Vegetarian Society

The Vegetarian Society of the United Kingdom is a British registered charity which was established on 30 September 1847 to promote vegetarianism.

This article is about Vegetarian Society. It is not to be confused with Vegetarian Society (Singapore) or List of vegetarian organizations.
Vegetarian Society
Vegetarian Society of the United Kingdom
Interior of Northwood Villa, where the Vegetarian Society was founded in 1847
Formation30 September 1847 (1847-09-30)
Founded atRamsgate, Kent, England
Merger ofLondon Vegetarian Society
Manchester Vegetarian Society
TypeCharity
Registration no.259358
Legal statusCharity
PurposeVegetarianism
Location
Region
 United Kingdom
MethodsInformation, support
Websitewww.vegsoc.org
Vegetarian Society Approved
The Vegetarian Society Approved trademark is the UK's most widely recognised vegetarian symbol.
Effective region United Kingdom
Product categoryThe approved product or food has undergone stringent checks to meet our vegetarian criteria.
Legal statusRecognised by consumers
Websitewww.vegsoc.org

History
Society notice (1890)
Francis William Newman (1805–1897), Isaac Pitman (1813–1897), William Gibson Ward (1819–1882), and John Davie (1800–1891), leading members of the Vegetarian Society

In the 19th century a number of groups in Britain actively promoted and followed meat-free diets. Key groups involved in the formation of the Vegetarian Society were members of the Bible Christian Church, supporters of the Concordium, and readers of the Truth-Tester journal.[1]

Bible Christian Church

The Bible Christian Church was founded in 1809 in Salford by Reverend William Cowherd after a split from the Swedenborgians. One distinctive feature of the Bible Christians was a belief in a meat-free diet, or ovo-lacto vegetarianism, as a form of temperance.[2][3]

Concordium (Alcott House)

The Concordium was a boarding school near London on Ham Common, Richmond, Surrey, which opened in 1838. Pupils at the school followed a diet completely free of animal products, known today as a vegan diet. The Concordium was also called Alcott House, in honor of American education and food reform advocate Amos Bronson Alcott.[1]

Truth-Tester and Physiological Conference, 1847

The Truth-Tester was a journal which published material supporting the temperance movement. In 1846 the editorship was taken over by William Horsell, operator of the Northwood Villa Hydropathic Institute in Ramsgate. Horsell gradually steered the Truth-Tester towards promotion of the 'Vegetable Diet'. In early 1847 a letter to the Truth-Tester proposed the formation of a Vegetarian Society. In response to this letter, William Oldham held what he called a "physiological conference" in July 1847 at Alcott House. Up to 130 attended, including Bible Christian James Simpson, who presented a speech. The conference passed a number of resolutions, including a resolution to reconvene at the end of September.[1]

Ramsgate Conference, 1847

On 30 September 1847 the meeting which had been planned at the Physiological Conference took place at Northwood Villa Hydropathic Institute in Ramsgate.[4] Joseph Brotherton, Member of Parliament for Salford, and a Bible Christian chaired. Bible Christian James Simpson was elected president of the society, Concordist William Oldham elected treasurer, and Truth-Tester editor William Horsell elected secretary.[5] The name 'Vegetarian Society' was chosen for the new organisation by a unanimous vote.[4]

After Ramsgate

The Vegetarian Society's first full public meeting was held in Manchester the following year. In 1853 it already had 889 members. The society made available publications on the topic sometimes accompanied by lectures.[6] In 1897 its membership was about 5,000.[7]

Manchester and London Vegetarian Society

In 1888, a split-off group from the Vegetarian Society formed known as the London Vegetarian Society (LVS).[8] After this, the Vegetarian Society was often referred to as the Manchester Vegetarian Society (MVS). Relations between the two groups were strained because of their differences over the definition of vegetarianism.[9]

Francis William Newman was President of the Manchester Vegetarian Society, 1873–1883.[9] He made an associate membership possible for people who were not completely vegetarian, such as those who ate chicken or fish.[8] Newman was critical of raw food vegetarianism which he rejected as fanatical.[8] Between 1875-1896 membership for the Vegetarian Society was 2,159 and associate membership 1,785.[8] Newman believed that abstinence from meat, fish and fowl should be the only thing the Society advocates and the Society should not be associated with other reform ideas.[8][10] Under Newman's Presidency the Society flourished as income, associates and members increased.[10] In regard to the associate membership, Newman commented:

It occurs to me to ask whether certain grades of profession might not be allowed within our Society, which would give to it far greater material support, enable it to circulate its literature, and at the same time retain the instructive spectacle of a select band of stricter feeders... Yet, as our Society is at present (1871) constituted, all those friendly are shut out... But if they entered as Associates in the lowest grade... they might be drawn on gradually, and would swell our funds, without which we can do nothing.[10]

The first President of the London Vegetarian Society was raw foodist Arnold Hills, and other members included Thomas Allinson and Mahatma Gandhi.[9] Members of the LVS were more radical than the original Manchester Society.[8]

If anybody said that I should die if I did not take beef tea or mutton, even on medical advice, I would prefer death. That is the basis of my vegetarianism.

— Mahatma Gandhi, to the London Vegetarian Society on 20 November 1931[11]

In 1969, the Manchester and London Vegetarian Society amalgamated as the Vegetarian Society of the United Kingdom.[9] Historian Ina Zweiniger-Bargielowska has noted that "against the background of growing concern about the environment, animal rights, and food safety the society has flourished in recent decades."[12]

Journals

The Vegetarian Society first published The Vegetarian Messenger (1849–1860). It became The Dietetic Reformer and Vegetarian Messenger (1861–1897), The Vegetarian Messenger and Health Review (1898–1952), The Vegetarian (1953–1958) and The British Vegetarian (1959–1971).[13][14]

Current work

During the 20th century, the Society's work focused primarily on public education. In fulfilling this mission, the Society worked with other community groups to educate the public about the benefits of eating healthily. The Vegetarian Society also participated in political events, as a pressure group with the aim of influencing food producers to remove non-vegetarian ingredients such as gelatine or cheese produced using animal rennet from their products. They sought manufacturers to become accredited and marked food products with the Society's trademarked seedling symbol.[15] This accreditation includes the use of free range eggs, which other V symbols may not include. Their campaign was opposed to the labeling of products as vegetarian that contained fish. This action particularly affected restaurants. They also highlighted celebrities who claimed to be vegetarian but ate fish. As part of this campaign, in 1995, the Society produced the documentary Devour the Earth, written by Tony Wardle and narrated by Paul McCartney.

Notable members

Notable members of the Vegetarian Society have included Peter Cushing, Henry Stephens Salt, Isaac Pitman, Jorja Fox, George Bernard Shaw, Mahatma Gandhi, Paul, Linda and Stella McCartney, and Jerome Flynn.

See also

References
  1. Davis, John (28 July 2011). "The Origins of the "Vegetarians"". International Vegetarian Union.
  2. "The Vegetarian Movement in England 1847-1981". Ivu.org. Retrieved 20 October 2018.
  3. John Davis. "A History of Veganism from 1806" (PDF). International Vegetarian Union.
  4. "Vegetarian Society - History - The Vegetarian Society". Vegsoc.org. Retrieved 20 October 2018.
  5. Spencer, Colin. Vegetarianism: A History. Four Walls Eight Windows, 2000. p. 238-246.
  6. Newman, Francis William (1904), Lecture on vegetarianism, F. Pitman, retrieved 18 May 2019
  7. Keith Thomas (1984) Man and the natural world changing attitudes in England 1500-1800, p. 297.
  8. Spencer, Colin. (1995). The Heretic's Feast: A History of Vegetarianism. University Press of New England. pp. 274-278. ISBN 0-87451-708-7
  9. Puskar-Pasewicz, Margaret. (2010). Cultural Encyclopedia of Vegetarianism. ABC-CLIO. pp. 259-260. ISBN 978-0-313-37556-9
  10. Yeh, Hsin-Yi. (2013). Boundaries, Entities, and Modern Vegetarianism : Examining the Emergence of the First Vegetarian Organization. Qualitative Inquiry 19: 298–309.
  11. In charts: Vegetarianism in India has more to do with caste hierarchy than love for animals, Scroll.in, 6 April 2017.
  12. Zweiniger-Bargielowska, Ina. (2010). Managing the Body: Beauty, Health, and Fitness in Britain 1880-1939. Oxford University Press. p. 337. ISBN 978-0199280520
  13. Newton, David E. (2019). Vegetarianism and Veganism: A Reference Handbook. ABC-CLIO. p. 315. ISBN 978-1-4408-6763-7
  14. "The Vegetarian Movement in England, 1847-1981". International Vegetarian Union.

Bibliography
  • James Gregory, Of Victorians and Vegetarians: The Vegetarian Movement in Nineteenth-Century Britain. London: Tauris Academic Studies, 2006. ISBN 978-1-84511-379-7
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