / 35.53; -90.42 (Marked Tree (March 21, F3)) 00:45–? 9.4 miles (15.1 km) 200 yards (180 m) 1 death – This intense tornado destroyed or damaged 23 homes, one or more of which were small. It also just barely missed the town of Alto. Grazulis classified the tornado as an F2. Five injuries occurred. [15][27]
F3 Trumann to Caraway to NE of Blytheville Mississippi AR 35.67°N 90.52°W / 35.67; -90.52 (Trumann (March 21, F3)) 01:00–? 39.7 miles (63.9 km) 880 yards (800 m) 1 death – Between Milligan Ridge and Blytheville, this tornado destroyed or damaged 300 homes. It may have dissipated and then redeveloped into a new tornado near Yarbro. 57 people were injured. [17][15][28]
F4 WNW of Cooter to N of Cottonwood Point Pemiscot MO 36.05°N 89.82°W / 36.05; -89.82 (Cooter (March 21, F4)) 02:00–? 6.5 miles (10.5 km) 880 yards (800 m) 17 deaths – This large, violent tornado, attended by hail, caused $600,000 in damage and was up to 1.4 mi (2.3 km) wide at times. The tornado damaged or destroyed up to 200 homes, many of which were small tenant homes. Grazulis assessed the tornado as having traversed the Mississippi River into Tennessee. 100 people were injured. [17][15][29]
F0 Madison Madison MS 32.47°N 90.12°W / 32.47; -90.12 (Madison (March 21, F0)) 02:30–? 0.1 miles (0.16 km) 20 yards (18 m) A brief tornado was observed just north-northwest of Downtown Madison. One person was injured and losses totaled $1,000. [17][30]
F3 SW of Fowlkes to ENE of Newbern Dyer TN 35.95°N 89.43°W / 35.95; -89.43 (Fowlkes (March 21, F3)) 02:30–? 18.1 miles (29.1 km) 1,000 yards (910 m) 10 deaths – This tornado first destroyed more than 12 homes and caused two deaths in the community of Unionville. After just barely missing the town of Fowlkes, damage extended through the eastern section of Dyersburg. At the Dyersburg airport, the tornado destroyed a hangar, numerous airplanes, and a new administration building. Along the path, the tornado destroyed 15 farms before dissipating after passing east of Newbern. At least 30—perhaps 50—people sustained injuries. Nine, rather than 10, deaths may have occurred, and the path may have been 30 mi (48 km) long. [17][15][31]
F4 Newbern Dyer TN 36.10°N 89.27°W / 36.10; -89.27 (Newbern (March 21, F4)) 02:30–? 2 miles (3.2 km) 200 yards (180 m) 4 deaths – A violent tornado struck Newbern, injuring five people. Grazulis listed this tornado as an F3. [32][15]
F4 ESE of Byhalia, MS to Cayce to SE of Williston, TN Marshall (MS), Fayette (TN) MS, TN 34.87°N 89.68°W / 34.87; -89.68 (Byhalia (March 21, F4)) 04:00–? 29.6 miles (47.6 km) 427 yards (390 m) 16 deaths – This tornado may have merged with a second, undocumented tornado upon touching down. Along the path, the tornado destroyed 38 homes. The tornado passed through Cayce, Mississippi as well as near Rossville and Moscow in Tennessee. It was formerly classified at F5 intensity, based on the destruction of a concrete block structure; however, the Storm Prediction Center later reduced the intensity to F4 status due to it probably not being a steel-reinforced structure. 74 people were injured, although Grazulis listed 17 fatalities and 94 injuries. [33][15][34][6]
F2 Medina Gibson TN 35.80°N 88.78°W / 35.80; -88.78 (Medina (March 21, F2)) 04:45–? 0.1 miles (0.16 km) 150 yards (140 m) 2 deaths – Two people were injured. This tornado was part of a 40-mile-long (64 km) family. [35][15][33]
F3 Western Lavinia Carroll TN 35.85°N 88.67°W / 35.85; -88.67 (Lavinia (March 21, F3)) 04:50–? 0.1 miles (0.16 km) 100 yards (91 m) This tornado passed through the Milan Arsenal southeast of Milan on the west side of Lavinia. There, it damaged or destroyed 30 buildings, including barracks, and 65 vehicles. Losses at the arsenal totaled $500,000 and three injuries occurred. Grazulis listed the tornado as an F2. [15][33][36]
F2 Western Leach Carroll TN 35.93°N 88.50°W / 35.93; -88.50 (Leach (March 21, F2)) 05:00–? 0.1 miles (0.16 km) 150 yards (140 m) 1 death – This tornado destroyed 12 homes on west-southwest side of Leach. Eight injuries occurred. [15][37]
F3 S of Hollow Rock to Bruceton to W of Camden Carroll TN 36.02°N 88.27°W / 36.02; -88.27 (Hollow Rock (March 21, F3)) 05:17–? 5.1 miles (8.2 km) 177 yards (162 m) This tornado destroyed three homes and demolished the business district in Bruceton. Grazulis listed the tornado as an F2. 19 people sustained injuries. [15][38]
F4 NNE of Bolivar to Henderson to WSW of Chesterfield Hardeman, Chester, Henderson TN 35.27°N 88.98°W / 35.27; -88.98 (Bolivar (March 21, F4)) 05:30–? 46.8 miles (75.3 km) 177 yards (162 m) 38 deaths – This devastating tornado, which may have traveled 65 mi (105 km), damaged or destroyed 600 homes. Losses totaled $3.25 million. 23 of the deaths occurred in Henderson and 11 between Jacks Creek and Chesterfield. The tornado lifted less than a mile from Chesterfield, sparing the town. The tornado may have been the same as the F4 that struck both Mississippi and Tennessee. 157 people were injured. The areas between Silerton and south-southwest of Lexington would be hit again by an F2 tornado just under one year later. [15][33][6]
F2 Southeastern Only Humphreys TN 35.85°N 87.68°W / 35.85; -87.68 (Only (March 21, F2)) 05:55–? 0.3 miles (0.48 km) 500 yards (460 m) This brief, strong tornado destroyed several barns, damaged outbuildings, and unroofed three homes on farmsteads in and near Squeeze Bottom and Buffalo. [15][33]

March 22 event
List of confirmed tornadoes – Saturday, March 22, 1952[nb 2][nb 3]
F# Location County / Parish State Start Coord. Time (UTC) Path length Max. width Summary Refs.
F3 NW of Buffalo to ESE of White City LaRue KY 37.53°N 85.72°W / 37.53; -85.72 (Buffalo (March 22, F3)) 06:05–? 2.7 miles (4.3 km) 10 yards (9.1 m) This intense tornado, which passed well south of Hodgenville, just barely missed the Abraham Lincoln Birthplace National Historical Park. It damaged or destroyed 61 homes, nine of which were cottages, and the county fairgrounds. The tornado also unroofed a warehouse and flattened several barns. A total of 18 injuries occurred. [39][15][40]
[41]
F2 SSE of Bucksnort Hickman TN 35.87°N 87.58°W / 35.87; -87.58 (Bucksnort (March 22, F2)) 06:20–? 0.5 miles (0.80 km) 40 yards (37 m) 3 deaths – This tornado may have come from the same storm that produced the F2 tornado in Only. It damaged or destroyed nine homes in a rural area near Spot and injured 10 people. Grazulis did not list this tornado at all, implying that it was a downburst, microburst, or other strong, convectively generated wind. [40][42][2]
F1 Eastern Carthage Smith TN 36.25°N 85.93°W / 36.25; -85.93 (Carthage (March 22, F1)) 17:15–? 0.3 miles (0.48 km) 10 yards (9.1 m) This brief tornado unroofed and destroyed a large building. A few other structures incurred damage nearby and one person was injured. Grazulis listed the tornado as an F2. [15][40][43]
F4 ENE of Moulton Heights to Decatur to Mooresville to SSW of Huntsville Morgan, Madison AL 34.60°N 87.00°W / 34.60; -87.00 (Redstone Arsenal (March 22, F4)) 21:00–? 21.6 miles (34.8 km) 100 yards (91 m) 4 deaths – This violent tornado moved straight through Decatur and Mooresville before dissipating after going over the Redstone Arsenal. It damaged or destroyed 84 structures, including 35 homes. Losses totaled $100,000 and 50 injuries were confirmed. The tornado may have developed near Massey and passed near Falkville and Winton. [15][40][44]

Non-tornadic effects

The weather system associated with the outbreak also produced several inches of snow across the central and northern Great Plains and the upper Midwest. Blizzard conditions affected Kansas, Nebraska, and South Dakota.[7] A significant blizzard affected the Great Plains. In Kansas, 15 in (38 cm) of snow were recorded. On March 22, Charles City, Iowa, documented 11.6 in (29 cm), which was the town's greatest 24-hour snowfall record at the time. Minnesota reported 17 in (43 cm), while Bergland, Michigan, reported 2 ft (0.61 m) of snowfall. Heavy snow and strong winds disrupted highways and road traffic. Flash floods also affected Sumner and Clay counties, Tennessee.[7]

See also

Notes
  1. An outbreak is generally defined as a group of at least six tornadoes (the number sometimes varies slightly according to local climatology) with no more than a six-hour gap between individual tornadoes. An outbreak sequence, prior to (after) the start of modern records in 1950, is defined as a period of no more than two (one) consecutive days without at least one significant (F2 or stronger) tornado.[1]
  2. All dates are based on the local time zone where the tornado touched down; however, all times are in Coordinated Universal Time for consistency.
  3. Prior to 1994, only the average widths of tornado paths were officially listed.[8]

References
  1. Schneider, Russell S.; Brooks, Harold E.; Schaefer, Joseph T. (2004). Tornado Outbreak Day Sequences: Historic Events and Climatology (1875-2003) (PDF). 22nd Conference on Severe Local Storms. Hyannis, Massachusetts: American Meteorological Society. Retrieved 17 September 2019.
  2. Grazulis, Thomas P. (July 1993). Significant Tornadoes 1680–1991: A Chronology and Analysis of Events. St. Johnsbury, Vermont: The Tornado Project of Environmental Films. pp. 962–3. ISBN 1-879362-03-1.
  3. Grazulis 1993, p. 37
  4. Evans, Jeffry S.; Mead, Corey M.; Weiss, Steven J. (2008). Written at Norman, Oklahoma. Forecasting the Super Tuesday tornado outbreak at the Storm Prediction Center: Why forecast uncertainty does not necessarily decrease as you get closer to a high impact weather event (PDF). 24th Conference on Severe Local Storms (27–31 October 2008). Savannah, Georgia: American Meteorological Society. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 November 2018. Retrieved 2 December 2019.
  5. "Climatological Data National Summary Publication | IPS | National Climatic Data Center (NCDC)". www.ncdc.noaa.gov. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
  6. National Weather Service (August 2019). Events reported between 03/21/1952 and 03/22/1952 (2 days) (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 3 December 2019.
  7. U.S. Weather Bureau (March 1952). "Severe Storms". Climatological Data National Summary. Asheville, North Carolina: National Climatic Data Center. 3 (3): 71–4.
  8. Brooks, Harold E. (April 2004). "On the Relationship of Tornado Path Length and Width to Intensity". Weather and Forecasting. Boston: American Meteorological Society. 19 (2): 310. Bibcode:2004WtFor..19..310B. doi:10.1175/1520-0434(2004)019<0310:OTROTP>2.0.CO;2.
  9. Grazulis 1993, p. 962
  10. National Weather Service (August 2019). Arkansas Event Report: F4 Tornado (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 3 December 2019.
  11. USWB 1952, p. 71
  12. National Weather Service (August 2019). Arkansas Event Report: F4 Tornado (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 3 December 2019.
  13. Grazulis, Thomas P.; Grazulis, Doris (26 April 2000). "The Most "Important" US Tornadoes by State". St. Johnsbury, Vermont: The Tornado Project of Environmental Films. Archived from the original on 2 March 2016. Retrieved 22 May 2019.
  14. National Weather Service (August 2019). Arkansas Event Report: F2 Tornado (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 3 December 2019.
  15. Grazulis 1993, p. 963
  16. National Weather Service (August 2019). Arkansas Event Report: F4 Tornado (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 3 December 2019.
  17. USWB 1952, p. 72
  18. National Weather Service (August 2019). Arkansas Event Report: F3 Tornado (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 4 December 2019.
  19. National Weather Service (August 2019). Arkansas Event Report: F2 Tornado (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 4 December 2019.
  20. National Weather Service (August 2019). Arkansas Event Report: Tornado (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 4 December 2019.
  21. National Weather Service (August 2019). Arkansas Event Report: F4 Tornado (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 4 December 2019.
  22. National Weather Service (August 2019). Arkansas Event Report: F3 Tornado (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 4 December 2019.
  23. National Weather Service (August 2019). Tennessee Event Report: F4 Tornado (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 4 December 2019.
  24. National Weather Service (August 2019). Arkansas Event Report: F4 Tornado (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 4 December 2019.
  25. National Weather Service (August 2019). Arkansas Event Report: F3 Tornado (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 4 December 2019.
  26. http://www.tornadohistoryproject.com/tornado/19520321.5.17
  27. National Weather Service (August 2019). Arkansas Event Report: F3 Tornado (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 4 December 2019.
  28. National Weather Service (August 2019). Arkansas Event Report: F3 Tornado (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 5 December 2019.
  29. National Weather Service (August 2019). Missouri Event Report: F4 Tornado (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 5 December 2019.
  30. National Weather Service (August 2019). Mississippi Event Report: Tornado (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 6 December 2019.
  31. National Weather Service (August 2019). Tennessee Event Report: F3 Tornado (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 6 December 2019.
  32. National Weather Service (August 2019). Tennessee Event Report: F4 Tornado (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 6 December 2019.
  33. USWB 1952, p. 73
  34. Gordon, John D.; Bobby Boyd; Mark A. Rose; Jason B. Wright (2000). "The Forgotten F5: The Lawrence County Supercell During the Middle Tennessee Tornado Outbreak of 16 April 1998" (PDF). National Weather Digest. National Weather Association. 24 (4): 3–10. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 December 2012. The authors sent a detailed letter to the SPC recommending the two tornadoes from 1974, and the 1952 tornado mentioned above, be downgraded to F4. The SPC agreed to all three of these changes. The SPC database now reflects the conclusions of Professor Fujita's map of 1974, and Grazulis 1952 tornado report (1993). ... The authors suggested that the three former F5 tornadoes in Tennessee should be reclassified as F4. These changes have been adopted, making the 16 April 1998 Lawrence County tornado the only documented F5 in the history of Tennessee.
  35. National Weather Service (August 2019). Tennessee Event Report: F2 Tornado (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 6 December 2019.
  36. National Weather Service (August 2019). Tennessee Event Report: F3 Tornado (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 6 December 2019.
  37. National Weather Service (August 2019). Tennessee Event Report: F2 Tornado (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 6 December 2019.
  38. National Weather Service (August 2019). Tennessee Event Report: F3 Tornado (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 6 December 2019.
  39. US Department of Commerce, NOAA. "Tornado Listing". www.weather.gov. Retrieved 24 July 2020.
  40. USWB 1952, p. 73
  41. National Weather Service (August 2019). Kentucky Event Report: F3 Tornado (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 8 December 2019.
  42. National Weather Service (August 2019). Tennessee Event Report: F2 Tornado (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 8 December 2019.
  43. National Weather Service (August 2019). Tennessee Event Report: F1 Tornado (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 8 December 2019.
  44. National Weather Service (August 2019). Alabama Event Report: F4 Tornado (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 8 December 2019.
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