Typhoon Nanmadol (2004)

Typhoon Nanmadol, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Yoyong,[2] was the last of four consecutive tropical cyclones to strike the Philippines in 2004. A quickly moving system, Nanmadol brought heavy rainfall and strong winds over the same regions impacted by the previous storms, exacerbating flood conditions in Luzon and surrounding regions. Together Nanmadol and these systems accounted for around 1,000 deaths in the Philippines. The typhoon later became the first December tropical cyclone to strike Taiwan since record keeping began, bringing along with it heavy rain, which also affected nearby regions of eastern China. As an extratropical storm, Nanmadol brought gusty winds and rain to Japan.

For other storms of the same name, see Typhoon Nanmadol (disambiguation).

Typhoon Nanmadol (Yoyong)
Typhoon (JMA scale)
Category 4 super typhoon (SSHWS)
Typhoon Nanmadol near peak intensity on December 1
FormedNovember 28, 2004 (November 28, 2004)
DissipatedDecember 4, 2004 (December 4, 2004)
(Extratropical after December 4)
Highest winds10-minute sustained: 165 km/h (105 mph)
1-minute sustained: 240 km/h (150 mph) [1]
Lowest pressure935 hPa (mbar); 27.61 inHg
Fatalities77
Damage$60.8 million (2004 USD)
Areas affectedPhilippines, Taiwan, China
Part of the 2004 Pacific typhoon season

Nanmadol developed from an isolated area of convection south-southwest of Pohnpei that became classified as a tropical depression on November 28. Within highly conducive conditions for development, the system reached tropical storm intensity the following day, followed by typhoon intensity on November 30. Quickly pacing towards the north-northwest about the periphery of a nearby subtropical ridge, Nanmadol reached its peak intensity on December 1 with winds of 165 km/h (105 mph) and a minimum barometric pressure of 935 mbar (hPa; 27.61 inHg).[nb 1] Shortly after, the typhoon made landfall at a similar intensity on Casiguran, Aurora, quickly moving over Luzon before reaching the South China Sea, where it recurved northward into hostile atmospheric conditions. Over the next few days, Nanmadol weakened and later transitioned into an extratropical cyclone near Taiwan on December 4, whereafter it merged with another extratopical system.

With the typhoon approaching landfall in an area still recovering from previous storms, relief agencies already servicing the region were forced to allocate additional resources to prepare for Nanmadol. Evacuation efforts assisted in moving almost 100,000 people into shelters. Effects from Nanmadol were most severe in Cagayan Valley, where 14 people were killed. Power outages were widespread across several islands. Overall, damage from the typhoon in the Philippines totaled ₱2.23 billion (US$39.3 million).[nb 2][nb 3] Heavy rainfall, peaking at 1,090 mm (43 in), was documented in Taiwan. Agricultural damage in Taiwan alone reached NT$670 million (US$20.8 million). Similar effects were felt in Japan, where the remnants of Nanmadol produced record-breaking rainfall and wind. Damage was particularly significant in Aichi Prefecture, totaling JP¥69.8 million (US$680,000). Overall, Nanmadol resulted in 77 fatalities and US$60.8 million in damage across three countries.

Meteorological history
Map plotting the track and the intensity of the storm, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale

The progenitor to Typhoon Nanmadol was first noted by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) as an isolated cluster of thunderstorms roughly 290 km (180 mi) south-southwest of Pohnpei at 2200 UTC on November 27, 2004. With convection consolidating about a potential center of circulation,[2] the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) classified the broad system as a tropical depression the following day.[3] Rapid development of storms and organization ensued following classification, spurred by favorable conditions. Tracking northwestward due to the presence of a nearby subtropical ridge to its north,[2] the depression continued to strengthen, reaching tropical storm intensity on November 29 while 860 km (530 mi) south-southeast of Guam.[3][4] At this point the tropical cyclone was assigned the name Nanmadol.[2]

Conducive atmospheric conditions around Nanmadol on November 29 led to the development of a central dense overcast, followed shortly thereafter by the formation of an eye.[2] Nanmadol was upgraded to severe tropical storm intensity at 0000 UTC on November 30 and became a typhoon twelve hours later,[3] tracking near Satawal, Woleai, and Yap State during this intensification phase.[2] Following the upgrade to typhoon status, intensification briefly slowed but continued soon thereafter. At 0600 UTC on December 1, Nanmadol reached peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 165 km/h (105 mph) and a minimum barometric pressure of 935 mbar (hPa; 27.61 inHg), still east of the Philippines. The typhoon maintained this strength for roughly twelve hours before slightly weakening as it neared Luzon.[3] At approximately 1200 UTC on December 2,[2] Nanmadol made landfall near Casiguran, Aurora with winds of 140 km/h (85 mph).[1]

Due to the rapid motion of Nanmadol, the typhoon crossed Luzon in under six hours, emerging into the South China Sea before 1800 UTC on December 2.[3] Though land interaction with the Philippines did not significantly affect the cyclone, a shortwave trough forced Nanmadol to sharply curve northward, bringing it into hostile atmospheric conditions within the Luzon Strait.[1] At 0000 UTC on December 3, the JMA downgraded Nanmadol to severe tropical storm status.[3] Increased wind shear and the advection of dry air further weakened the tropical cyclone, and by midday on December 3, the storm's center of circulation became decoupled from the rest of the convection.[2] At 2340 UTC that day, Nanmadol made landfall near Fangliao, Pingtung in Taiwan, becoming the first December tropical cyclone to strike the island in 108 years of record-keeping.[2][3] Roughly six hours later on December 4, the JMA determined that Nanmadol had transitioned into an extratropical cyclone.[3] These remnants soon merged with another low-pressure area, creating a more powerful system that later tracked over Japan.[2]

Preparations
Typhoon Nanmadol approaching the Philippines on December 2

Initial forecasts following the formation of Nanmadol over open waters anticipated the typhoon to track directly into Luzon.[2] On December 1, government sessions in Manila were temporarily suspended. Some commercial flights traversing to and from Luzon were cancelled in addition to ferry service between the eastern Bicol Region and Manila, stranding hundreds of passengers.[5] Flight cancellations were primarily targeted at propeller aircraft as they were more susceptible to typhoon conditions.[6] This impacted ongoing relief efforts, as the Philippine Air Force's fleet of rescue planes were also grounded.[7] The impending storm also delayed the reopening of financial markets in Manila until December 3.[8]

Animation of PSWS History throughout the passage of TY Yoyong (Nanmadol)

Then-Philippines president Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo ordered for precautionary measures to be undertaken by agencies under the purview of the National Disaster Coordinating Council (NDCC).[9] In response, the German Foreign Office allocated €50,000 (US$67,000) to assist in preparations for Nanmadol.[10] The Spanish Red Cross were forced to maintain relief supplies in the provinces of Aurora and Quezon in addition to managing ongoing relief efforts for regions impacted by Tropical Depression Winnie.[11] Individual Red Cross chapters were tasked with closely monitoring the movement of relief stockpiles during these preparatory measures.[12]

The NDCC also called for the evacuation of persons in potentially affected areas.[5] Large-scale evacuations took place in Real, Quezon ahead of the approaching typhoon.[13] According to the NDCC, 97,238 persons were evacuated in the lead-up to Nanmadol's Luzon landfall, with nearly 40,000 evacuating from the Bicol Region.[14] However, the Office of Civil Defense documented the evacuation of approximately 168,000 civilians.[7] Government shelters initially made to house displaced residents due to previous storms were adjusted to accommodate additional refugees evacuating due to the typhoon.[15] In Catanduanes, 1,500 persons evacuated to these shelters.[16] Other evacuees sought refuge in well-constructed buildings, as was the case in Mercedes, Eastern Samar, where 2,000 civilians stayed inside a school.[7]

In Taiwan, the Central Weather Bureau issued a land warning for the island in advance of the typhoon. Potential impacts, which would likely be enhanced by the East Asian Monsoon, prompted Taiwanese president Chen Shui-bian to postpone political marches and campaign rallies intended for the upcoming presidential elections.[17] In anticipation for the typhoon, schools and businesses in southern and eastern Taiwan were closed, along with the delaying of rail and air traffic. Kaohsiung International Airport was closed during the morning of December 4.[18]

Impact and aftermath

Philippines
Effects in the Philippines by region
RegionFatalitiesInjuriesDamage
(USD)
Ilocos03$2.7 million
Cagayan Valley1435$25 million
Central Luzon924$8.6 million
Calabarzon and
Mimaropa		N/AN/A$710 thousand
Bicol125$490 thousand
Eastern Visayas05N/A
Metro Manila10N/A
Cordillera65$1.8 million
Totals:70[2]77$39.3 million
Because of differing sources, totals may not match.[19]
Satellite image showing flooding in the Philippines after Nanmadol on December 4

Damage assessments of Nanmadol's impacts in the Philippines found difficulty in distinguishing the storm's impacts from those of Typhoon Muifa, Tropical Storm Merbok, and Tropical Depression Winnie due to their rapid succession of effects. The NDCC, however, noted 70 fatalities as a result of Nanmadol alone, coupled with 157 injuries.[2] The majority of deaths were associated with electrocutions or drownings.[20] Approximately 160,000 people were displaced as well.[17] Overall, the typhoon destroyed 10,457 households and damaged another 57,435.[2] Damage was estimated at ₱2.23 billion (US$39.3 million).[19] Precipitation peaked at 228 mm (9.0 in) in Daet, Camarines Norte, observed over a 24-hour period.[2]

Even prior to the Philippine landfall of Nanmadol, ongoing relief operations were hampered by the storm's overreaching effects. Search and rescue helicopters failed to reach planned destinations, which was also due in part to the country's small helicopter fleet. A navy gunboat refitted as a relief ship headed for Real, Quezon was forced to turn back due to high waves onset by the approaching typhoon which swept potentially hazardous logs into sea.[7][21]

The first Philippine provinces to be impacted by the typhoon were Albay and Catanduanes, which suffered power outages after strong winds tore down power lines.[22][23] One person was killed in Virac, Catanduanes after being electrocuted by a felled power line.[24] In order to prevent more widespread outages, electrical service in some locations was deliberately shut down. Landslides triggered by Nanmadol in Aurora killed 25 people.[25] On the Bicol Peninsula, eight fatalities occurred due to drowning, electrocution, or hypothermia.[26]

In the aftermath of the typhoon, the Philippine Red Cross made a full emergency appeal for funding to assist in recovery from Nanmadol and preceding storms.[27] The Philippines government declared a state of calamity for fifteen provinces, cities, and municipalities. Medical personnel were deployed to mitigate potential outbreaks of disease and transport injured persons to hospitals. The NDCC distributed 14,065 sacks of rice worth roughly ₱11 million (US$200,000).[19]

Elsewhere

Shortly before transitioning into an extratropical cyclone, Nanmadol made landfall in Fangliao, Taiwan as a tropical storm. This made Nanmadol the first recorded tropical cyclone to strike Taiwan in the month of December since records began in 1896. Heavy precipitation associated with the typhoon was reported, peaking at 1,090 mm (43 in) in Pulowan. The highest documented 24-hour rainfall total was at a station in Hualien County, which recorded 907 mm (35.7 in) in that timeframe.[2] Power outages disrupted electrical supply to 26,588 households, and agricultural losses in Taiwan as a result of Nanmadol equated to NT$670 million (US$20.8 million). Two people were killed on the island. The typhoon's swath of rainfall also extended to East China, which was also climatologically abnormal. Rainfall in Fuzhou peaked at 52.3 mm (2.06 in), almost double the average for the month of December. In Zhejiang, rainfall peaked at 106 mm (4.2 in).[2]

The extratropical remnants of Nanmadol brought record breaking rainfall and winds to Japan. A station in Shishikui, Tokushima received 269 mm (10.6 in) of rain, the highest amount documented in the country. Several other stations recorded rainfall totals in excess of 200 mm (7.9 in). Maximum sustained winds clocked at 88 km/h (55 mph) in Chiba, Chiba and Ojima, Tokyo, were the strongest ever recorded in December for those locations. The same station in Chiba clocked a wind gust at 176 km/h (109 mph), another record for the month of December and the highest reported wind gust in Japan from Nanmadol's remnants. A 145 km/h (90 mph) wind gust was recorded in Tokyo; this gust broke the record for the strongest gust recorded in the city since record-keeping began.[2] Offshore Kagoshima Prefecture, a ferry capsized in rough waters, killing five.[28] The captain of the ferry was later charged with professional negligence.[29] In Aomori Prefecture, widespread power outages resulted from the strong winds.[30] Heavy rains in Aichi Prefecture flooded several roads and damaged fisheries and agricultural land. One person was injured there, and damage totaled JP¥69.8 million (US$680,000).[31]

See also
  • Typhoon Cimaron (2006) – One of the most intense typhoons to make landfall on Luzon
  • Typhoon Zeb – Caused severe damage in both the Philippines and Taiwan before tracking through Japan
  • Typhoon Chebi (2006) – Rapidly intensified just prior to its eventual Philippine landfall
  • Tropical Depression Winnie -making landfall over Philippines, nearly 1,600 dead peoples just before Nanmadol struck

Notes
  1. All maximum sustained wind values are sustained for ten minutes and rounded to the nearest five unless otherwise noted, following the standard set by the World Meteorological Organization.
  2. All damage totals were originally reported in 2004 United States dollars unless otherwise noted.
  3. All currencies are converted to United States dollars using Oanada with the exchange rate on December 2, 2004.

References
  1. Atangan, J.F.; Preble, Amanda; United States Naval Maritime Forecast Center (2004). Vancas, Michael (ed.). 2004 Annual Tropical Cyclone Report (PDF). Joint Typhoon Warning Center Annual Tropical Cyclone Reports (Report). Pearl Harbor, Hawaii: Joint Typhoon Warning Center. pp. 163–4. Retrieved 31 August 2013.
  2. Padgett, Gary; Chunliang, Huang; Padua, Michael. "Super Typhoon Nanmadol (TC-30W / TY 0427 / Yoyong)". Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summary – November 2004. Australiasevereweather.com. Retrieved 2 June 2014.
  3. Annual Report on the Activities of the RSMC Tokyo – Typhoon Center, 2004 (PDF) (Report). Tokyo, Japan: Japan Meteorological Agency. p. 60. Retrieved 2 June 2014.
  4. Hong Kong Observatory (June 2005). Tropical Cyclones In 2004 (PDF) (Report). Kowloon, Hong Kong. p. 30. Retrieved 2 June 2014.
  5. "Philippines braces for more devastation amid new typhoon". Manila, Philippines: ReliefWeb. Deutsche Presse Agentur. December 1, 2004. Retrieved 3 June 2014.
  6. "Philippines calls off classes, work in gov't offices due to typhoon". Manila, Philippines. Xinhua. December 2, 2004.
  7. Roque, Pat (December 2, 2004). "Typhoon Forces Evacuation in Philippines". Maragundon, Philippines. Associated Press.
  8. "Toll in Philippine floods tops 1,000; typhoon hits". Manila, Philippines: ReliefWeb. Reuters. December 2, 2004. Retrieved 3 June 2014.
  9. Government of the Philippines (December 1, 2004). "GMA orders NDCC to step up preparations for typhoon "Yoyong"". Manila, Philippines: ReliefWeb. Retrieved 3 June 2014.
  10. Government of the Germany (December 2, 2004). "Federal Foreign Office provides 50,000 EUR for storm victims in the Philippines". ReliefWeb. Retrieved 3 June 2014.
  11. International Federation of Red Cross And Red Crescent Societies (December 1, 200). "Philippines: Typhoon and Tropical Storm Information Bulletin No. 3/2004". ReliefWeb. Retrieved 3 June 2014.
  12. The Philippines: Typhoons (PDF) (Report). International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. p. 3. Retrieved 4 June 2014.
  13. "Survivors flee ground zero of deadly Philippines storm". Agence France-Pesse. December 1, 2004.
  14. National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (December 4, 2004). "Update on the After-Effects of Typhoon "Yoyong"" (PDF). World Health Organization. Retrieved 4 June 2014.
  15. Beyron, Hayda (December 2, 2004). "Hundreds Dead, Thousands Flee in Typhoon-Battered Northern Philippines". Hong Kong, China. Voice of America.
  16. "900 feared dead in Philippines storm". Morning Star. People's Press Printing Society. December 3, 2004. p. 3.
  17. "Typhoon Nanmadol tipped to hit Taiwan, forces delay in campaigning". Taipei, Taiwan: ReliefWeb. Deutsche Presse-Agentur. December 3, 2004.
  18. "Typhoon Nanmadol leaves 1 dead, 3 missing in Taiwan". Taipei, Taiwan. Deutsche Presse-Agentur. December 4, 2004.
  19. National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (December 7, 2004). "Update on the After-Effects of Typhoon "Yoyong"" (PDF). World Health Organization. Retrieved 5 June 2014.
  20. "Typhoon Nanmadol kills at least nine in Philippines". Manila, Philippines. Deutsche Presse-Agentur. December 3, 2004.
  21. de Castor, Erik (December 1, 2004). "Philippine flood-hit towns marooned; typhoon nears". Mauban, Philippines: ReliefWeb. Reuters. Retrieved 4 June 2014.
  22. "Typhoon Nanmadol hits eastern Philippines in aftermath of deadly storm". ReliefWeb. Agence France-Pesse. December 2, 2004. Retrieved 4 June 2014.
  23. "Philippines braces for more devastation from new typhoon". Manila, Philippines: ReliefWeb. Deutsche Presse Agentur. December 2, 2004. Retrieved 4 June 2014.
  24. "Typhoon Nanmadol hits the eastern Philippines". Real, Philippines. Agence France-Pesse. December 2, 2004.
  25. "Roundup: Typhoon Nanmadol kills at least 35 in Philippines". Manila, Philippines. Deutsche Presse-Agentur. December 3, 2004.
  26. "Typhoon leaves trail of destruction as Philippines buries its dead". Real, Philippines. Agence France-Pesse. December 3, 2004.
  27. "Red Cross launches appeal for Philippine flood victims". Geneva, Switzerland. Agence France-Pesse. December 3, 2004.
  28. Kitamoto Asanobu. "Weather Disaster Report (2004-827-37)". Digital Typhoon (in Japanese). Tokyo, Japan: National Institute of Informatics. Retrieved 6 June 2014.
  29. "Japanese boat captain arrested after five go overboard in typhoon". Tokyo, Japan. Agence France-Pesse. December 6, 2004.
  30. Kitamoto Asanobu. "Weather Disaster Report (2004-575-13)". Digital Typhoon (in Japanese). Tokyo, Japan: National Institute of Informatics. Retrieved 6 June 2014.
  31. Kitamoto Asanobu. "Weather Disaster Report (2004-636-18)". Digital Typhoon (in Japanese). Tokyo, Japan: National Institute of Informatics. Retrieved 6 June 2014.
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