Earth trojan

An Earth trojan is an asteroid that orbits the Sun in the vicinity of the Earth–Sun Lagrangian points L4 (leading 60°) or L5 (trailing 60°), thus having an orbit similar to Earth's. Only two Earth trojans have so far been discovered. The name "trojan" was first used in 1906 for the Jupiter trojans, the asteroids that were observed near the Lagrangian points of Jupiter's orbit.

The orbit of 2010 TK7, the only Earth trojan to be discovered so far (left). Lagrangian points L4 and L5. Lines around the blue triangles represent tadpole orbits (right)

Members
2010 TK7, the only known Earth trojan, is located in the annotated green circle in the lower right.
Current

L4 (leading)

L5 (trailing)

  • No known objects are currently thought to be L5 trojans of Earth. A search was conducted in 1994 covering 0.35°2 of sky under poor observing conditions [4] which failed to detect any objects "The limiting sensitivity of this search was magnitude ~22.8, corresponding to C-type asteroids ~350m in diameter or S-type asteroids ~175m in diameter."[4]
Proposed

L4

  • 2020 XL5: In 2021 it was discovered that asteroid 2020 XL5 appears to be librating around L4, making it another Earth Trojan if confirmed. Subsequent analysis confirmed modeling stability for at least several thousand years into the future based on existing orbital parameters.[5][6] This would make 2020 XL5 more stable than 2010 TK7, which is potentially unstable of time scales of less than 2,000 years.[7]

Discovery

2010 TK7 was discovered using the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) satellite, on January 25, 2010.

In February 2017, the OSIRIS-REx spacecraft performed a search from within the L4 region on its way to asteroid Bennu.[8] No additional Earth trojans were discovered.[9]

In April 2017, the Hayabusa2 spacecraft searched the L5 region while proceeding to asteroid Ryugu,[10] but did not find any asteroids there.[11]

Significance

The orbits of any Earth trojans could make them less energetically costly to reach than the Moon, even though they will be hundreds of times more distant. Such asteroids could one day be useful as sources of elements that are rare near Earth's surface. On Earth, siderophiles such as iridium are difficult to find, having largely sunk to the core of the planet shortly after its formation. A small asteroid could be a rich source of such elements even if its overall composition is similar to Earth's; because of their small size, such bodies would lose heat much more rapidly than a planet once they had formed, and so would not have melted, a prerequisite for differentiation (even if they differentiated, the core would still be within reach). Their weak gravitational fields also would have inhibited significant separation of denser and lighter material; a mass the size of 2010 TK7 would exert a surface gravitational force of less than 0.00005 times that of Earth (although the asteroid's rotation could cause separation).

A hypothetical planet-sized Earth trojan the size of Mars, given the name Theia, is thought by proponents of the giant-impact hypothesis to be the origin of the Moon. The hypothesis states that the Moon formed after Earth and Theia collided,[12] showering material from the two planets into space. This material eventually accreted around Earth and into a single orbiting body, the Moon.

At the same time, material from Theia mixed and combined with Earth's mantle and core. Supporters of the giant-impact hypothesis theorise that Earth's large core in relation to its overall volume is as a result of this combination.

Astronomy continues to retain interest in the subject. A publication[13] describes these reasons thus:

The survival to the present day of an ancient [Earth Trojan] population is reasonably assured provided Earth's orbit itself was not strongly perturbed since its formation. It is therefore pertinent to consider that modern theoretical models of planet formation find strongly chaotic orbital evolution during the final stages of assembly of the terrestrial planets and the Earth–Moon system. Such chaotic evolution may at first sight appear unfavorable to the survival of a primordial population of [Earth Trojans]. However, during and after the chaotic assembly of the terrestrial planets, it is likely that a residual planetesimal population, of a few percent of Earth's mass, was present and helped to damp the orbital eccentricities and inclinations of the terrestrial planets to their observed low values, as well as to provide the so-called "late veneer" of accreting planetesimals to account for the abundance patterns of the highly siderophile elements in Earth's mantle. Such a residual planetesimal population would also naturally lead to a small fraction trapped in the Earth's Trojan zones as Earth's orbit circularized. In addition to potentially hosting an ancient, long-term stable population of asteroids, Earth's Trojan regions also provide transient traps for NEOs that originate from more distal reservoirs of small bodies in the solar system like the main asteroid belt.

Other companions of Earth

Several other small objects have been found on an orbital path associated with Earth. Although these objects are in 1:1 orbital resonance, they are not Earth trojans, because they do not librate around a definite Sun–Earth Lagrangian point, either L4 or L5.

Earth has another noted companion, asteroid 3753 Cruithne. About 5 km across, it has a peculiar type of orbital resonance called an overlapping horseshoe, and is probably only a temporary liaison.[14]

469219 Kamoʻoalewa, an asteroid discovered on 27 April 2016, is possibly the most stable quasi-satellite of Earth.[15]

Known and suspected companions of Earth
Name Eccentricity Diameter
(m)		 Discoverer Year of Discovery Type Current Type
Moon0.0551737400??Natural satelliteNatural satellite
1913 Great Meteor Procession???9 February 1913Possible Temporary satelliteDestroyed
3753 Cruithne0.5155000Duncan Waldron10 October 1986Quasi-satelliteHorseshoe orbit
1991 VG0.0535–12Spacewatch6 November 1991Temporary satelliteApollo asteroid
(85770) 1998 UP10.345210–470Lincoln Lab's ETS18 October 1998Horseshoe orbitHorseshoe orbit
54509 YORP0.230124Lincoln Lab's ETS3 August 2000Horseshoe orbitHorseshoe orbit
2001 GO20.16835–85Lincoln Lab's ETS13 April 2001Possible Horseshoe orbitPossible Horseshoe orbit
2002 AA290.01320–100LINEAR9 January 2002Quasi-satelliteHorseshoe orbit
2003 YN1070.01410–30LINEAR20 December 2003Quasi-satelliteHorseshoe orbit
(164207) 2004 GU90.136160–360LINEAR13 April 2004Quasi-satelliteQuasi-satellite
(277810) 2006 FV350.377140–320Spacewatch29 March 2006Quasi-satelliteQuasi-satellite
2006 JY260.0836–13Catalina Sky Survey6 May 2006Horseshoe orbitHorseshoe orbit
2006 RH1200.0242–3Catalina Sky Survey14 September 2006Temporary satelliteApollo asteroid
(419624) 2010 SO160.075357WISE17 September 2010Horseshoe orbitHorseshoe orbit
2010 TK70.191150–500WISE1 October 2010Earth trojanEarth trojan
2013 BS450.08320–40Spacewatch20 January 2010Horseshoe orbitHorseshoe orbit
2013 LX280.452130–300Pan-STARRS12 June 2013Quasi-satellite temporaryQuasi-satellite temporary
2014 OL3390.46170–160EURONEAR29 July 2014Quasi-satellite temporaryQuasi-satellite temporary
2015 SO20.10850–110Črni Vrh Observatory21 September 2015Quasi-satelliteHorseshoe orbit temporary
2015 XX1690.1849–22Mount Lemmon Survey9 December 2015Horseshoe orbit temporaryHorseshoe orbit temporary
2015 YA0.2799–22Catalina Sky Survey16 December 2015Horseshoe orbit temporaryHorseshoe orbit temporary
2015 YQ10.4047–16Mount Lemmon Survey19 December 2015Horseshoe orbit temporaryHorseshoe orbit temporary
469219 Kamoʻoalewa0.10440-100Pan-STARRS27 April 2016Quasi-satellite stableQuasi-satellite stable
DN16082203???22 August 2016Possible Temporary satelliteDestroyed
2020 CD30.0171–6Mount Lemmon Survey15 February 2020Temporary satelliteTemporary satellite
2020 PN10.12710–50ATLAS-HKO12 August 2020Horseshoe orbit temporaryHorseshoe orbit temporary
2020 PP10.07410–20Pan-STARRS12 August 2020Quasi-satellite stableQuasi-satellite stable
2020 VT10.16770–150Pan-STARRS10 November 2020Horseshoe orbit temporaryHorseshoe orbit temporary
2020 XL50.387250–550Pan-STARRS12 December 2020Earth trojan (suspected)Earth trojan

See also

References
  1. Reilly, M. (27 July 2011). "Earth Stalker Found in Eternal Twilight". New Scientist. Retrieved 2014-02-21.
  2. Choi, C. Q. (27 July 2011). "First Asteroid Companion of Earth Discovered at Last". Space.com. Retrieved 2011-07-27.
  3. https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2017/osiris-rex-begins-earth-trojan-asteroid-search
  4. Robert J. Whiteley & David J. Tholen, 1998, in Icarus vol.136, pages 154–167 (1998) Article No.IS985995A "CCD Search for Lagrangian Asteroids of the Earth–Sun System", Received November 24, 1997; revised April 13, 1998.
  5. Dunn, Tony (26 January 2021). "[MPML] Could newly-discovered 2020 XL5 be an Earth Trojan?". Retrieved 28 January 2021.
  6. Vitagliano, Aldo (28 January 2021). "[MPML] Re: Could newly-discovered 2020 XL5 be an Earth Trojan?". Retrieved 28 January 2021.
  7. Connors, Martin; Wiegert, Paul; Veillet, Christian (27 July 2011). "Earth's Trojan asteroid". Nature. 475 (7357): 481–483. Bibcode:2011Natur.475..481C. doi:10.1038/nature10233. PMID 21796207.
  8. "NASA mission to search for rare asteroids". NASA. Retrieved 2017-03-01.
  9. "OSIRIS-REx Asteroid Search Tests Instruments". NASA. Retrieved 2017-03-24.
  10. "太陽−地球系のL5点付近の観測について". JAXA. Retrieved 2017-04-18.
  11. "Mission Status of Hayabusa2" (PDF). 49th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference 2018. Retrieved 2018-08-10.
  12. "Earth is actually two planets, scientists conclude"
  13. Malhotra, Renu (February 18, 2019). "The case for a deep search for Earth's Trojan asteroids". Nature Astronomy. 3 (3): 193–194. arXiv:1903.01922. doi:10.1038/s41550-019-0697-z.
  14. Murray, C. (1997). "The Earth's secret companion". Nature. 387 (6634): 651–652. Bibcode:1997Natur.387..651M. doi:10.1038/42585.
  15. Agle, DC; Brown, Dwayne; Cantillo, Laurie (15 June 2016). "Small Asteroid Is Earth's Constant Companion". NASA. Retrieved 15 June 2016.
  16. "The Theia Hypothesis: New Evidence Emerges that Earth and Moon Were Once the Same". The Daily Galaxy. 2007-07-05. Retrieved 2013-11-13.
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