University of Canterbury

The University of Canterbury (Māori: Te Whare Wānanga o Waitaha; postnominal abbreviation Cantuar. or Cant. for Cantuariensis, the Latin name for Canterbury) is New Zealand's second oldest university (after the University of Otago, itself founded four years earlier in 1869).

This article is about the New Zealand university. For other uses, see Canterbury University (disambiguation).

University of Canterbury
Te Whare Wānanga o Waitaha
Coat of Arms of the University of Canterbury
Former names
Canterbury College
TypePublic
Established1873 (1873)
ChancellorSusan McCormack
Vice-ChancellorCheryl de la Rey
Academic staff
777[1]
Administrative staff
1,158
Students17,299 (2018)[1]
Undergraduates10,965 (2018)[1]
Postgraduates3,105 (2018)[1]
Location
Christchurch
,
Canterbury
,
New Zealand

43°31′24″S 172°34′55″E
CampusUrban
Websitewww.canterbury.ac.nz

It was founded in 1873 as Canterbury College, the first constituent college of the University of New Zealand. Its original campus was in the Christchurch Central City, but in 1961 it became an independent university and began moving out of its original neo-gothic buildings, which were re-purposed as the Christchurch Arts Centre. The move was completed on 1 May 1975[2] and the university now operates its main campus in the Christchurch suburb of Ilam and offers degrees in Arts, Commerce, Education (physical education), Engineering, Fine Arts, Forestry, Health Sciences, Law, Music, Social Work, Speech and Language Pathology, Science, Sports Coaching and Teaching. Music and classics are again taught from the Christchurch Arts Centre[3] and within the new Manawa building in Christchurch city health and education are taught.[4]

History
Former University of Canterbury campus in the city centre, today the Christchurch Arts Centre

The university originated in 1873 in the centre of Christchurch as Canterbury College, the first constituent college of the University of New Zealand. It became the second institution in New Zealand providing tertiary-level education (following the University of Otago, established in 1869), and the fourth in Australasia. Its foundation professors arrived in 1874, namely, Charles Cook (Mathematics, University of Melbourne, St John's College, Cambridge), Alexander Bickerton (Chemistry and Physics, School of Mining, London), and John Macmillan Brown (University of Glasgow, Balliol College, Oxford).[5] In 1933, the name changed from Canterbury College to Canterbury University College. In 1957 the name changed again to the present University of Canterbury.[6]

Until 1961, the university formed part of the University of New Zealand (UNZ), and issued degrees in its name. That year saw the dissolution of the federal system of tertiary education in New Zealand, and the University of Canterbury became an independent University awarding its own degrees. Upon the UNZ's demise, Canterbury Agricultural College became a constituent college of the University of Canterbury, as Lincoln College.[7] Lincoln College became independent in 1990 as a full university in its own right.[8]

Over the period from 1961 to 1974, the university campus relocated from the centre of the city to its much larger current site in the suburb of Ilam. The neo-gothic buildings of the old campus became the site of the Christchurch Arts Centre, a hub for arts, crafts and entertainment in Christchurch.[9]

In 2004, the University underwent restructuring into four Colleges and a School of Law, administering a number of schools and departments (though a number of departments have involvement in cross-teaching in numerous academic faculties). For many years the university worked closely with the Christchurch College of Education, leading to a full merger in 2007, establishing a fifth College.[10]

In 2012 the School of Law merged with the Business School to form the College of Business and Law.[11]

In September 2011, plans were announced to demolish some University buildings that were damaged from an earthquake.[12] In the months following the earthquake, the University lost 25 per cent of its first-year students and 8 per cent of continuing students. The number of international students, who pay much higher fees and are a major source of revenue, dropped by 30 per cent.[13][14] By 2013, the University had lost 22 per cent of its students.[15] However, a record number of 886 PhD students are enrolled at the University of Canterbury as of 2013.[16] Other New Zealand universities, apparently defying an informal agreement, launched billboard and print advertising campaigns in the earthquake-ravaged city to recruit University of Canterbury students who are finding it difficult to study there.[17] In October 2011, staff were encouraged to take voluntary redundancies.[18]

Student numbers are now steadily on the rise, with a 4.5% increase in students enrolled from 2013 to 2016. International numbers are also increasing, nearing pre-earthquake figures at 1,134 enrolled in 2016.[19]

In March 2016, Vice-Chancellor Dr Rod Carr said in The Press newspaper: "In 2014, they wanted to leave Christchurch and went to Wellington, Otago and into the workforce. Now we're retaining Christchurch school leavers and we're getting our fair share of provincial students, as well as attracting greater numbers from the Auckland region. Living on or near the UC campus, and having a lifestyle that can take you from lectures to skifields in 90 minutes or the beach in 20 minutes, is much more appealing and affordable than living in Auckland."[20]

In 2013 the New Zealand Government agreed to provide $260m to support the University's rebuild programme.[21] In January 2017, the University of Canterbury released its campus master plan – 50 building and landscape projects proposed over three stages by 2045, the cost could exceed $2bn.[22] In a comment to The Press, Rod Carr said that the plans were proof the university was moving away from the falling enrolments post-earthquake.[22]

In 2019 a new Vice Chancellor, Professor Cheryl del and Chancellor were appointed, with a new chapter for the University commencing on the back of a largely rebuilt campus.[23]

Governance

The university was first governed by a board of governors (1873–1933), then by a college council (1933–1957), and since 1957 by a university council.[24] The council is chaired by a chancellor.[25] The Council includes representatives from the faculties, students and general staff, as well as local industry, employer and trade union representatives.[26]

The original composition of the board of governors was defined in the Canterbury College Ordinance 1873,[27] which was passed by the Canterbury Provincial Council and named 23 members who might serve for life. Initially, the board was given power to fill their own vacancies, and this power transferred to graduates once their number exceeded 30.[28] At the time, there were discussions about the abolition of provincial government (which did happen in 1876), and the governance structure was set up to give board members "prestige, power and permanence", and "provincial authority and its membership and resources were safely perpetuated, beyond the reach of grasping hands in Wellington."[29]

Original members of the Board of Governors were:[30] Charles Bowen, Rev James Buller,[31][32][33] William Patten Cowlishaw,[34] John Davies Enys,[35] Charles Fraser, George Gould Sr,[36] Henry Barnes Gresson,[37] William Habens, John Hall, Henry Harper, John Inglis,[38] Walter Kennaway,[39] Arthur C. Knight,[40] Thomas William Maude,[41] William Montgomery, Thomas Potts, William Rolleston, John Studholme, Henry Tancred, James Somerville Turnbull,[42] Henry Richard Webb, Joshua Williams, and Rev William Wellington Willock.[43]

Professor Roy Sharp assumed the position of Vice-Chancellor on 1 March 2003.[44] In May 2008 he announced his imminent resignation from the position, following his acceptance of the chief executive position at the Tertiary Education Commission (TEC)[45][46] which he took up on 4 August 2008.[47] The then current Deputy Vice-Chancellor, Professor Ian Town, assumed the role of acting Vice-Chancellor on 1 July 2008. On 15 October 2008 the university announced that Rod Carr, a former banker and the CEO of a local software company, would begin a five-year appointment as Vice-Chancellor on 1 February 2009.[48]

Council member and former Pro-Chancellor, Rex Williams, became Chancellor in 2009.[49] Council member John Wood became the new Pro-Chancellor. On 1 January 2012, Wood became Chancellor after Williams retired from the role.[49]

The following table lists those who have held the position of chair of the Board of Governors, chair of the College Council, and chancellor.[50][51]

Name Portrait Term
Chair of the Canterbury College Board of Governors
1Joshua Williams1873–1875
2Henry Barnes Gresson[52]1875
3William Montgomery1875–1885
4Frederick de Carteret Malet[53]1885–1894
5Henry Richard Webb1894–1901
6Thomas S. Weston1901–1902
7Arthur Rhodes1902–1904
8Charles Lewis1904–1907
9George Warren Russell1907–1910
10Jonathan Charles Adams[54]1910–1918
11Henry Acland[55]1918–1928
12George John Smith1928–1932
13Christopher Thomas Aschman[56]1932–1933
Chair of the Canterbury University College Council
1Christopher Thomas Aschman1933–1938
2Arthur Edward Flower[57]1938–1944
3John Henry Erle Schroder[58]1944–1946
4Walter Cuthbert Colee1946–1948
5Joseph George Davidson Ward[59]1948–1951
6William John Cartwright1951–1954
7Donald William Bain1954–1957
Chancellor of the University of Canterbury
1Donald William Bain1957–1959
2Carleton Hunter Perkins1959–1965
3Alwyn Warren1965–1968
4Terry McCombs1968–1971
5John Matson1972–1976
6Brian Anderson1977–1979
7Jean Herbison[60]1979–1984
8Charles Caldwell1984–1986
9Richard Bowron1987–1991
10Ian Leggat1992–1997
11Phyllis Guthardt1998–2002
12Robin Mann2003–2008
13Rex Williams[49][61]2009–2012
14John Wood[49]2012–2018
15Susan McCormack2019–present

Campus
The Puaka-James Hight building at the University of Canterbury

The University has a main campus of 76 hectares (190 acres) at Ilam, a suburb of Christchurch about 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) from the centre of the city. The University maintains three libraries, with the Central Library (Māori: Te Puna Mātauraka o Waitaha) housed in the tallest building on campus, the 11-storey Puaka-James Hight building.

The University's College of Education, Health and Human Development maintains additional small campuses in Nelson, Tauranga and Timaru, and teaching centres in Greymouth, New Plymouth, Rotorua and Timaru. The University has staff in regional information offices in Nelson, Timaru, and Auckland.

The University of Canterbury has ten halls of residence housing around 2,279 students.[62] The largest of these are Ilam Apartments and University Hall with 845 residents and 539 residents, respectively. Six of these halls (Ilam Apartments, University Hall, Kirkwood Avenue Hall, Waimairi Village, Sonoda Village and Hayashi Village) are managed by UC Accommodation,[63] a subsidiary of Campus Living Villages, while the university maintains ownership of the property and buildings. Sonoda Christchurch Campus has a close relationship with Sonoda Women's University in Amagasaki, Japan. Bishop Julius, College House and Rochester and Rutherford are run independently.

The ten halls of residence are:

  • Bishop Julius Hall – 158 beds[64]
  • Ilam Apartments – 845 beds[64]
  • College House – 159 beds[64]
  • Rochester and Rutherford Hall – 178 beds[64]
  • Sonoda Christchurch Campus – 114 beds[64]
  • University Hall – 539 beds[64]
  • Hayashi (formerly Dovedale) – 90 beds[65]
  • Kirkwood Avenue Hall – 68 beds[66]
  • Waimairi Village – 60 beds[67]
New Zealand Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern opened the Ernest Rutherford Regional Science and Innovation Centre in 2018.
Student Bridge, Molesworth Station designed and built by C.U.C. engineering students 1944

The University of Canterbury has the most field stations of any New Zealand University.[68] The Field Facilities Centre[69] administers four of these field-stations:

  • Cass Field Station[70] – Provides a wide range of environments: montane grasslands, scrub, riverbed, scree, beech forest, swamp, bog, lake, stream and alpine habitats; all accessible by day-trips on foot
  • Harihari Field Station[71] – Access to native forests, streams
  • Westport Field Station[72] – for study of the West Coast of New Zealand, particularly mining
  • Kaikoura Field Station[73] – Kaikoura represents an important transition zone for flora and fauna, particularly in the marine environment, with Kowhai bush and associated rich bird life close by.

The University and its project-partners also operate an additional field-station in the Nigerian Montane Forests Project[74] – this field station stands on the Ngel Nyaki forest edge in Nigeria.

The Department of Physics and Astronomy runs its own field laboratories:

The Department of Physics and Astronomy also has involvement in the Southern African Large Telescope[79] and is a member of the IceCube collaboration which is installing a neutrino telescope at the South Pole.[80][81]

Libraries

There are three[82] libraries on campus each covering different subject areas.

  • Central Library (Māori: Te Puna Mātauraka o Waitaha)[82] – is housed in the Puaka-James Hight Building. Originally named after former Canterbury professor James Hight.[83] The building was renamed Puaka-James Hight in 2014, after the brightest star in the constellation Orion, to reflect the growing strength of UC's relationship with Ngāi Tahu and the mana of Te Ao Māori at the heart of the University's campus.[84] The Central Library has collections that support research and teaching in Humanities, Social Sciences, Law, Commerce, Music, Fine Arts and Antarctic Studies.[82]
  • EPS Library (Engineering and Physical Sciences Library, Māori: Kā Puna Pūkahataka me te Pūtaiao)[82] – Supports research and teaching in Engineering, Forestry and Sciences.[82]
  • Macmillan Brown Library (Māori: Te Puna Rakahau o Macmillan Brown)[82] – is a research library, archive, and art gallery that specializes in collecting items related to New Zealand and Pacific Islands history.[85][86] It holds over 100,000 published items including books, audio-visual recordings, and various manuscripts, photographs, works of art, architectural drawings and ephemera. The Macmillan Brown Library's art collection also has over 5,000 works, making it one of the largest collections in the Canterbury region.[87] The library is named after John Macmillan Brown, a prominent Canterbury academic who helped found the library.[85][86]

Rankings
University rankings
Global – Overall
ARWU World[88]401–500
QS World[89]270
THE World[90]401–500

In the 2017 Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU), UC was dropped completely from the world's top 500 universities.[88] In the 2017 QS World University Rankings, UC was rated 214th overall in the world, and third highest among New Zealand universities.[91][92] Its individual global faculty rankings for 2015/2016 were: 146th in Arts & Humanities, 161st in Engineering & IT, 211th in Natural Sciences, and 94th in Social Sciences and Management.[93] By 2018, these faculty rankings had all fallen considerably,[94] and as of the release of the 2019 world university rankings, the three major university ranking organisations, ARWU, QS and THE, had all placed UC squarely in the middle of the pack of NZ universities at fourth place overall out of eight institutions, and in one case just two numerical positions above NZ's fifth-place university in the nation's lower division.[95][96][97] In the 2016–2017 Times Higher Education World University Rankings, UC was ranked in the world's top 400 universities,[98] up from being in just the world's top 500 universities in 2015.[99][100] By 2021, however, UC had fallen back into just the top 500.[101] Similarly, ARWU dropped UC from the top 400 universities in 2018 to just the top 500 in 2019, where it has remained ever since.[88]

The University was the first in New Zealand to be granted five stars by QS Stars.[102][103] Unlike the QS World University rankings, QS Stars ratings are only given to universities that pay a fee; the programme is designed to give "those institutions that are not highly ranked or do not appear in the rankings an opportunity to reach out to their prospect students, to stand out and to be recognised for their excellence."[104][105]

League tables
World
2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005
Academic Ranking of World Universities 401–500th[106] 401–500th[106] 301–400th[107] DNQ: Ranked Below World's Top 500 Universities[108] 401–500th[109] 401–500th[110] 401–500th[111] 401–500th[112] 401–500th[113]
QS World University Rankings 270th[114] 231st[115] 214th[116] 214th=[117] 211th[118] 242nd[119] 238th[120] 221st[121] 212nd[122] 189th[123] 188th[124] 186th[124] 188th[125] 333rd[126] 333rd[127]
Times Higher Education World University Rankings 401–500th[101] 351–400th[128] 351–400th[129] 351–400th[130] 401–500th[100] 301–350th[99] 301–350th[131] 301–350th[132] 301–350th[133]

Student association and traditions
An Undie 500 car decorated as Noah's Ark

The University of Canterbury Students' Association (UCSA)[134] operates on campus with its own radio station (RDU) and magazine (Canta). The Association also runs two bars and several cafes around campus.[135] The popular on-campus bar, "The Foundry", known as "The Common Room" from 2005, has reverted to its former name as promised by 2008 USCA president, Michael Goldstein. Prior to earthquakes in 2010 and 2011, the UCSA also ran the 430-seat Ngaio Marsh Theatre in the UCSA building.[136][137] This theater has since been rebuilt.

The University has over 140 academic, sporting, recreational and cultural societies and clubs.[138] The most prominent of these include the Student Volunteer Army, the University of Canterbury Engineering Society (ENSOC), the Commerce Society (UCom), as well as the largest non-faculty clubs such as PongSoc (University of Canterbury Pong Society), Motosoc (Motorsports Society), BYCSOC (Backyard Cricket Society), CUBA (Canterbury University Boardriders' Association), CurrySoc, Opsoc, The Gentlemen's Club, and UC Bike. CUSSC (Canterbury University Snow Sports Club) is the only university club in New Zealand to own a ski field lodge, located at Temple Basin Ski Field. The club runs many events to raise funds for maintenance of their lodge.[139] The University of Canterbury Drama Society (Dramasoc) achieved fame for its 1942–1969 Shakespeare productions under Dame Ngaio Marsh, but regularly performs as an active student- and alumni-run arts fixture in the small Christchurch theatre-scene. The musical theatre society, Musoc,[140] engages in comparable activities.

One major student tradition, the Undie 500, involved an annual car-rally from Christchurch to Dunedin run by ENSOC. The rules required only the use of a road-legal car costing under $500 with a sober driver. The 2007 event gained international news coverage (including on CNN and BBC World) when it ended in rioting in the student quarter of Dunedin and in North East Valley. ENSOC cancelled the planned 2008 event. The Undie 500 was replaced by the Roundie 500 in 2011. This event has the same principles but follows a route through rural Canterbury, returning to Christchurch the same day.[141]

In 2011 the Student Volunteer Army was born from the resultant impacts of the Christchurch Earthquakes. A student at University of Canterbury, Sam Johnson, rallied fellow students to help support the clean up from the devastation. The club has grown and today is the largest club at the University of Canterbury.[142]

Again in 2020, in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the largest club SVA (Student Volunteer Army) responded by supporting the vulnerable with their shopping during the lockdown.[143][144]

Coat of arms
Academic procession at the University of Canterbury graduation ceremony 2004

With the dissolution of the University of New Zealand, the newly independent University of Canterbury devised its own coat of arms, blazoned: "Murrey a fleece argent, in base a plough or, and on a chief wavy or an open book proper bound murrey, edged and clasped or between a pall azure charged with four crosses formy fitchy or and a cross flory azure."

An explanation of the arms appears on the University website, where it's explained that the fleece symbolises the pastoral, and the plough at the base the agricultural background of the province of Canterbury. The bishop's pall and the cross flory represent Canterbury's ecclesiastical connections, and the open book denotes scholarship.[145]

As an institution of learning, the University's coat of arms does not have a helmet, crest or mantling.

Personnel

Size and composition

According to the UC Annual Report, at 31 December 2018 the University has a total of 17,299 students (14,070 equivalent full-time students). 10,965 of these are undergraduates, and 1,704 are international students. UC has a total of 777 academic faculty staff.[1]

Following the earthquakes, the number of students enrolled at UC fell from 18,783 during 2010 to 14,725 during 2014, though the number of new enrolments increased in 2014. In 2016 enrolled student numbers rose to 15,564.[19]

Staff reductions and academic freedom issues

One resignation, which occurred in 2003, was by a staff member who complained about restrictions on academic freedom.[146][147] In 2006, New Zealand's Green Party suggested staff eliminations we based on the University's profit targets rather than merit.[148] The University eliminated over 100 jobs in 2010, the year prior to the earthquakes.[149]

In 2007, New Zealand universities including the University of Canterbury were accused of taking an increasingly litigious approach to managing its staff and, despite having an array of human-resources managers, routinely engaged lawyers and employment advocates to handle even minor matters.[150] The University's 2006 financial reports list $836,000 as having been paid out as compensation for employment-relationship problems.[150] However, in its 2013 annual report (two years after the 2011 Canterbury Earthquakes), it is stated that the university spent $4.66 million in 2012 and 2013 alone on expenses associated with faculty and staff layoffs (severance pay, legal costs, etc.).[151]

Concerns over student racism

In 2014, one faculty member chosen to receive a teaching award from the University of Canterbury Students' Association refused to accept the award because of his concerns about student racism and sexism at UC.[152][153]

Supporting equity and diversity

In July 2019 the appointment of the role Rainbow Advisor provided support to the Lgbtq community. In 2020 the appointment of Darryn Russell was announced to manage a broader portfolio of Amokapua Pākākano | AVC Māori, Pacific & Equity.[154]

Notable staff

Notable alumni
Ernest Rutherford
Eleanor Catton
Nathan Cohen
John Key
Sir Apirana Ngata

Honorary doctors
Main article: List of honorary doctors of the University of Canterbury

Since 1962, the University of Canterbury has been awarding honorary doctorates. In many years, no awards were made, but in most years, multiple doctorates were awarded. The highest number of honorary doctorates was awarded in 1973, when there were seven recipients.[156]

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