1490 Ch'ing-yang event

At least three surviving Chinese historical records describe a shower of rocks,[2][4] one stating that "stones fell like rain."[1] Human fatality estimates in these sources range from more than ten thousand people to several tens of thousands.[1][2] One report of the event is found in the official History of the Ming Dynasty, and other journal records which describe the event are also generally considered reliable.[4] The official Ming Dynasty history, however, omits the number of casualties, which therefore has been frequently either doubted or discounted by present-day researchers.[1][5]

Due to the paucity of detailed information and the lack of surviving meteorites or other physical evidence, researchers have also been unable to definitively state the exact nature of the dramatic event,[6] even examining the possible occurrence of severe hail.[1] Kevin Yau of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory and his collaborators have noted several similarities of the Ch'ing-yang event to the Tunguska air burst in 1908, which, if it had occurred above a populated area, could have produced many fatalities.[1][7]

One surviving account records:[1]

Stones fell like rain in the Ch’ing-yang district. The larger ones were 4 to 5 catties (about 1.5 kg), and the smaller ones were 2 to 3 catties (about 1 kg). Numerous stones rained in Ch'ing-yang. Their sizes were all different. The larger ones were like goose's eggs and the smaller ones were like water-chestnuts. More than 10,000 people were struck dead. All of the people in the city fled to other places.

One source of Chinese astronomical information of celestial events, the Zhongguo gudai tianxiang jilu zongji (Complete collection of records of celestial phenomena in ancient China) records ten works that discuss the March–April 1490 event,[2][8] including the official History of the Ming Dynasty. Additionally, there are records of it in local gazettes and histories of the region.[2] The History of Ming work (the 明史, or Míng Shǐ) states only that there was a rain of uncountable stones of various sizes. The large objects were as big "as a goose egg, and the small ones were the size of the fruit of an aquatic plant". The date given was the third lunar month of 1490, which translates as March 21 to April 19, 1490.[2]

In 2007 astronomers determined that the annual January Quadrantid meteor shower may have originated with the disintegration of Comet C/1490 Y1, approximately a century after it was first identified in 1490 by Chinese, Japanese, and Korean astronomers.[9][10] A connection with asteroid (196256) 2003 EH₁ has also been suggested.[3] The large difference between the timing of the January meteor showers and the 1490 Ch'ing-yang event—which occurred in March or April 1490 AD makes a relationship between the comet and the Ch'ing-yang event appear unlikely.

• Crawford, D.; Mader, C. "Modeling Asteroid Impact Tsunami", Science of Tsunami Hazards, 1998, Vol. 16 pp. 21–30.
• Lewis, John S. Comet And Asteroid Impact Hazards On A Populated Earth: Computer Modeling, Volume 1, Academic Press, 2000, ISBN 0124467601, ISBN 978-0124467606.
• Paine M (1999). "Asteroid Impacts: The Extra Hazard Due To Tsunami". Science of Tsunami Hazards. 17 (3): 155–166.
• Steel, Duncan. Rogue Asteroids and Doomsday Comets: The Search for the Million Megaton Menace That Threatens Life on Earth, Wiley & Sons, 1995, [1997], ISBN 0471193380, ISBN 978-0-4711-9338-8.
• Ward, S.; Asphaug, E. "Asteroid Impact Tsunami: A Probabilistic Hazard Assessment", Icarus, 2000, Vol. 145, pp. 64–78.