List of possible impact structures on Earth

This is a list of possible impact structures on Earth. More than 130 geophysical features on the surface of the Earth have been proposed as candidate sites for impact events by appearing several times in the literature and/or being endorsed by the Impact Field Studies Group (IFSG)[1] and/or Expert Database on Earth Impact Structures (EDEIS).[2] For the purposes of this list and the List of impact craters on Earth, the terminology of "confirmed" as defined by the Earth Impact Database (EID) is considered authoritative.[3] The list below includes those features which remain unconfirmed, each of which is ranked according to a three-step confidence level as indicated by the Russian Academy of Sciences, by Anna Mikheeva:[4] 1 for "probable", 2 for "potential", and 3 for "questionable". Level 4 is given to discredited structures, which hence represent geological features other than impact craters.[4] Structures with confidence 0 are considered "confirmed" (EID) or "proven" (Mikheeva) and should be placed in the lists of confirmed craters according to continent.

List of possible impact structures

The following tables list geological features on Earth that some individuals have associated with impact events, but for which there is currently no confirming scientific evidence in the peer-reviewed literature. In order for a structure to be confirmed as an impact crater, it must meet a stringent set of well-established criteria. Some proposed impact structures are likely to eventually be confirmed, whereas others are likely to be shown to have been misidentified (see below). Recent extensive surveys have been done for Australian (2005),[5] African (2014),[6] and South American (2015)[7] craters, as well as those in the Arab world (2016).[8] A book review by A. Crósta and U. Reimold disputes some of the evidence presented for several of the South American structures.[9]

Legend
Confidence[4]0 - proven[note 1]
1 – probable
2 – potential
3 – questionable
4 – discredited
DiameterKilometers
AgeApproximate
Name Location Confidence Diameter (km) Age (Ma) Notes Image Coordinates
38th Parallel structures United States (Missouri, etc.) variable 2-17 320 ± 10 [11]
37.5°N 88.3°W / 37.5; -88.3 (Hicks Dome)
37.8°N 90.2°W / 37.8; -90.2 (Avon crater)
37.8°N 91.4°W / 37.8; -91.4 (Crooked Creek crater)
37.9°N 92.7°W / 37.9; -92.7 (Decaturville crater)
37.7°N 92.4°W / 37.7; -92.4 (Hazelgreen crater)
38.0°N 93.6°W / 38.0; -93.6 (Weaubleau-Osceola structure)
37.7°N 95.7°W / 37.7; -95.7 (Rose Dome)
Ak-Bura (Murgab) Tajikistan 1 0.080 0.0003
(1700 AD)		 [12][13][14][15] 38°5′38.5″N 74°16′58″E
Al Madafi Saudi Arabia 1 6 6-66 [16][17][18] 28.67°N 37.18°E / 28.67; 37.18 (Al Madafi)
Alamo bolide impact United States (Nevada) 0 100 ± 40 367 [19][12][20][note 1] 37.31°N 116.18°W / 37.31; -116.18 (Alamo)
Anéfis Mali 2 3.9 23? [21][12][22][23] 18.072°N 0.048°W / 18.072; -0.048 (Anefis)
Aorounga Central Chad 0 11.6 <345 [24][25][26]
19.229°N 19.261°E / 19.229; 19.261 (Aorounga center)
Arganaty Kazakhstan (Almaty region) 0 300 250 [27][28][29][note 1] 46.5°N 79.8°E / 46.5; 79.8 (Arganaty)
Arlit Niger 2 10 ? [30][31][32] 21.353°N 9.145°E / 21.353; 9.145 (Arlit)
Australian impact structure Australia (Northern Territory) Highly speculative 600 >545 [33] 25°33′S 131°23′E
Azuara Spain 1 35-40 30-40 [34]
41°07′N 0°13′W
Bajada del Diablo Argentina 2 40 0.45 ± 0.3 [35][36][37] 42°46′S 67°24′W
Bajo Hondo Argentina (Buenos Aires Province) 2 3.9 <10 [38][39] 42°15′S 67°55′W
Bangui magnetic anomaly Central African Republic 2 600-800? >542 [40][6][41]
6°N 18.3°E / 6; 18.3 (Bangui)
Bateke Plateau Gabon 3 7.1 <2.6 [42][43] 0°38′45″S 14°27′29″E
Bedout Australia (offshore) 2 250 250 [44][45][5] 18°S 119°E
Bee Bluff United States (Texas) 0 2.4 40? [46][47][48][note 1] 29.03°N 99.85°W / 29.03; -99.85 (Bee Bluff)
Björkö Sweden (Björkö, Ekerö) 1 10 1200 [49][50] 59.30°N 17.60°E / 59.30; 17.60 (Björkö)
Bloody Creek Canada (Nova Scotia) 1 40 ? [51] 44°45′N 65°14′W
Bohemian crater Czech Republic 2 260-300 >700? [52][12][53][54] 50.0°N 14.7°E / 50.0; 14.7 (Bohemian)
Bow City Canada (Alberta) 2 8 70 [55] 50°25′N 112°16′W
Bowers crater Antarctic Ocean (Ross Sea) 2 100 3-5 [56][57][58][59] 71.2°S 176°E / -71.2; 176 (Bowers)
Brushy Creek Feature United States (Louisiana) 1 2.0 0.011–0.030 [60][61] 30.76°N 90.73°W / 30.76; -90.73 (Brushy Creek Feature)
Burckle Indian Ocean 1 30? 3000 BC [62][63][64] 30.86°S 61.36°E / -30.86; 61.36 (Burckle)
Catalina structures
(Navy, Catalina, Emery Knoll)		 Pacific Ocean (NE) 2 12, 32, 37 16-18 [65][66][67] 32.91°N 118.09°W / 32.91; -118.09 (Catalina)
Cerro do Jarau Brazil (Paraná) 1 10 117 [68][69][70] 30°12′S 56°32′W
Charity Shoal Canada (Ontario) 2 1.2 <470 [71][72][73][74]
44°2′15″N 76°29′37″W
Corossol Canada (Quebec) 3 4 <470 [75][76][77][78] 50°03′N 66°23′W
Darwin Crater Tasmania 0 1.2 0.816 [79][note 1]
42°19′S 145°40′E
Decorah United States (Iowa) 2 5.6 470 [80][81][82]
43°18′50″N 91°46′20″W
Diamantina River ring feature Australia (Queensland) 2 120 300 [83][84]
22°09′S 141°54′E
Dumas magnetic anomaly Canada (Saskatchewan) 1 3.2 70 ± 5 [85][86] 49.92°N 102.12°W / 49.92; -102.12 (Dumas)
Duolun China (Inner Mongolia) 2 120 ± 50 129 ± 3 [87][88] 42°3′N 116°15′E
El-Baz Egypt 1 4 ? [89][26][90] 24°12′N 26°24′E
Eltanin Pacific Ocean (SE) 0 35? 2.5 [91][92][93][note 1] 57°47′S 90°47′W
Faya Basin Chad 1 2 385 ± 15 [94][95] 18°10′N 19°34′E
Falkland Plateau anomaly Atlantic Ocean
(near Falkland Islands)		 2 250-300 250 [96][12][97][98][99][100] 51°S 62°W
Fried Egg structure Atlantic Ocean (near Azores) 2 6 17 [101][102] 36°N 27°W
Garet El Lefet Libya 1 3 ? [103][104][105] 25.0°N 16.5°E / 25.0; 16.5 ("Garet El Lefet")
Gatun structure Panama 1 3 20 [106] 09°05′58″N 79°47′22″W
General San Martín Argentina 2 11 1.2 [107][108][109] 38°0′S 63°18′W
Gnargoo Australia (Western Australia) 1 75 <300 [110][111] 24°48′24″S 115°13′29″E
Guarda Portugal 1 30 200 [112][113] 40°38′N 07°06′W
Hartney anomaly Canada (Manitoba) 1 8 120 ± 20 [114][86][115] 49.4°N 100.67°W / 49.4; -100.67 (Hartney)
Hiawatha Greenland 2 31 <1985 [116][117]
78°44′N 66°14′W
Hickman Australia (Western Australia) 2 30 0.01–0.1 [118] 23°2′13″S 119°40′59″E
Hico United States (Texas) 1 9 <60 [119][120][121] 32.01°N 98.03°W / 32.01; -98.03 (Hico)
Hotchkiss Canada (Alberta) 1 4 220 ± 100 [122][123] 57.539°N 118.878°W / 57.539; -118.878 (Hotchkiss)
Howell United States (Tennessee) 1 2.5 380 ± 10 [124][125][126] 35.23°N 86.61°W / 35.23; -86.61 (Howell)
Ibn-Batutah Libya 2 2.5 120 ± 20 [127][128] 21°34′10″N 20°50′15″E
Ishim Kazakhstan (Akmola region) 0 300 430-460 [129][130][131][note 1] 52°0′N 69°0′E
Iturralde Bolivia 1 8.0 0.011–0.030 [132]
12°35′S 67°40′W
Jackpine Creek magnetic anomaly Canada (British Columbia) 1 25 120 ± 20 [133][134] 55.6°N 120.1°W / 55.6; -120.1 (Jackpine)
Jebel Hadid Libya 2 4.7 <66 [135][136] 20°52′12″N 22°42′18″E
Jeptha Knob United States (Kentucky) 0 4.3 425 [137][note 1] 38°11′N 85°07′W
Johnsonville United States (South Carolina) 0 11 300? [138][12][139][note 1] 33°49′N 79°22′W
Jwaneng South Botswana 2 1.3 <66 [140][141] 24°42′S 24°46′E
Luna India 2 2.1 0.0040
(2000 BC)		 [142][143] 23°42′17″N 69°15′37″E
Kebira Egypt 2 31 100 [144][145]
24°40′N 24°58′E
Kilmichael United States (Mississippi) 1 13 45 [146][147][148][149] 33.5°N 89.55°W / 33.5; -89.55 (Kilmichael)
Krk structure Croatia 2 12 40 [150][151] 45.06°N 14.62°E / 45.06; 14.62 (Krk)
Kurai Basin Russia (Altai Region) 1 20 <200 [152][153] 50°12′N 87°54′E
La Dulce Argentina 1 2.8 0.445? [154][108] 38.21°S 59.21°W / -38.21; -59.21 (La Dulce)
Labynkyr Russia 0 67 150? [155][12][156][157][note 1] 62.325°N 143.090°E / 62.325; 143.090 (Labynkyr)
Lac Iro Chad 1 13 ? [158][6][159]
10°10′N 19°40′E
Lairg Gravity Low Scotland 2 40 1200 [160] 58°1′12″N, 4°24′0″W
Lake Cheko Russia (Siberia) 3 50 0.0001
(1908 AD)		 [161] 60.964°N 101.86°E / 60.964; 101.86 (Cheko)
Lake Tai (Tai Hu) China (Jiangsu) 1 70 ± 5 365 ± 5 [162][163][164] 31°14′N 120°8′E
Loch Leven Scotland 2 18x8 290 [165][166] 56°12′N 3°23′W
Lorne Basin Australia (New South Wales) 2 30 250 ± 2 [167][168] 31.60°S 152.62°E / -31.60; 152.62 (Lorne)
Lycksele structure 2 Sweden 2 130 1500 ± 300 [169][170][171] 64.92°N 18.78°E / 64.92; 18.78 (Lycksele)
Madagascar structure 3 Madagascar 4 12 ? [172][173] 18.839°S 46.221°E / -18.839; 46.221 (Madagascar)
Magyarmecske anomaly Hungary 1 7 299 [174][175][176][177] 45.95°N 17.97°E / 45.95; 17.97 (Magyarmecske)
Mahuika New Zealand (offshore) 2 20? 0.0006
(1400 AD)		 [178][179][63] 48.3°S 166.4°E / -48.3; 166.4 (Mahuika)
Maniitsoq structure Greenland 2 100 3000 [180][181][182] 65°15′N 51°50′W
Mejaouda (El Mrayer) Mauritania 1 3 <542? [183][12][105][22][184] 22.722°N 7.312°W / 22.722; -7.312 (Mejaouda)
Merewether Canada (Newfoundland) 0 20 0.0009
(1100 AD)		 [185][186][note 1] 58.04°N 64.05°W / 58.04; -64.05 (Merewether)
Meseta de la Barda Negra Argentina 4 1.5 4 ± 1 [187][188] 39°10′S 69°53′W
Middle-Urals Ring Structure Russia 1 400–550 >542 [189][190][191] 56°N 56°E
Mistassini-Otish impact structure Canada (Quebec) 1 600 2200 [192][193] 50.57°N 73.42°W / 50.57; -73.42 (Mistassini lake)
Mount Ashmore dome Indian Ocean (in Timor Sea) 2 >50 35 [194][195][196] 12.55°S 123.2°E / -12.55; 123.2
Mousso Chad 2 3.8 <542 [197][198] 17°58′N 10°53′E
Mt. Oikeyama Japan 2 90 0.030? [199][200] 35.405°N 138.013°E / 35.405; 138.013 (Oikeyama)
Mulkarra Australia (South Australia) 1 17 105 [201][202] 27.85°S 138.92°E / -27.85; 138.92 (Mulkarra)
Nastapoka (Hudson Bay) arc Canada (Quebec) 3 450 1800? [203][12][204][205]
57°00′N 78°50′W
Ouro Ndia Mali 2 3 <2.6 [206][12][22] 14°59.8′N 4°30.0′W
Pantasma Nicaragua 3 10 ? [207] 13.37°N 85.95°W / 13.37; -85.95 (Pantasma)
Panther Mountain United States (New York) 1 10 375 [208][209][210]
42°03′N 74°24′W
Peerless structure United States (Montana) 1 6 470 ± 10 [211][212] 48.8°N 105.8°W / 48.8; -105.8 (Peerless)
Piratininga Brazil (Paraná) 3 12 117 [213][69][214] 22°28′S 49°09′W
Praia Grande Brazil (Santos Basin, offshore) 1 20 84 [215][69][70] 25°39′S 45°37′W
Ramgarh India (Rajasthan) 0 3 ? [216][217][218][note 1]
25°20′16″N 76°37′29″E
Ross Antarctic Ocean (Ross Sea) 2 600? <38 [219][57][220] 77.5°S 178.5°E / -77.5; 178.5 (Ross)
Rubielos de la Cérida Spain 0 80x40 30-40 [221][222][223][note 1]
40.783°N 1.25°W / 40.783; -1.25 (Rubielos)
Sakhalinka Pacific Ocean (NW) 2 12 70 [224][225][226][227][228] 30°15′N 170°03′E
São Miguel do Tapuio Brazil (Piauí) 1 22 120 [229][12][70][230][231][232] 5°37.6′S 41°23.3′W
Shanghewan China (Jilin) 1 30 ? [233][234][235] 44°29′N 126°11′E
Shiva Indian Ocean 1 500 66 [236] 18°40′N 70°14′E
Shiyli Kazakhstan 0 5.5 46 ± 7 [237][238][note 1] 49°10′N 57°51′E
Silverpit Atlantic Ocean (North Sea) 1 20 60 ± 15 [239][240][241][242][243][244][245][246]
54°14′N 1°51′E
Sirente Italy 4 10 0.0017
(320 ± 90 AD)		 [247][248] 42°10′38″N 13°35′45″E
Sithylemenkat Lake United States (Alaska) 3 12 0.033? [249][250][251][252] 66°07′34″N 151°23′20″W
Smerdyacheye Lake Russia 1 20 0.01–0.03? [253][254] 55.735°N 39.823°E / 55.735; 39.823 (Smerdyacheye)
Sudan 3 (Mahas) Sudan 2.8 ? 20°01.9′N 30°13.7′E
Sudan 2 (Bayuda) Sudan 2 10 ? [255][256][257]
Mahas
Bayuda
Red Sea Hills
Three craters in Sudan
 18°03.5′N 33°30.2′E
Sudan 1 (Red Sea Hills) Sudan 2 6 ? [258][259][260]
Mahas
Bayuda
Red Sea Hills
Three craters in Sudan
 17°57.1′N 37°56.1′E
Svetloyar Lake Russia 0 40 0.0026
(600 BC)		 [261][262][note 1] 56.819°N 45.093°E / 56.819; 45.093 (Svetloyar)
Takamatsu Japan 1 4-8 15 [263][264][265][266][267] 34.3°N 134.05°E / 34.3; 134.05 (Takamatsu)
Tarek (Gilf Kebir) Egypt 3 2.1 112? [268][12][269][270] 24.601°N 27.205°E / 24.601; 27.205 (Tarek)
Tatarsky North Pacific Ocean (NW) 2 14 ? [271][272] 49°57′35″N 141°23′40″E
Tatarsky South Pacific Ocean (NW) 2 20 ? [273][272] 48°17′38″N 141°23′40″E
Tefé River structure Brazil (Amazonas) 2 15 65 ± 20 [274][70][275] 4°57′S 66°03′W
Talundilly Australia (Queensland) 1 84 128 ± 5 [276][277][278] 24.73°S 144.62°E / -24.73; 144.62 (Talundilly)
Temimichat Mauritania 1 0.7 2? [279][12][280] 24°15′N 9°39′W
Tsenkher Mongolia 1 3.6 5 [281][282][283] 43°38′41″N 98°22′09″E
Toms Canyon United States (New Jersey) 1 22 35 [284][285][286][287] 39°08′N 72°51′W
Umm al Binni Iraq 0 3.4 <0.0050
(3000 BC)		 [288][note 1] 31°14′29″N 47°06′21″E
Ust-Kara Russia (Nenetsia, offshore) 2 25 70 ± 2.2 [289][290]
69.28°N 65.35°E / 69.28; 65.35 (Ust-Kara)
Vélingara Senegal 1 48 23-40 [291][292]
13°02′N 14°08′W
Versailles United States (Kentucky) 1 1.5 <400 [293][294] 38.09°N 84.67°W / 38.09; -84.67 (Versailles)
Vichada Colombia (Vichada) 2 50 30? [295][12]
4°30′N 69°15′W
Victoria Island United States (California) 2 5.5 37-49 [296] 37.89°N 121.53°W / 37.89; -121.53 (Victoria Island structure)
Warburton East Australia (South Australia) 2 200 300-360 [297][298][299][300] 28°S 140.5°E / -28; 140.5 (Warbuton)
Warburton West Australia (South Australia) 200 300-360 [300][298]
Weaubleau United States (Missouri) 1 19 330 ± 10 [301][302][303]
38.0°N 93.6°W / 38.0; -93.6 (Weaubleau)
Wembo-Nyama (Omeonga) DR Congo 2 36-46 60? [304][305][306] 3°37′52″S 24°31′07″E
Wilkes Land 2 Antarctica 2 480 250-500 [307]
70°S 140°E
Woodbury United States (Georgia) 1 7 500 ± 100 [308][309] 32.92°N 84.55°W / 32.92; -84.55 (Woodbury)
Yallalie Australia (Western Australia) 0 12 99? [310][12][311][312][313][314][note 1] 30°26′40″S 115°46′16″E
Zerelia West Greece 2 20 0.0070
(5000 BC)		 [315][316] 39°09′48″N 22°42′32″E
Zerelia East Greece 2 10 0.0070
(5000 BC)		 [315][316] 39°09′43″N 22°42′51″E

Overview

Russia's Lake Cheko is thought by one research group to be the result of the famous Tunguska event, although sediments in the lake have been dated back more than 5,000 years. There is highly speculative conjecture about the supposed Sirente impact (c. 320 ± 90 AD) having caused the Roman emperor Constantine's vision at Milvian Bridge.[317]

The Burckle crater and Umm al Binni structure are proposed to be behind the floods that affected Sumerian civilization.[318][319] The Kachchh impact may have been witnessed by the Harappan civilization and mentioned as a fireball in Sanskrit texts.[143]

The ages of the Bloody Creek crater[320] and Hiawatha crater are uncertain.

As the trend in the Earth Impact Database for about 26 confirmed craters younger than a million years old shows that almost all are less than two km (1.2 mi) in diameter (except the three km (1.9 mi) Agoudal and four km (2.5 mi) Rio Cuarto), the suggestion that two large craters, Mahuika (20 km (12 mi)) and Burckle (30 km (19 mi)), formed only within the last few millennia has been met with skepticism.[321][322][323] However, the source of the young (less than a million years old) and enormous Australasian strewnfield (c. 790 ka) is suggested to be a crater about 100 km (62 mi) across somewhere in Indochina,[324][325] with Hartung and Koeberl (1994) proposing the elongated 100 km × 35 km (62 mi × 22 mi) Tonlé Sap lake in Cambodia (visible in the map at the side) as a suspect structure.[326]

The Decorah crater has been conjectured as being part of the Ordovician meteor event.[327]

Several twin impacts have been proposed, such as the Rubielos de la Cérida and Azuara (30–40 Ma),[328] Cerro Jarau and Piratininga (c. 117 Ma),[69] and Warburton East and West (300–360 Ma).[300] However, adjacent craters may not necessarily have formed at the same time, as demonstrated by the case of the confirmed Clearwater East and West lakes.

Some confirmed impacts like Sudbury or Chicxulub are also sources of magnetic anomalies[329] and/or gravity anomalies. The magnetic anomalies Bangui and Jackpine Creek,[134] the gravity anomalies Wilkes Land crater and Falkland Islands,[97] and others have been considered as being of impact origin. Bangui apparently has been discredited,[26][330] but appears again in a 2014 table of unconfirmed structures in Africa by Reimold and Koeberl.[6]

Several anomalies in Williston Basin were identified by Swatzky in the 1970s as astroblemes including Viewfield, Red Wing Creek, Eagle Butte, Dumas, and Hartney, of which only the last two are unconfirmed.[86]

The Eltanin impact has been confirmed (via an iridium anomaly and meteoritic material from ocean cores) but, as it fell into the Pacific Ocean, apparently no crater was formed. The age of Silverpit and the confirmed Boltysh crater (65.17 ± 0.64 Ma), as well as their latitude, has led to the speculative hypothesis that there may have been several impacts during the KT boundary.[331][332] Of the five oceans in descending order by area, namely the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Antarctic, and Arctic, only the smallest (the Arctic) does not yet have a proposed unconfirmed impact crater.

Craters larger than 100 kilometres (62 mi) in the Phanerozoic (after 541 Ma) are notable for their size as well as for the possible coeval events associated with them especially the major extinction events.

For example, the Ishim impact structure[130] is conjectured to be bounded by the late Ordivician-early Silurian (c. 445 ± 5 Ma),[131] the two Warburton basins have been linked to the Late Devonian extinction (c. 360 Ma),[298] both Bedout and the Wilkes Land crater have been associated with the severe Permian–Triassic extinction event (c. 252 Ma),[333][334] Manicouagan (c. 215 Ma) was once thought to be connected to the Triassic–Jurassic extinction event (c. 201 Ma)[335] but more recent dating has made it unlikely, while the consensus is the Chicxulub impact caused the one for Cretaceous–Paleogene (c. 66 Ma).

However, other extinction theories employ coeval periods of massive volcanism such as the Siberian Traps (Permian-Triassic) and Deccan Traps (Cretaceous-Paleogene).

Undiscovered but inferred
Australasian strewnfield. Shaded areas represent tektite finds.

There is geological evidence for impact events having taken place on Earth on certain specific occasions, which should have formed craters, but for which no impact craters have been found. In some cases this is because of erosion and Earth's crust having been recycled through plate tectonics, in others likely because exploration of the Earth's surface is incomplete. Typically the ages are already known and the diameters can be estimated.

Parent crater of Expected crater diameter Age Notes
Dakhleh glass 0.4 km 150 ka [336][337]
Argentinian tektites 5 km 480 ka [338]
Australasian tektites 32–114 km 780 ka [325]
Central American tektites 14 km 820 ka [339][340]
Skye ejecta deposits Unknown 60 Ma [341]
Stac Fada Member 40 km 1.2 Ga [342]
Barberton Greenstone Belt microtektites 500 km 3.2 Ga [343]
Marble Bar impact spherules "hundreds of kilometers" 3.4 Ga [344]

Mistaken identity

Some geological processes can result in circular or near-circular features that may be mistaken for impact craters. Some examples are calderas, maars, sinkholes, glacial cirques, igneous intrusions, ring dikes, salt domes, geologic domes, ventifacts, tuff rings, forest rings, and others. Conversely, an impact crater may originally be thought as one of these geological features, like Meteor Crater (as a maar) or Upheaval Dome (as a salt dome).

The presence of shock metamorphism and shatter cones are important criteria in favor of an impact interpretation, though massive landslides (such as the Köfels landslide of 7800 BC which was once thought to be impact-related) may produce shock-like fused rocks called "frictionite".[345]

See also

Notes and references

Notes
  1. Shown as "proven" by Mikheeva (2017),[4] not "confirmed" by EID (2018)[10]

References
  1. Impact Field Studies Group
  2. Expert Database on Earth Impact Structures
  3. "Earth Impact Database". Archived from the original on 2015-02-07. Retrieved 2016-06-02.
  4. Mikheeva, 2017
  5. Haines, P. W. (2005). "Impact cratering and distal ejecta: The Australian record". Australian Journal of Earth Sciences. 52 (4–5): 481–507. Bibcode:2005AuJES..52..481H. doi:10.1080/08120090500170351.
  6. Reimold, Wolf Uwe; Koeberl, Christian (2014). "Impact structures in Africa: A review". Journal of African Earth Sciences. 93: 57–175. Bibcode:2014JAfES..93...57R. doi:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2014.01.008. PMC 4802546. PMID 27065753.
  7. Acevedo, R.; Rocca, M. C.; Ponce, J.; Stinco, S. (2015). Impact Craters in South America. SpringerBriefs in Earth Sciences. Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-13092-7.
  8. Chabou, M. C. (2016). "An updated inventory of meteorite impact structures in the Arab world". 1st ArabGU International Conference, Feb 2016, Algeria.
  9. Crósta, Alvaro P.; Reimold, Wolf Uwe (2016). "Impact Craters in South America, by Acevedo R. D., Rocca M. C. L., Ponce J. F., and Stinco S. G. Heidelberg: Springer, 2015. 104 p. SpringerBriefs in Earth Sciences: South America and the Southern Hemisphere. ISBN 978-3-319-13092-7". Meteoritics & Planetary Science. 51 (5): 996–999. doi:10.1111/maps.12632.
  10. List of confirmed impact craters by name - Earth Impact Database
  11. Rampino, M.R; Volk, T. (1996). "Multiple impact event in the Paleozoic: Collision with a string of comets or asteroids?" (PDF). Geophysical Research Letters. 23 (1): 49–52. Bibcode:1996GeoRL..23...49R. doi:10.1029/95GL03605. Retrieved 2019-04-06.
  12. Expert Database on Earth Impact Structures (EDEIS), Accessed May 2016
  13. Murgab
  14. Meteorite crater site of Ak-Bura
  15. Bacharev, A (1952), The Murgab meteorite crater. Astron. Tsirk., No 122, pp. 8–10
  16. Al Madafi
  17. Garvin, James B.; Blodget, Herbert W. (1986). "Suspected Impact Crater Near Al Madafi, Saudi Arabia". Meteoritics. 21: 366. Bibcode:1986Metic..21..366G.
  18. Roger Weller. Al Madafi crater
  19. Alamo
  20. Henry Brean (2015). New study ranks Nevada crater among world's largest, Las Vegas Review Journal
  21. Anefis
  22. A. Rossi (2002). Seven Possible New Impact Structures In Western Africa Detected On Aster Imagery, Lunar and Planetary Science XXXIII
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Bibliography
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