2012 Russian presidential election

The 2012 Russian presidential election was held on 4 March 2012.[1] There were five officially registered candidates: four representatives of registered parties, and one nominal independent.

2012 Russian presidential election
4 March 2012
Opinion polls
Turnout65.25% 4.45 pp
 
Nominee Vladimir Putin Gennady Zyuganov
Party United Russia Communist Party
Home state Moscow Moscow
Popular vote 46,602,075 12,318,353
Percentage 63.6% 17.2%
 
Nominee Mikhail Prokhorov Vladimir Zhirinovsky
Party Independent LDPR
Home state Krasnoyarsk Krai Moscow
Popular vote 5,722,508 4,458,103
Percentage 8.0% 6.2%
Results by federal subject
President before election

Dmitry Medvedev
United Russia

 Elected President

Vladimir Putin
United Russia

These elections were the first after the constitutional amendments in 2008. In this election, the President was elected for the first time for six years, not four as before.

At the United Russia congress in Moscow on 24 September 2011, President Dmitry Medvedev proposed that his predecessor, Vladimir Putin, stand for the presidency in 2012, an offer which Putin accepted. Putin immediately offered Medvedev the opportunity to stand on the United Russia ticket in the parliamentary elections in December 2011 and become Prime Minister at the end of his presidential term.[2]

All independents had to register by 15 December 2011, and candidates nominated by parties were required to register by 18 January 2012. The final list was announced on 29 January. On 2 March, outgoing President Medvedev addressed the nation on the national television channels about the upcoming elections, inviting citizens to vote.[3]

Putin received 63.6% of the vote,[4] securing a record third term in the Kremlin.

Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe observers assessed the voting on the election day positively overall, but assessed the vote count negatively in almost one-third of polling stations due to procedural irregularities.[5][6]

Candidates
Main article: Candidates in the 2012 Russian presidential election

The following individuals submitted documents to the Russian Central Election Commission (CEC) in order to be officially registered as presidential candidates.

Registered candidates
An election ballot listing the presidential candidates

The following candidates were successfully registered by the CEC, candidates are listed in the order they appear on the ballot paper (alphabetical order in Russian):

Candidate name, age,
political party		 Political offices Campaign
Vladimir Zhirinovsky
(65)
Liberal Democratic Party		 Deputy of the State Duma
(1993–present)
Leader of the Liberal Democratic Party
(1991–present)
(campaign)
Gennady Zyuganov
(67)
Communist Party		 Deputy of the State Duma
(1993–present)
Leader of the Communist Party
(1993–present)		 (campaign)
Sergey Mironov
(59)
A Just Russia		 Deputy of the State Duma
(2011–present)
Leader of A Just Russia
(2006–2011 and 2013–present)
Chairman of the Federation Council
(2001–2011)
Senator from St. Petersburg
(2001–2011)		 (campaign)
Mikhail Prokhorov
(46)
Independent		 Leader of Right Cause
(2011)
(campaign)
Vladimir Putin
(59)
United Russia		 Prime Minister of Russia
(1999–2000 and 2008–2012)
Leader of United Russia
(2008–2012)
President of Russia
(2000–2008)
Director of the Federal Security Service
(1998–1999)
(campaign)

Campaigning

Sergey Mironov
Main article: Sergey Mironov § 2012 presidential campaign

A Just Russia nominee called for a return to a socialist model of government.[7]

Mikhail Prokhorov
Main article: Mikhail Prokhorov 2012 presidential campaign
Prokhorov campaigning

Mikhail Prokhorov conducted a tour around the country, meeting with his supporters in various cities. He was the only candidate to do so except for Putin, who visited Russia's regions as a part of his Prime Minister of Russia duties.

If elected, Prokhorov promised to reinstate elections for Russia's governorships.[8] He also promised to pardon Mikhail Khodorkovsky.[8] He promised to reverse the recent constitutional amendment that had lengthened presidential terms from four years to six.[8] He stated that he would select Alexei Kudrin to serve as his prime minister.[8] Prokhorov promised to dismantle state control of the media and prohibit all forms of censorship and state control of major television and radio stations.[8] He promised to dismantle large energy monopolies, including dismantling Gazprom.[8] He also stated that he favored better relations with the European Union.[8]

Vladimir Putin
Main article: Vladimir Putin 2012 presidential campaign

In the course of the 2012 presidential campaign, in order to present his manifesto, Putin published 7 articles in different Russian newspapers. In those articles, he presented his vision of the problems which Russia successfully solved in the last decade and the goals yet to be achieved. The topics of the articles were as follows: the general overview, the ethnicity issue, economic tasks, democracy and government efficiency, social policy, military and foreign policy.[9]

Speeches
Panorama of the 23 February Luzhniki rally, where Putin made his Borodino speech

During the campaign Putin made a single outdoor public speech at a 100,000-strong rally of his supporters in the Luzhniki Stadium on 23 February, Russia's Defender of the Fatherland Day.[10] In the speech, he called on the Russian people not to betray the Motherland, but to love her and to unite for the common good.[11] He said that foreign interference in Russian affairs should not be allowed, and Russia's national sovereignty should be paramount.[11] He compared the political situation (when there was widespread fear that the 2011–13 Russian protests could instigate a color revolution directed from abroad) with the First Fatherland War (more generally known as Napoleon Bonaparte's invasion of Russia), reminding listeners that the 200th anniversary of the Battle of Borodino would be celebrated in 2012.[11] Putin cited Lermontov's poem Borodino and ended the speech with Vyacheslav Molotov's famous Great Patriotic War slogan "The Victory Shall Be Ours!" ("Победа будет за нами!").[10][11]

The BBC reported that some attendees claimed they had been ordered by their employers to take part in the rally, or paid to do so. Some said they had been told they were attending a "folk festival". After Putin spoke, popular folk band Lubeh took to the stage.[12]

Vladimir Zhirinovsky
Main article: Vladimir Zhirinovsky 2012 presidential campaign
Zhirinovsky campaigning

Vladimir Volfovich Zhirinovsky is a veteran of Russian politics who has participated in five presidential elections in Russia (every election since 1996). Zhirinovsky's campaign slogan for 2012 was "Vote Zhirinovsky, or things will get worse".[13] Proshka, a donkey owned by Vladimir Zhirinovsky, became prominent during the presidential campaign, when he was filmed in an election advertisement video.

Gennady Zyuganov
Main article: Gennady Zyuganov 2012 presidential campaign
Zyuganov campaigning in Red Square

In September 2011, Gennady Zyuganov again became the CPRF's candidate for the Russian presidential election. According to Zyuganov, "a gang of folks who cannot do anything in life apart from dollars, profits and mumbling, has humiliated the country" and called for a new international alliance to "counter the aggressive policies of imperialist circles."

Opinion polls
Main article: Opinion polling for the 2012 Russian presidential election

Results
Election of the President of the Russian Federation (2012)
 Summary of the 4 March 2012 Russian presidential election results
Candidates Nominating parties Votes %
Vladimir PutinUnited Russia45,602,07563.60
Gennady ZyuganovCommunist Party12,318,35317.18
Mikhail Prokhorovself-nominated5,722,5087.98
Vladimir ZhirinovskyLiberal Democratic Party4,458,1036.22
Sergey MironovA Just Russia2,763,9353.85
Valid votes70,864,97498.83
Invalid votes836,6911.17
Total votes71,701,665100.00
Registered voters/turnout109,860,33165.27
Source: Central Election Commission of the Russian Federation

There were over 108,000,000 eligible voters and almost all 95,000 polling stations had webcams to observe the voting process. Following criticism of the vote in the December elections, 2 web cameras were dedicated to streaming the activities at each polling station, at an expense of five million dollars,[14] i.e. about $50 per polling station.

By federal subject
Region Vladimir Putin

United Russia

 Gennady Zyuganov

Communist Party

 Mikhail Prokhorov

Independent

 Vladimir Zhirinovsky

Liberal Democratic Party

 Sergey Mironov

A Just Russia

 Invalid votes
Votes % Votes % Votes % Votes % Votes % Votes %
 Adygea 141,257 64.07% 45,311 20.55% 13,145 5.96% 11,164 5.06% 6,637 3.01% 2,967 1.35%
 Altai Krai 674,139 57.35% 261,665 22.26% 83,778 7.13% 97,961 8.33% 45,883 3.90% 12,004 1.02%
 Altai Republic 68,110 66.87% 17,229 16.92% 6,265 6.15% 5,704 5.60% 3,406 3.34% 1,141 1.12%
 Amur Oblast 251,182 62.84% 67,433 16.87% 23,070 5.77% 39,717 9.94% 13,594 3.40% 4,708 1.18%
 Arkhangelsk Oblast 333,344 57.97% 91,648 15.94% 60,108 10.45% 51,169 8.90% 33,223 5.78% 5,522 0.96%
 Astrakhan Oblast 297,448 68.76% 67,662 15.64% 21,873 5.06% 21,918 5.07% 18,595 4.30% 5,107 1.18%
 Baikonur 7,509 70.79% 1,288 12.14% 722 6.81% 586 5.52% 317 2.99% 185 1.74%
 Bashkortostan 1,731,716 75.28% 326,250 14.18% 83,667 3.64% 83,704 3.64% 57,329 2.49% 17,592 0.76%
 Belgorod Oblast 533,716 59.30% 21,1079 23.45% 49,807 5.53% 59,561 6.62% 35,601 3.96% 10,209 1.13%
 Bryansk Oblast 448,018 64.02% 146,340 20.91% 32,141 4.59% 42,974 6.14% 23,453 3.35% 6,922 0.99%
 Buryatia 275,466 66.20% 75,082 18.04% 24,430 5.87% 22,211 5.34% 13,994 3.36% 4,921 1.18%
 Chechnya 611,578 99.76% 182 0.03% 129 0.02% 140 0.02% 165 0.03% 876 0.14%
 Chelyabinsk Oblast 1,124,538 65.02% 254,542 14.72% 138,907 8.03% 97,869 5.66% 88,177 5.10% 25,366 1.47%
 Chukotka 21,310 72.64% 2,651 9.04% 2,209 7.53% 2,106 7.18% 633 2.16% 428 1.46%
 Chuvashia 438,070 62.32% 144,676 20.58% 38,838 5.52% 39,707 5.65% 31,201 4.44% 10,465 1.49%
 Dagestan 1,322,567 92.84% 84,669 5.94% 6,427 0.45% 1,523 0.11% 4,163 0.29% 5,155 0.36%
 Ingushetia 153,274 91.91% 7,422 4.45% 1,934 1.16% 1,944 1.17% 1,761 1.06% 428 0.26%
 Irkutsk Oblast 594,861 55.45% 242,097 22.57% 94,008 8.76% 88,419 8.24% 41,152 3.84% 12,186 1.14%
 Ivanovo Oblast 321,170 61.85% 95,005 18.30% 37,016 7.13% 37,650 7.25% 23,060 4.44% 5,338 1.03%
 Jewish Autonomous Oblast 48,912 61.59% 14,796 18.63% 5,102 6.42% 6,632 8.35% 2,763 3.48% 1,208 1.52%
 Kabardino-Balkaria 299,529 77.64% 53,261 13.81% 8,937 2.32% 11,888 3.08% 11,753 3.05% 418 0.11%
 Kaliningrad Oblast 240,421 52.55% 97,570 21.33% 62,016 13.56% 35,625 7.79% 16,139 3.53% 5,712 1.25%
 Kalmykia 93,500 70.30% 23,295 17.51% 8,029 6.04% 3,374 2.54% 3,562 2.68% 1,242 0.93%
 Kaluga Oblast 299,175 59.02% 101,459 20.01% 40,911 8.07% 37,634 7.42% 21,427 4.23% 6,327 1.25%
 Kamchatka Krai 93,738 59.84% 25,009 15.97% 14,015 8.95% 16,504 10.54% 5,430 3.47% 1,951 1.25%
 Karachay-Cherkessia 266,410 91.36% 16,937 5.81% 2,629 0.90% 2,851 0.98% 2,162 0.74% 631 0.22%
 Karelia 171,380 55.38% 50,957 16.47% 37,798 12.22% 26,579 8.59% 18,886 6.10% 3,839 1.24%
 Kemerovo Oblast 1,267,837 77.19% 133,705 8.14% 75,519 4.60% 112,067 6.82% 37,450 2.28% 16,002 0.97%
 Khabarovsk Krai 367,239 56.15% 115,436 17.65% 62,145 9.50% 68,500 10.47% 31,944 4.88% 8,733 1.34%
 Khakassia 144,519 58.40% 50,872 20.56% 19,400 7.84% 20,991 8.48% 8,878 3.59% 2,819 1.14%
 Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug 469,822 66.41% 97,651 13.80% 50,526 7.14% 57,400 8.11% 23,276 3.29% 8,829 1.25%
 Kirov Oblast 399,810 57.93% 127,982 18.54% 63,993 9.27% 54,531 7.90% 36,005 5.22% 7,864 1.14%
 Komi Republic 341,864 65.02% 70,135 13.34% 43,759 8.32% 40,314 7.67% 22,738 4.32% 6,970 1.33%
 Kostroma Oblast 183,984 52.78% 90,714 26.02% 26,517 7.61% 28,204 8.09% 16,094 4.62% 3,076 0.88%
 Krasnodar Krai 1,715,349 63.72% 496,909 18.46% 181,844 6.75% 176,119 6.54% 88,976 3.31% 32,893 1.22%
 Krasnoyarsk Krai 784,337 60.16% 235,058 18.03% 109,827 8.42% 112,222 8.61% 46,123 3.54% 16,279 1.25%
 Kurgan Oblast 305,777 63.39% 83,955 17.40% 27,725 5.75% 41,340 8.57% 19,280 3.99% 4,314 0.89%
 Kursk Oblast 366,745 60.45% 122,775 20.24% 38,002 6.26% 49,744 8.20% 23,101 3.81% 6,350 1.05%
 Leningrad Oblast 501,893 61.90% 114,951 14.18% 80,874 9.98% 54,857 6.77% 47,518 5.86% 10,664 1.32%
 Lipetsk Oblast 382,179 60.99% 132,408 21.13% 34,778 5.55% 44,697 7.13% 24,722 3.95% 7,751 1.24%
 Magadan Oblast 39,196 56.25% 13,946 20.01% 6,769 9.71% 6,399 9.18% 2,607 3.74% 769 1.10%
 Mari El 228,612 59.98% 84,200 22.09% 24,282 6.37% 24,895 6.53% 15,175 3.98% 3,984 1.05%
 Mordovia 506,415 87.06% 42,060 7.23% 9,353 1.61% 13,635 2.34% 6,448 1.11% 3,796 0.65%
 Moscow 1,994,310 46.95% 814,573 19.18% 868,736 20.45% 267,418 6.30% 214,703 5.05% 87,698 2.06%
 Moscow Oblast 2,015,379 56.85% 686,449 19.36% 396,379 11.18% 236,028 6.66% 149,801 4.23% 61,332 1.73%
 Murmansk Oblast 244,579 60.05% 65,190 16.00% 39,291 9.65% 32,933 8.09% 20,566 5.05% 4,752 1.17%
 Nenets Autonomous Okrug 13,346 57.05% 4,040 17.27% 2,349 10.04% 2,114 9.04% 1,239 5.30% 304 1.30%
 Nizhny Novgorod Oblast 1,187,194 63.90% 353,964 19.05% 125,432 6.75% 110,808 5.96% 63,189 3.40% 17,366 0.93%
 North Ossetia–Alania 289,643 70.06% 87,017 21.05% 6,848 1.66% 13,063 3.16% 12,864 3.11% 3,995 0.97%
 Novgorod Oblast 179,501 57.91% 54,875 17.70% 27,017 8.72% 22,955 7.41% 22,066 7.12% 3,556 1.15%
 Novosibirsk Oblast 762,126 56.34% 304,761 22.53% 124,205 9.18% 104,223 7.70% 41,001 3.03% 16,410 1.21%
 Omsk Oblast 541,469 55.55% 234,035 24.01% 72,540 7.44% 74,857 7.68% 39,284 4.03% 12,644 1.30%
 Orenburg Oblast 577,411 56.89% 252,947 24.92% 58,849 5.80% 74,414 7.33% 41,104 4.05% 10,212 1.01%
 Oryol Oblast 237,868 52.84% 130,934 29.09% 27,632 6.14% 33,549 7.45% 15,066 3.35% 5,102 1.13%
 Penza Oblast 492,031 64.27% 150,786 19.70% 39,908 5.21% 48,915 6.39% 24,213 3.16% 9,688 1.27%
 Perm Krai 736,496 62.94% 184,639 15.78% 127,098 10.86% 53,879 4.60% 51,535 4.40% 16,562 1.42%
 Primorsky Krai 567,177 57.31% 201,493 20.36% 78,639 7.95% 85,396 8.63% 43,168 4.36% 13,796 1.39%
 Pskov Oblast 211,265 59.69% 73,073 20.64% 25,824 7.30% 23,760 6.71% 16,164 4.57% 3,880 1.10%
 Rostov Oblast 1,324,042 62.66% 423,884 20.06% 134,461 6.36% 132,418 6.27% 76,633 3.63% 21,742 1.03%
 Ryazan Oblast 370,945 59.74% 132,981 21.42% 37,903 6.10% 47,068 7.58% 25,562 4.12% 6,508 1.05%
 Saint Petersburg 1,403,753 58.77% 311,937 13.06% 370,799 15.52% 110,979 4.65% 157,768 6.61% 33,331 1.40%
 Sakha 317,933 69.46% 65,871 14.39% 29,712 6.49% 20,010 4.37% 20,193 4.41% 3,978 0.87%
 Sakhalin Oblast 128,565 56.30% 45,730 20.03% 22,337 9.78% 20,016 8.77% 8,856 3.88% 2,846 1.25%
 Samara Oblast 912,099 58.56% 320,128 20.55% 125,423 8.05% 117,828 7.56% 61,361 3.94% 20,828 1.34%
 Saratov Oblast 934,685 70.64% 206,818 15.63% 59,006 4.46% 66,985 5.06% 43,267 3.27% 12,400 0.94%
 Smolensk Oblast 273,232 56.69% 111,182 23.07% 32,516 6.75% 38,246 7.94% 20,930 4.34% 5,843 1.21%
 Stavropol Krai 770,874 64.47% 215,600 18.03% 75,724 6.33% 83,543 6.99% 37,551 3.14% 12,448 1.04%
 Sverdlovsk Oblast 1,337,781 64.50% 251,690 12.14% 237,780 11.46% 107,819 5.20% 113,353 5.47% 25,560 1.23%
 Tambov Oblast 444,978 71.76% 107,797 17.38% 19,594 3.16% 28,179 4.54% 13,973 2.25% 5,570 0.90%
 Tatarstan 1,967,291 82.70% 229,711 9.66% 69,708 2.93% 52,994 2.23% 41,878 1.76% 17,322 0.73%
 Tomsk Oblast 261,581 57.07% 86,403 18.85% 53,028 11.57% 35,139 7.67% 16,966 3.70% 5,194 1.13%
 Tula Oblast 587,952 67.77% 147,019 16.95% 43,917 5.06% 50,218 5.79% 29,601 3.41% 8,862 1.02%
 Tuva 132,828 90.00% 6,370 4.32% 2,925 1.98% 2,574 1.74% 2,023 1.37% 860 0.58%
 Tver Oblast 387,308 58.02% 131,591 19.71% 59,302 8.88% 49,384 7.40% 32,835 4.92% 7,076 1.06%
 Tyumen Oblast 611,281 73.10% 95,398 11.41% 43,047 5.15% 59,083 7.07% 20,455 2.45% 6,915 0.83%
 Udmurtia 515,755 65.75% 116,277 14.82% 67,362 8.59% 49,160 6.27% 26,803 3.42% 9,048 1.15%
 Ulyanovsk Oblast 387,540 58.18% 160,089 24.03% 37,437 5.62% 46,384 6.96% 27,783 4.17% 6,926 1.04%
 Vladimir Oblast 341,301 53.49% 132,400 20.75% 60,315 9.45% 53,615 8.40% 41,895 6.57% 8,484 1.33%
 Volgograd Oblast 810,598 63.41% 240,998 18.85% 711,42 5.56% 87,657 6.86% 55,325 4.33% 12,696 0.99%
 Vologda Oblast 361,720 59.44% 93,417 15.35% 57,064 9.38% 49,492 8.13% 40,306 6.62% 6,596 1.08%
 Voronezh Oblast 800,024 61.34% 292,379 22.42% 69,813 5.35% 81,081 6.22% 47,974 3.68% 13,073 1.00%
Voting abroad 323,686 73.24% 31,785 7.19% 59,942 13.56% 12,006 2.72% 8,674 1.96% 5,838 1.32%
 Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug 283,313 84.58% 18,738 5.59% 7,807 2.33% 17,456 5.21% 4,979 1.49% 2,669 0.80%
 Yaroslavl Oblast 365,892 54.53% 133,476 19.89% 71,007 10.58% 51,816 7.72% 41,212 6.14% 7,569 1.13%
 Zabaykalsky Krai 327,407 65.69% 71,636 14.37% 29,466 5.91% 49,612 9.95% 15,015 3.01% 5,271 1.06%
 Russia[15] 45,602,075 63.60% 12,318,353 17.18% 5,722,508 7.98% 4,458,103 6.22% 2,763,935 3.85% 836,691 1.17%

Electoral irregularities

International observers from the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) found that although all competitors had access to the media, Putin was given clear prominence.[5] Strict candidate registration requirements also limited "genuine competition".[5] According to Tonino Picula, the Special Co-ordinator to lead the short-term OSCE observer mission,

There were serious problems from the very start of this election. The point of elections is that the outcome should be uncertain. This was not the case in Russia. There was no real competition and abuse of government resources ensured that the ultimate winner of the election was never in doubt.[5]

The OCSE observers concluded that voting on the day of the election was assessed positively overall, but the "process deteriorated during the vote count which was assessed negatively in almost one-third of polling stations observed due to procedural irregularities."[5] The OSCE called for a thorough investigation of the electoral violations and urged citizens to actively oversee future elections in order to increase confidence.[5]

Allegations were made that Putin supporters had been driven around in coaches in order to vote for him in multiple constituencies (which is known as carousel voting).[16] These practices were documented by video monitoring systems installed on most voting stations.[17]

Pravda alleged that industrial plants with a continuous-cycle production have violated the law by bussing workers to polling centres.[18] The chairman of the Moscow Election Committee Valentin Gorbunov countered the accusation saying that this was normal practice and did not constitute a violation. According to Iosif Diskin, a member of the Public Chamber of Russia, there were special observers who controlled that workers have legal absentee certificates. Information about carousel voting was, according to him, not confirmed.[19] Georgy Fyodorov, director of the NGO "Citizens Watch" ("Гражданский контроль"), said that statements from the monitoring group GOLOS about carousel voting in Strogino District were false,[20] however, Citizens Watch never addressed the evidence of the electoral fraud presented by GOLOS. The level of electoral manipulation is substantial. According to GOLOS, one third of all electoral commissions had substantial irregularities at the stage of vote counting and tabulation.[21]

Claims that Putin's share of the vote was inflated by up to 10% were dismissed by Putin in a talk with journalists: "It's possible there were irregularities, probably there were some. But they can only influence hundredths of a per cent. Well, maybe one per cent; that I can imagine. But no more."[22] Ruža Tomašić, OSCE observer from Croatia, noted that there were no irregularities at five polling stations near Kaluga.[23]

The Communist Party of the Russian Federation did not acknowledge the results of the election.[24]

Protests
Main article: 2011–13 Russian protests

On 11 March 2012 approximately 15,000–20,000 protesters demonstrated in Novy Arbat street against perceived fraud and Putin's rule.[25] MP Ilya Ponomaryov, a protest coordinator, described the protesters' plans: "We must be the government's constant nightmare and build up to a crescendo of protests at the time of Putin's inauguration in early May."[25]

Inauguration

Putin was inaugurated in the Kremlin on 7 May 2012. Public protests had taken place in Moscow on 6 May with estimated 8,000[26]-20,000 protesters taking part.[27] 80 people were injured in confrontations with police (including over 30 policemen)[28] and 450 arrests were made on 6 May[29] and another 120 arrests the following day.[29]

Price

The election cost 10.375 million roubles according to a report given by the Russian Central Election Commission. According to the report, during the campaign, budget funds have been spared.[30]

See also

References
  1. "Russia's presidential elections scheduled for March 2012". B92. RIA Novosti. 21 July 2011. Archived from the original on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 25 September 2011.
  2. "Russia's Putin set to return as president in 2012". BBC News. 24 September 2011. Retrieved 24 September 2011.
  3. "'I'm Sure You'll Make Right Choice,' Medvedev Tells Nation". RIA Novosti. 2 March 2012. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
  4. Central Election Commission of the Russian Federation. Cikrf.ru. Retrieved on 5 March 2012.
  5. "Russia's presidential election marked by unequal campaign conditions, active citizens' engagement, international observers say". Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe.
  6. Herszenhorn, David M. (5 March 2012). "Observers Detail Flaws in Russian Election". The New York Times. Retrieved 5 March 2012.
  7. "Zyuganov and Mironov: Back to the future". Al Jazeera. 26 February 2012. Retrieved 24 June 2019.
  8. "Prokhorov Says He's No 'Kremlin Stooge,' Lays Out Campaign Platform". www.rferl. RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. 20 January 2012. Retrieved 28 July 2018.
  9. "7 статей и джек-пот: Путин завершил серию публикаций". Archived from the original on 5 March 2012. Retrieved 13 March 2012.
  10. Putin Supporters Fill Moscow Stadium RIAN
  11. Путин: Главное, чтобы мы были вместе vz.ru (in Russian)
  12. Putin tells stadium rally 'battle' is on for Russia, BBC, retrieved 28 February 2012
  13. Profiles of Russia's 2012 presidential election candidates BBC
  14. Brooke, James; Golloher, Jessica; Nesnera, Andre de (2 March 2012). "After Big Protests, Russians Vote for President". Voice of America. Retrieved 5 March 2012.
  15. "Regional results". Central Election Commission of the Russian Federation. Retrieved 8 September 2017.
  16. "Russian elections: Hunting the 'carousel' voters". BBC News. 5 March 2012.
  17. "Cамые невероятные вбросы, когда-либо снятые на видео". tvrain.ru. Retrieved 10 July 2015.
  18. "И пусть нам приснится "карусель"..." Pravda.RU. 4 March 2012. Retrieved 5 March 2012.
  19. "Иосиф Дискин: Никаких доказательств существования "каруселей" не выявлено". Pravda.RU. 4 March 2012. Retrieved 5 March 2012.
  20. "Федоров: Не все нарушения подтверждаются". Pravda.RU. 4 March 2012. Retrieved 5 March 2012.
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