V-12 Navy College Training Program

The V-12 Navy College Training Program was designed to supplement the force of commissioned officers in the United States Navy during World War II. Between July 1, 1943, and June 30, 1946, more than 125,000 participants were enrolled in 131 colleges and universities in the United States. Numerous participants attended classes and lectures at the respective colleges and earned completion degrees for their studies. Some even returned from their naval obligations to earn a degree from the colleges where they were previously stationed.

Robert F. Kennedy (second from left) while completing his V-12 studies at Bates College; in the background is a snow replica of a naval ship.

The V-12 program's goal was to produce officers, not unlike the Army Specialized Training Program (ASTP), which sought to turn out more than 200,000 technically trained personnel in such fields as engineering, foreign languages, and medicine. Running from 1942 to 1944, the ASTP recruits were expected but not required to become officers at the end of their training.

History

The purpose of the V-12 program was to generate a large number of officers for both the U.S. Navy and Marine Corps to meet the demands of World War II, in excess of the number that was turned out annually by the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis and standing U.S. Naval Reserve Midshipmen's School. Once enrollees completed their V-12-subsidized bachelor's degree programs, their next step toward obtaining a commission depended on service branch:[1]

Navy

Navy officer candidates were required to complete the V-7 United States Naval Reserve Midshipmen's School program. It was a short course of eight months. The first month was spent at Indoctrination School, a "boot camp" for officer candidates that had Marine Corps drill instructors. Pre-Midshipmen's School was a preparatory four-month course teaching military skills like seamanship, navigation, ordnance, and how to behave like an officer. Midshipmen's School itself taught academic skills and was three months long. Graduates were commissioned as ensigns in the U.S. Naval Reserve and the majority entered into active duty with the U.S. fleet.[2]

Marines

Marine Corps candidates reported directly to boot camp and were later enrolled in a three-month officer candidate course. Once complete, participants were commissioned as second lieutenants in the Marine Corps.[1]

Inception

When the United States entered the Second World War, American colleges and universities suffered huge enrollment declines. Men of prime draft age who would normally have gone into college (or would have remained enrolled until their course of study was completed) were either drafted, volunteered for service, or dropped out and took jobs in agriculture or war-related industries. As a result, some colleges worried they would have to close their doors for the duration of the conflict.

On October 14, 1942, the American Council on Education issued a report on how best to use colleges and universities for the war effort. The plan recommended that a "college training corps" be established on college and university campuses, that members of the corps be in uniform and receive active-duty pay, and that graduates be trained in technical specialties that were of use to the Army and the Navy. President Franklin D. Roosevelt agreed with this report, and asked the Secretary of War and Secretary of the Navy how best they could use higher education in their mobilization plans. The V-12 Navy college training program and the Army Specialized Training Program were jointly announced on December 12, 1942.[3] The V-12 program found more favor with college administrators than did the ASTP. Unlike the ASTP, V-12 students were allowed to attend classes with civilian students and participate in athletics. The majority of the basic curriculum consisted of classes already taught by civilian instructors.[4] Depending on the V-12 enrollees' past college curriculum, they were enrolled in three school terms, or semesters, which lasted four months each.

Captain Arthur S. Adams, from the Training Division of the Bureau of Naval Personnel, was the officer-in-charge of the V-12 program.[1] Richard Barrett Lowe, future Governor of Guam and American Samoa, was one of its early commanding officers.[5]

Scope

Gentlemen, we are about to embark on an education program that will have important effects on American colleges, on the Navy, and, most important of all, on the lives of thousands of this nation's finest young men. We must educate and train these men well so that they may serve their country with distinction, both in war and in peace. Vice Admiral Randall Jacobs, May 14, 1943[1]

The V-12 program was economically and functionally beneficial to undergraduate colleges and universities in maintaining enrollments during a general mobilization of manpower for the war, and also met and exceeded critical needs of the military.[1]

Participating institutions

Unlike the ASTP, the Navy predominantly chose small, private colleges for V-12 detachments. Of the 131 institutions selected for line units, approximately 100 could be considered "small," and eighty-eight were private institutions. Eleven were associated with the Roman Catholic Church. Land grant and state flagship universities accounted for only eighteen of the 131 detachments.[6] After the V-12 Program got underway on July 1, 1943, public and private college enrollment increased by 100,000 participants, helping reverse the sharp wartime downward trend.[1]

Midshipman Schools (V-7 Midshipman Program)

Line units

Medical units

Dental units

Marquette University School of Dentistry[49]
Ohio State University College of Dentistry[7]
Saint Louis University School of Dentistry[22]
University of Buffalo School of Dentistry[101]
University of Detroit Mercy School of Dentistry[7]
University of Illinois College of Dentistry[1]
University of Louisville School of Dentistry[84]
University of Maryland School of Medicine[116]

Theological units

Notable graduates

Alfred J. Eggers served as NASA's Assistant Administrator for Policy from January 1968 through March 1971.

George Allen, football coach (Alma College & Marquette University)
Frank H. Attix, leader in the field of Radiation Dosimetry, co-founder of the Dept. of Medical Physics at the University of Wisconsin, and winner of the 1994 Coolidge Award. (UC Berkeley)
Howard Baker, U.S. Senator from Tennessee (University of the South & Tulane University)
Pat M. Baskin, judge and city council member in Midland, Texas (University of Texas)
Angelo Bertelli, Notre Dame football star and Heisman Trophy Winner
John Robert Beyster, founder, SAIC, Foundation for Enterprise Development, and Beyster Institute
Ray Bishop, Los Angeles Pierce College football coach
D. Dudley Bloom, youngest ship commander in the U. S. Navy during World War II; commander of the flagship of the Atlantic fleet; inventor of rolling luggage and reality-based children's toys
Harry Bonk, played college football as a fullback for the University of Maryland from 1945 to 1948, and Dartmouth College and Bucknell University in 1944
Frederick C. Branch, first African American United States Marine Corps officer (Purdue University)
M. Scott Carpenter, Project Mercury astronaut (Colorado College and Saint Mary's College of California).
Earl H. Carroll, United States federal judge in senior status, for the United States District Court for the District of Arizona[118]
Johnny Carson, television personality (Millsaps College & Columbia University)
Warren Christopher, 63rd U.S. Secretary of State (University of Redlands)
Louis J. Cioffi, TV Newsman
Rev. Dr. Wallace Clift (1926-2018), Episcopal priest and professor emeritus of the University of Denver, author of six books in the field of psychology and religion
Henry S. Coleman (1926–2006), acting dean of Columbia College, Columbia University who was held hostage during the Columbia University protests of 1968.[119]
Jackie Cooper, actor from Los Angeles, California, attained rank of Captain
Roger Corman, filmmaker from Los Angeles, California, (Stanford University)
John Piña Craven, helped pioneer the use of Bayesian search techniques to locate objects lost at sea
Bill Daley, All-American fullback who played for the University of Minnesota Golden Gophers from 1940–1942 and the University of Michigan Wolverines in 1943
Robert V. Daniels, American historian and educator specializing in the history of the Soviet Union
Alvin Dark, Major League Baseball Player and Manager, (LSU & University of Louisiana-Lafayette)
Jeremiah A. Denton, Jr., U.S. Senator, U.S. Navy Rear Admiral, Naval Aviator, Vietnam POW
Alfred J. Eggers, NACA (National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics), NASA
Bump Elliott, American football player, coach, and college athletics administrator, played halfback at Purdue University (1943–1944) and the University of Michigan (1946–1947)[66]
Daniel J. Evans, Senator, Governor
Alfred Leo Fenaughty, CEO (Information International, Inc.), Co-founder and Chairman of the Board (Yandex, Inc.)
Jim Fitzgerald, businessman and philanthropist (University of Notre Dame)
Aloysius C. Galvin, American Jesuit priest, teacher, administrator, President of the University of Scranton (1965–1970)[54]
Warren Giese, South Carolina legislator and football coach
Bernard M. Gordon, inventor and philanthropist.
Samuel Gravely, first African-American Admiral (UCLA & Columbia University)
Wyndol Gray, American professional basketball player in the 1940s[120]
Robert Nachman Grosby, Attorney, USN Lt. Cmdr. (Ret). (Harvard University)
Peter Hackes, TV Newsman, White House Correspondent
William J. Hadden noted chaplain in both the Army and Navy, minister and desegregationist
John Woodland Hastings, leader in the field of photobiology, especially bioluminescence, and one of the founders of the field of circadian biology
Wilmot N. Hess, physicist, NASA Apollo moon missions, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) hurricane research and oil spill cleanup
Bruce Hilkene, captain and starting left tackle of the undefeated 1947 Michigan Wolverines football team[121]
Elroy Hirsch, LA Rams Football Great
Robert F. Kennedy, U.S. Attorney General, U.S. Senator (Bates College & Harvard University)
E. Henry Knoche, deputy director of the CIA, from 1976 to 1977, and acting Director of Central Intelligence in 1977
Bowie Kuhn, Baseball Commissioner (Franklin & Marshall College & Princeton University)
Melvin Laird, Secretary of Defense
John Black Lee, architect in New Canaan, Connecticut
Jack Lemmon, actor (Harvard University)
Charles McC. Mathias, Jr., Senator
Norman Mead Maxon, Community Developer and Architect for Green Valley Arizona, Streamwood and Trout Valley, Illinois
James McClure, Senator
Sam Mele, right fielder, manager, coach and scout in Major League Baseball, led the Minnesota Twins to their first American League championship in 1965
Wayne E. Meyer, regarded as the "Father of Aegis" for his service as the Aegis Weapon System Manager, founding project manager of the Aegis Shipbuilding Project Office
William Middendorf II, Ambassador, Secretary of the Navy
Frank N. Mitchell, Marine First Lieutenant who posthumously received the United States' highest military decoration – the Medal of Honor for his heroic actions during the Korean War
Dade William Moeller, American health physicist, radiation and environmental protection scientist
Daniel Patrick Moynihan, U.S. Senator from New York (Tufts University)
Fred Negus, played college football for University of Wisconsin and University of Michigan and professional in the All-America Football Conference and the National Football League
Clarence Charles Newcomer (1923–2005), US District Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
Paul Newman, actor, entered the program at Ohio University but had to drop out because of color blindness[122]
David "Sam" Peckinpah, film director (University of Louisiana-Lafayette)
Frank Pellegrino (inventor), inventor and president of General Fibre Company
John A. Peoples, Jr., College President (1967-1984) Jackson State University (Jackson State University) and (University of Chicago)
Sidney Phillips, author, physician, U.S. Marine
William Dale Phillips, chemist, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopist, federal science policy advisor and member of the National Academy of Sciences
Robert C. Pierpoint, TV Newsman, White House Correspondent
Victor Prather, American flight surgeon famous for taking part in "Project RAM", a government project to develop the space suit
John Prchlik, NFL Player – Detroit Lions
Al Rosen, Major League Baseball Player and Executive
Robert Earl Roth Radiology Oncologist. The first Radiology Oncologist in the state of Alabama, he became chairman of Radiology and Oncology at the University of Alabama-Birmingham Medical school at age 32, and Chairman of Radiology Oncology once the two disciplines split. Educated through the V-12 program at Columbia University for undergrad and the University of Illinois for medical school, with residency at Vanderbilt University for Radiology and a fellowship in Radiology Oncology. (Columbia University University of Illinois College of Medicine Vanderbilt University).
Carl T. Rowan, Columnist, TV Personality, Ambassador
Harold Lyman Ryan, served as a federal judge on the United States District Court for the District of Idaho.
Leo Ryan, U.S. Congressman killed in Guyana immediately before the Jonestown Massacre (Bates College)
Kenneth G. Ryder, president of Northeastern University from 1975-1989
Pierre Salinger, Newsman, Presidential Press Secretary
Phillip Shriver, historian and college administrator who was president of Miami University in Oxford, Ohio, 1965–1981
Leon Silver, geologist who was instrumental in training the Apollo Program astronauts in field geology.
G. William Skinner, leading American anthropologist and scholar of China
Eugene Sledge, Author, U.S. Marine
Jack L. Smith, MD, President of Texas Society of Pathologists, 1971[123]
William Styron, novelist and essayist (Duke University)
Hugh Taylor, professional football player and coach
Lachlan Maury Vass, petroleum industry executive noted for increasing existing petroleum reserves and offshore exploration
Robert Lawson Vaught, mathematical logician, and one of the founders of model theory
James Logan Waters, founder of Waters Corporation, a publicly traded laboratory analytical instrument and software company
William Webster, Federal Judge, Director, CIA and FBI
Thomas Grey "Tom" Wicker, Columnist and Author
Roger Williams (pianist), Musician, Entertainer
William W. Winpisinger, president of the million-member International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers
Benjamin Drake Wright American psychometrician, largely responsible for the widespread adoption of Georg Rasch's measurement principles and models
Ernest M Zaiser Jr - General Manager McDonnell Douglas F-4 Technical Services, Representative Director McDonnell Douglas Japan, Vice President Operations McDonnell Douglas F-15 Technical Services (Yale University).
Zig Ziglar, author, salesperson, and motivational speaker (University of South Carolina).

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"Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2017-09-19.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
Carroll bio Archived 2011-07-26 at the Wayback Machine
Martin, Douglas. "Henry S. Coleman, 79, Dies; Hostage at Columbia in '68" Archived 2016-09-16 at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times, February 4, 2006. Accessed September 12, 2009.
BGSU HOF profile Archived 2011-09-28 at the Wayback Machine, accessed October 2, 2010
Brahos, Jim (1944-12-27). "Lew Wallace Third in State But 1945 Path Is Rougher". Hammond Times.
"Paul Newman – Biographies in Naval History". 2011. Archived from the original on September 3, 2011. Retrieved September 25, 2011.
http://www.texpath.org/past-presidents--s-

External links

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