Typhoon Joan (1959)

Typhoon Joan was an intense typhoon that caused minor damages in relative to the strength of the typhoon. Joan was the strongest typhoon of 1959 Pacific typhoon season, and one of the most intense Pacific typhoons on record. Joan formed from a surface center to the northeast of Guam on August 23, in which Japan Meteorological Agency began to track and classify the system as a tropical depression on the next day. A reconnaissance aircraft was sent to investigate the surface center and in 03:25 UTC on August 25 the surface center was classified as a tropical storm by Joint Typhoon Warning Center. The storm rapidly intensified into a typhoon in the same day it was formed. By the next three days as Joan tracks towards Taiwan, Joan explosively intensified to attain peak intensity with the pressure of 885 millibars (26.1 inHg), which is tied with Nina as the most intense Pacific typhoon on the record at the time.[1] Shortly afterwards, Joan attained peak strength as a Category 5 equivalent typhoon on the Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale with winds of 170 knots (200 mph) before making landfall in Taiwan as a 160 knots (180 mph) typhoon, which was according to JTWC is the strongest landfall in the recorded history at the time. After making landfall, Joan weakened into a 110 knots (130 mph) typhoon before making landfall on Fujian, China as a Category 2 equivalent typhoon on the Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale with winds of 95 knots (109 mph). Once onshore, Joan did not degenerate quickly as Joan remained as a tropical cyclone for about one day before transitioning into a extratropical cyclone in 18:00 UTC of August 31. Extratropical remnants of Joan quickly traversed through South Korea and Japan before being last noted on 18:00 UTC, September 2.

Typhoon Joan
Category 5 super typhoon (SSHWS)
FormedAugust 25, 1959
DissipatedAugust 31, 1959
Highest winds1-minute sustained: 315 km/h (195 mph)
Lowest pressure885 hPa (mbar); 26.13 inHg
Fatalities41
Damage≥ $3 million (1959 USD)
Areas affectedChina, Taiwan, South Korea, Japan
Part of the 1959 Pacific typhoon season

In Taiwan, damages are considerable with 3,308 homes being destroyed and $3 million in crop damage were recorded. 11 people were killed and 74 people were injured during the onslaught of the storm. In China, Joan caused 60 casualties, including 3 deaths. In South Korea, Joan caused several rivers on the Korean peninsula to overflow their banks, killing 17 people and injuring 21. Another 7,000 people were rendered homeless.

Meteorological history
Most intense Pacific typhoons
Typhoon Season Pressure
hPa inHg
1 Tip 1979 870 25.7
2 June 1975 875 25.8
Nora 1973
4 Forrest 1983 876[2] 25.9
5 Ida 1958 877 25.9
6 Rita 1978 878 26.0
7 Kit 1966 880 26.0
Vanessa 1984
9 Nancy 1961 882 26.4
10 Irma 1971 884 26.1
11 Nina 1953 885 26.1
Joan 1959
Megi 2010
Source:JMA Typhoon Best Track Analysis
Information for the North Western Pacific Ocean.[3]
Map plotting the track and the intensity of the storm, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale

On August 23, surface analyses indicated a surface center was forming northeast of Guam as winds in Guam are shifting from easterlies to the northerlies. On August 24, JMA began to track the developing system and classified the system as a tropical depression.[1][nb 1] A reconnaissance aircraft was sent to this area, and on August 25 at 03:25 UTC JTWC classified the system as a 40 knots (46 mph) tropical storm with JTWC giving the name Joan to the said storm. The new storm quickly intensified, as Joan became a typhoon in the midnight of the next day. By noon on the next day, Joan became a 85 knots (98 mph) typhoon while tracking to the west.[5][6]

As Joan began to intensify further into a 100 knots (120 mph) typhoon on August 27, Joan began to track northwestward with the speed of 10 knots (12 mph). On the next day, Joan rapidly intensified again for the second time as Joan began to increase movement speed up to 17 knots (20 mph), and by the midnight of August 29 Joan attained its peak intensity with the pressure of 885 millibars (26.1 inHg), which is tied with Nina as the most intense Pacific typhoon on the record at the time.[1] In the next six hours before making landfall, Joan attained the peak strength as a Category 5 equivalent typhoon on the Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale with winds of 170 knots (200 mph), while the pressure rises up into 900 millibars (27 inHg). Shortly after reaching peak strength, Joan made landfall near Hualien City, Taiwan with the winds of 160 knots (180 mph). Joan quickly weakened after making landfall on Taiwan, with the winds falling into 110 knots (130 mph) after emerging in Strait of Taiwan at the midnight of August 30.[6] Six hours later, Joan made landfall in Fujian, China with the intensity of 95 knots (109 mph) of August 30, with the slower speed of 10 knots (12 mph). Joan begins to slowly degenerate after the second landfall, though Joan remained on typhoon intensity for most of the day. However, by 18:00 UTC, Joan started to rapidly dissipate as JTWC published the last tropical cyclone warning on Joan.[5] By the next day, Joan began recurving to the northeast while weakening further into a tropical storm. At 18:00 UTC on the same day, Joan transitioned into a extratropical cyclone while above Zhejiang, China. Emerging in the Yellow Sea as an extratropical low in the midnight of September 1, Joan quickly traversed through South Korea as a weak extratropical storm. By the evening of September 1, extratropical remnants of Joan emerged in the Sea of Japan. On September 2, extratropical remnants of Joan traversed through central Japan before being last noted at southeast of Tokyo in 18:00 UTC of the same day.[6]

Preparations and impact

Taiwan

Roughly 140,000 people were evacuated to safer buildings across Taiwan.[7] More than 33,000 people were evacuated to public buildings in Taipei, and more than 6,600 took shelter in Keelung.[8] Joan's approach disrupted international air traffic to the island for 36 hours.[7] According to data from the JTWC, Joan's sustained winds upon its Taiwan landfall were among the strongest in recorded history.[9] Excess winds of 50 knots (58 mph) were reported in weather stations across Taiwan after Joan made landfall with considerable damages reported.[5] At least 11 people were killed by Joan in Taiwan, and another 74 people were injured.[7] The storm also destroyed 3,308 homes and caused $3 million in crop damage. The counties of Nantou and Pingtung bore the brunt of crop damage, with significant losses reported to banana, papaya, and rice. The loss of 20,000 banana trees in Nantou was valued at $555,000.[5] About 50,000 homes were evacuated in Fuzhou.[10]

Others

About 50,000 homes were evacuated in Fuzhou as the typhoon nears landfall.[10] There were 60 casualties, including 3 deaths.[5] Rainfall from Joan caused several rivers on the Korean peninsula to overflow their banks, killing 17 people and injuring 21. Another 7,000 people were rendered homeless.[11]

See also

Notes
  1. The Japan Meteorological Agency is the official Regional Specialized Meteorological Center for the western Pacific Ocean.[4]

References
  1. Japan Meteorological Agency. "RSMC Best Track Data (Text)" (TXT).
  2. "World Tropical Cyclone Records". World Meteorological Organization. Arizona State University. Retrieved December 12, 2013.
  3. Japan Meteorological Agency. "RSMC Best Track Data (Text)" (TXT).
  4. "Annual Report on Activities of the RSMC Tokyo - Typhoon Center 2000" (PDF). Japan Meteorological Organization. February 2001. p. 3. Retrieved January 2, 2012.
  5. Tilden, C. E. (1959). Hoffman, R. M (ed.). Annual typhoon report: 1959 (PDF) (Technical report). Fleet Weather Central/Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 2, 2010. Retrieved August 4, 2013.
  6. Kenneth R. Knapp; Michael C. Kruk; David H. Levinson; Howard J. Diamond; Charles J. Neumann (2010). 1959 Typhoon Joan (1959236N12139). The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data (Report). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. Retrieved October 31, 2020.
  7. Kaff, Albert E. (August 31, 1959). "Typhoon Joan Hits Chinese Mainland". Tyler Morning Telegraph. 31 (289). Tyler, Texas. United Press International. p. 1. Retrieved April 28, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  8. "Typhoon Kills Six on Formosa". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. 48 (207). Honolulu, Hawaii. Associated Press. p. 2. Retrieved April 28, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  9. Masters, Jeff (January 9, 2020). "A Rogues' Gallery of the Five Category 5 Storms of 2019". Eye of the Storm. Scientific American. Retrieved April 28, 2020.
  10. "China Coast Typhoon Toll Set at 2,334". Detroit Free Press. 129 (120). Detroit, Michigan. Associated Pres. September 1, 1959. p. 10. Retrieved April 28, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  11. "Typhoon Kills 17 in Central Korea". Ogden Standard-Examiner. 89 (226). Ogden, Utah. United Press International. September 2, 1959. p. 1. Retrieved April 28, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
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