2021 in archosaur paleontology

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This article records new taxa of fossil archosaurs of every kind that are scheduled described during the year 2021, as well as other significant discoveries and events related to paleontology of archosaurs that are scheduled to occur in the year 2021.

Pseudosuchians

Research

A study on the phylogenetic relationships of pseudosuchian archosaurs, aiming to determine drivers of body size evolution in this group, is published by Stockdale & Benton (2021).[1]
The first occurrence of the track type "Chirotherium" lulli (inferred to be produced by a pseudosuchian archosaur) from western North America is reported from the Owl Rock Member of the Chinle Formation (Utah, United States) by Milner et al. (2021).[2]
An osteoderm of Typothorax coccinarum with punctures and scores which are likely bite marks is described from the Upper Triassic Chinle Formation (Arizona, United States) by Drymala, Bader & Parker (2021), who interpret this finding as supporting the hypothesis that aetosaurs were prey items of large archosauromorphs.[3]
Revision of the taxonomy and a study on the phylogenetic relationships of the Miocene tomistomines from Italy and Malta is published by Nicholl et al. (2021).[4]

New taxa

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Country	Notes	Images
Chinatichampsus[5]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Stocker, Brochu & Kirk	Eocene (Uintan-Duchesnean)	Devil's Graveyard Formation	United States ( Texas)	A caiman. The type species is C. wilsonorum.

Non-avian dinosaurs

Research

A study aiming to determine whether the presence of keratan sulfate is exclusive evidence for the presence of medullary bone in dinosaur fossils (and therefore whether it can be used to identify dinosaur specimens as gravid females) is published by Canoville et al. (2021).[6]
A study on the possibilities of determination of the presence of sexual dimorphism in dinosaurs, evaluating whether the previous method used for dinosaurs correctly recognizes living animals as dimorphic, is published by Motani (2021).[7]
A study on dinosaur trackways that show changes in direction from Jurassic and Cretaceous sites in North and South America, Europe and Asia is published by Lockley et al. (2021).[8]
A study aiming to determine whether plant-eating dinosaurs could have moved seeds long distances is published by Perry (2021).[9]
Spinosaurid neck vertebrae distinct from known vertebrae of Spinosaurus aegyptiacus and exhibiting an unusual combination of positionally variable characters are described from the Kem Kem Group (Morocco) by McFeeters (2021), who interprets this finding as evidence of a greater degree of intraspecific variation in the vertebrae of S. aegyptiacus than previously recognized, or alternatively, evidence for the occurrence of two spinosaurid taxa in the Kem Kem Group.[10]
Hone & Holtz (2021) evaluate the evidence for the competing interpretations of the ecology of Spinosaurus, and reject the interpretation of this theropod as a specialised aquatic pursuit predator.[11]
Fragmentary specimens of tyrannosaurid theropods from the Dinosaur Park Formation of the Alberta, Canada) in the collection of the San Diego Natural History Museum were described by Yun (2021).[12]
Bones of tyrannosaurid theropods with extensive tooth marks matching the teeth of tyrannosaurids are described from the Upper Cretaceous of the San Juan Basin (northwestern New Mexico, United States) by Dalman & Lucas (2021), who interpret this finding as evidence for cannibalistic behavior among tyrannosaurids.[13]
Caneer, Moklestad & Lucas (2021) describe structures which are not readily assignable to any known ichnotaxon from the Upper Cretaceous of the Raton Basin (New Mexico), and interpret them as one footprint and two forearm/hand prints probably produced by a large tyrannosaurid theropod standing up from a prone position.[14]
Perinatal tyrannosaurid bones and teeth are described from the Upper Cretaceous Two Medicine Formation (Montana, United States) and Horseshoe Canyon Formation (Alberta, Canada) by Funston et al. (2021), who evaluate the implications of these findings for the knowledge of the minimum hatchling size of tyrannosaurids, their nesting habits and development of their teeth.[15]
A study on changes of mandibular biomechanical properties and tooth morphology in Albertosaurus sarcophagus and Gorgosaurus libratus during their ontogeny is published by Therrien et al. (2021), who interpret their findings as indicating the occurrence of ontogenetic dietary shift in albertosaurine tyrannosaurids.[16]
Reconstruction of the muscular system of the hindlimb of Nothronychus is presented by Smith (2021).[17]
Review of the diversity and composition of South American sauropodomorph faunas throughout the Late Triassic is published by Pol et al. (2021).[18]
Redescription of the anatomy of the braincase of Limaysaurus tessonei is published by Paulina-Carabajal & Calvo (2021).[19]
Description of the anatomy of the referred specimen of Diamantinasaurus matildae and a study on the phylogenetic relationships of this species is published by Poropat et al. (2021), who name a new clade Diamantinasauria, which includes it alongside Savannasaurus and Sarmientosaurus.[20]
Fossil material of a giant titanosaur sauropod, distinct from Andesaurus and probably exceeding Patagotitan in size, is described from the Cenomanian Candeleros Formation (Argentina) by Otero et al. (2021).[21]
Description of new fossil material and a study on the phylogenetic relationships of Tengrisaurus starkovi is published by Averianov, Sizov & Skutschas (2021).[22]
A stegosaurian humerus is described from the Cañadón Calcáreo Formation (Argentina) by Rauhut, Carballido & Pol (2021), extending the fossil record of Stegosauria to the Late Jurassic of South America.[23]
Redescription of the anatomy and a study on the phylogenetic relationships of Lophorhothon atopus, based on data from the holotype and from a new specimen, is published by Gates & Lamb (2021).[24]
Redescription of Parasaurolophus cyrtocristatus, based on data from a new skull from the Campanian Fruitland Formation (New Mexico, United States), is published by Gates, Evans & Sertich (2021).[25]
A study aiming to determine the taxonomic validity of the species Sphaerotholus buchholtzae and S. edmontonensis is published by Woodruff et al. (2021).[26]
Vinther, Nicholls & Kelly (2021) describe the first fossil cloacal vent in an exceptionally preserved non-avian dinosaur specimen (a specimen of Psittacosaurus from the Early Cretaceous Jehol deposits of Liaoning, China).[27]
A study on the whole-skull shape in a large sample of specimens of Protoceratops andrewsi is published by Knapp, Knell & Hone (2021), who argue that the frill of P. andrewsi shows several characteristics consistent with a socio-sexual trait.[28]

New taxa

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Country	Notes	Images
Shri[29]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Turner, Montanari & Norell	Late Cretaceous	Barun Goyot	Mongolia	A dromaeosaurid theropod. Genus includes new species S. devi.

Birds

Research

A study on patterns and modes of the evolution of skeletal morphology and limb proportions in Mesozoic birds is published by Wang et al. (2021).[30]
A study on the variation in tooth crown shape of Mesozoic birds, and its implications for the knowledge of their diets, is published by Zhou et al. (2021).[31]
A femur of a giant ostrich, significantly larger than the living common ostrich, is described from the Pleistocene Nihewan Formation (China) by Buffetaut & Angst (2021), who assign it to Pachystruthio indet. and interpret this finding as evidence of wide geographical distribution of giant ostriches in the Early Pleistocene of Eurasia.[32]
Redescription of the type specimen of Macrornis tanaupus from the Eocene Totland Bay Formation (Hampshire, United Kingdom) is published by Buffetaut & Angst (2021), who interpret this fossil as a partial tibiotarsus of a large terrestrial bird, possibly a phorusrhacid.[33]
A review of the knowledge of phorusrhacid skull anatomy is presented by Degrange (2021).[34]

New taxa

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Country	Notes
Bitumenpicus[35]	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Campbell & Bocheński	Late Pleistocene	La Brea Tar Pits	United States ( California)	A woodpecker. Genus includes new species B. minimus.
Breacopus[35]	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Campbell & Bocheński	Late Pleistocene	La Brea Tar Pits	United States ( California)	A woodpecker. Genus includes new species B. garretti.
Crosnoornis[36]	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Bocheński et al.	Oligocene (Rupelian)		Poland	A passerine, an early member of Suboscines. The type species is C. nargizia.
Melanerpes shawi[35]	Sp. nov	In press	Campbell & Bocheński	Late Pleistocene	La Brea Tar Pits	United States ( California)	A woodpecker, a species of Melanerpes.
Parapsittacopes[37]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Mayr	Early Eocene	London Clay	United Kingdom	A relative of Psittacopes, Pumiliornis and Morsoravis. Genus includes new species P. bergdahli.
Procellaria altirostris[38]	Sp. nov	Valid	Tennyson & Tomotani	Pliocene (Piacenzian)	Tangahoe Formation	New Zealand	A species of Procellaria.
Ueekenkcoracias[39]	Gen. et sp. nov		Degrange et al.	Eocene (Ypresian)	Huitrera Formation	Argentina	A member of the stem group of Coracii. The type species is U. tambussiae.

Pterosaurs

Research

Pêgas, Costa & Kellner (2021) attempt to reconstruct the adductor musculature of the pterodactyloid skull, and to estimate bite force for nine pterodactyloid species.[40]
Fragment of an ulna of a pteranodontid pterosaur is described from the Campanian locality Polunino 2 (Volgograd Oblast, Russia) by Averianov & Yarkov (2021), representing the first record of the family Pteranodontidae from the Lower Volga region reported so far.[41]
A review of putative boreopterid pterosaurs from the South Korea was published by Yun (2021), who concluded that they could not be confidently referred to Boreopteridae.[42]
Bantim et al. (2021) describe a pteranodontoid pterosaur with anhanguerid affinities from Aptian-age deposits of the Romualdo Formation (Brazil).[43]
A large wing bone (possibly an ulna) of a pterosaur with an estimated wingspan comparable with the holotype specimen of Cryodrakon boreas is described from the Campanian Kaiparowits Formation (Utah, United States) by Farke (2021).[44]

Other archosaurs

Research

Marchetti et al. (2021) revise the tetrapod (including dinosauromorph) footprint assemblage from the Quarziti del Monte Serra Formation (Ladinian of Italy), and interpret this assemblage and other findings of Ladinian dinosauromorph footprints as evidence of wide dispersal of dinosauromorphs as early as the Middle Triassic.[45]

References

Stockdale, M. T.; Benton, M. J. (2021). "Environmental drivers of body size evolution in crocodile-line archosaurs". Communications Biology. 4 (1): Article number 38. doi:10.1038/s42003-020-01561-5. PMC 7790829. PMID 33414557.
Milner, A. R. C.; Irmis, R. B.; Lockley, M. G.; Klein, H.; Slauf, D. L.; Romilio, A. (2021). "First report of "Chirotherium" lulli from the Upper Triassic Chinle Formation of San Juan County, Utah". New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin. 82: 275–284.
Drymala, S. M.; Bader, K.; Parker, W. G. (2021). "Bite marks on an aetosaur (Archosauria, Suchia) osteoderm: assessing Late Triassic predator-prey ecology through ichnology and tooth morphology". Palaios. 36 (1): 28–37. doi:10.2110/palo.2020.043.
Nicholl, C. S. C.; Rio, J. P.; Mannion, P. D.; Delfino, M. (2021). "A re-examination of the anatomy and systematics of the tomistomine crocodylians from the Miocene of Italy and Malta". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 18 (22): 1853–1889. doi:10.1080/14772019.2020.1855603. S2CID 231636898.
Stocker, M. R.; Brochu, C. A.; Kirk, E. C. (2021). "A new caimanine alligatorid from the Middle Eocene of Southwest Texas and implications for spatial and temporal shifts in Paleogene crocodyliform diversity". PeerJ. 9: e10665. doi:10.7717/peerj.10665. PMC 7812925. PMID 33520458.
Canoville, A.; Zanno, L. E.; Zheng, W.; Schweitzer, M. H. (2021). "Keratan sulfate as a marker for medullary bone in fossil vertebrates". Journal of Anatomy. in press. doi:10.1111/joa.13388. PMID 33398875.
Motani, R. (2021). "Sex estimation from morphology in living animals and dinosaurs". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. Online edition. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa181.
Lockley, M. G.; Xing, L.; Kim, K. S.; Meyer, C. A. (2021). "Tortuous trackways: evidence and implications of deviations, turns and changes in direction by dinosaurian trackmakers". Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology. in press: 1–14. doi:10.1080/08912963.2020.1865945.
Perry, G. L. W. (2021). "How far might plant-eating dinosaurs have moved seeds?". Biology Letters. 17 (1): Article ID 20200689. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2020.0689. PMID 33401998.
McFeeters, B. (2021). "New mid-cervical vertebral morphotype of Spinosauridae from the Kem Kem Group of Morocco". Vertebrate Anatomy Morphology Palaeontology. 8: 182–193. doi:10.18435/vamp29370.
Hone, D. W. E.; Holtz, T. R. (2021). "Evaluating the ecology of Spinosaurus: Shoreline generalist or aquatic pursuit specialist?". Palaeontologia Electronica. 24 (1): Article number 24(1):a03. doi:10.26879/1110.
Yun, C.-G. (2021). "Tyrannosaurid theropod specimens in the San Diego Natural History Museum from the Dinosaur Park Formation (Campanian) of Alberta, Canada". New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin. 82: 569–578.
Dalman, S. G.; Lucas, S. G. (2021). "New evidence for cannibalism in tyrannosaurid dinosaurs from the Upper Cretaceous (Campanian/Maastrichtian) San Juan Basin of New Mexico". New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin. 82: 39–56.
Caneer, T.; Moklestad, T.; Lucas, S. G. (2021). "Tracks in the Upper Cretaceous of the Raton Basin possibly show tyrannosaurid rising from a prone position". New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin. 82: 29–37.
Funston, G. F.; Powers, M. J.; Whitebone, S. A.; Brusatte, S. L.; Scannella, J. B.; Horner, J. R.; Currie, P. J. (2021). "Baby tyrannosaurid bones and teeth from the Late Cretaceous of western North America". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. in press: 1–22. doi:10.1139/cjes-2020-0169.
Therrien, F.; Zelenitsky, D. K.; Voris, J. T.; Tanaka, K. (2021). "Mandibular force profiles and tooth morphology in growth series of Albertosaurus sarcophagus and Gorgosaurus libratus (Tyrannosauridae: Albertosaurinae) provide evidence for an ontogenetic dietary shift in tyrannosaurids". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. in press. doi:10.1139/cjes-2020-0177.
Smith, D. K. (2021). "Hind limb muscle reconstruction in the incipiently opisthopubic large therizinosaur Nothronychus (Theropoda; Maniraptora)". Journal of Anatomy. in press. doi:10.1111/joa.13382. PMID 33417263.
Pol, D.; Otero, A.; Apaldetti, C. A.; Martínez, R. J. (2021). "Triassic sauropodomorph dinosaurs from South America: The origin and diversification of dinosaur dominated herbivorous faunas". Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 107: Article 103145. Bibcode:2021JSAES.10703145P. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2020.103145.
Paulina-Carabajal, A.; Calvo, J. O. (2021). "Re-description of the braincase of the rebbachisaurid sauropod Limaysaurus tessonei and novel endocranial information based on CT scans". Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências. 93 (Suppl. 2): e20200762. doi:10.1590/0001-3765202120200762. PMID 33533794.
Poropat, S. F.; Kundrát, M.; Mannion, P. D.; Upchurch, P.; Tischler, T. R.; Elliott, D. A. (2021). "Second specimen of the Late Cretaceous Australian sauropod dinosaur Diamantinasaurus matildae provides new anatomical information on the skull and neck of early titanosaurs". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. Online edition. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa173.
Otero, Alejandro; Carballido, José L.; Salgado, Leonardo; Canudo, José Ignacio; Garrido, Alberto C. (12 January 2021). "Report of a giant titanosaur sauropod from the Upper Cretaceous of Neuquén Province, Argentina". Cretaceous Research: 104754. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2021.104754.
Averianov, A. O.; Sizov, A. V.; Skutschas, P. P. (2021). "Gondwanan affinities of Tengrisaurus, Early Cretaceous titanosaur from Transbaikalia, Russia (Dinosauria, Sauropoda)". Cretaceous Research. in press: Article 104731. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104731.
Rauhut, O. W. M.; Carballido, J. L.; Pol, D. (2021). "First Osteological Record of a Stegosaur (Dinosauria, Ornithischia) from the Upper Jurassic of South America". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. in press: e1862133. doi:10.1080/02724634.2020.1862133.
Gates, T. A.; Lamb, J. (2021). "Redescription of Lophorhothon atopus (Ornithopoda: Dinosauria) from the Late Cretaceous of Alabama based on new material". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. in press. doi:10.1139/cjes-2020-0173.
Gates, T. A.; Evans, D. C.; Sertich, J. J. W. (2021). "Description and rediagnosis of the crested hadrosaurid (Ornithopoda) dinosaur Parasaurolophus cyrtocristatus on the basis of new cranial remains". PeerJ. 9: e10669. doi:10.7717/peerj.10669. PMC 7842145. PMID 33552721.
Woodruff, D. C.; Goodwin, M. B.; Lyson, T. R.; Evans, D. C. (2021). "Ontogeny and variation of the pachycephalosaurine dinosaur Sphaerotholus buchholtzae, and its systematics within the genus". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. in press. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa179.
Vinther, J.; Nicholls, R.; Kelly, D. A. (2021). "A cloacal opening in a non-avian dinosaur". Current Biology. in press. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2020.12.039. PMID 33472049. S2CID 231644183.
Knapp, A.; Knell, R. J.; Hone, D. W. E. (2021). "Three-dimensional geometric morphometric analysis of the skull of Protoceratops andrewsi supports a socio-sexual signalling role for the ceratopsian frill". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 288 (1944): Article ID 20202938. doi:10.1098/rspb.2020.2938. PMID 33529562.
Turner, A. H.; Montanari, S.; Norell, M. A. (2021). "A new dromaeosaurid from the Late Cretaceous Khulsan locality of Mongolia". American Museum Novitates. 2020 (3965): 1–48. doi:10.1206/3965.1. hdl:2246/7251. S2CID 231597229.
Wang, M.; Lloyd, G. T.; Zhang, C.; Zhou, Z. (2021). "The patterns and modes of the evolution of disparity in Mesozoic birds". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 288 (1944): Article ID 20203105. doi:10.1098/rspb.2020.3105. PMID 33529566.
Zhou, Y.; Sullivan, C.; Zhou, Z.; Zhang, F. (2021). "Evolution of tooth crown shape in Mesozoic birds, and its adaptive significance with respect to diet". Palaeoworld. in press. doi:10.1016/j.palwor.2020.12.008.
Buffetaut, E.; Angst, D. (2021). "A giant ostrich from the Lower Pleistocene Nihewan Formation of North China, with a review of the fossil ostriches of China". Diversity. 13 (2): Article 47. doi:10.3390/d13020047.
Buffetaut, E.; Angst, D. (2021). "Macrornis tanaupus Seeley, 1866: an enigmatic giant bird from the upper Eocene of England". Geological Magazine. in press. doi:10.1017/S0016756820001466.
Degrange, F. J. (2021). "A Revision of Skull Morphology In Phorusrhacidae (Aves, Cariamiformes)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. in press: e1848855. doi:10.1080/02724634.2020.1848855.
Campbell, K. E.; Bocheński, Z. M. (2021). "A review of the woodpeckers (Aves: Piciformes) from the asphalt deposits of Rancho La Brea, California, with the description of three new species". Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments. in press. doi:10.1007/s12549-020-00444-1. S2CID 231716382.
Bocheński, Z. M.; Tomek, T.; Bujoczek, M.; Salwa, G. (2021). "A new passeriform (Aves: Passeriformes) from the early Oligocene of Poland sheds light on the beginnings of Suboscines". Journal of Ornithology. in press. doi:10.1007/s10336-021-01858-0.
Mayr, G. (2021). "A remarkably complete skeleton from the London Clay provides insights into the morphology and diversity of early Eocene zygodactyl near-passerine birds". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 18 (22): 1891–1906. doi:10.1080/14772019.2020.1862930. S2CID 231636890.
Tennyson, A. J. D.; Tomotani, B. M. (2021). "A new fossil species of Procellaria (Aves: Procellariiformes) from the Pliocene of New Zealand". Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia. 61: e20216116. doi:10.11606/1807-0205/2021.61.16.
Degrange, F. J.; Pol, D.; Puerta, P.; Wilf, P. (2021). "Unexpected larger distribution of Paleogene stem-rollers (Aves, Coracii): new evidence from the Eocene of Patagonia, Argentina". Scientific Reports. 11 (1): Article number 1363. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-80479-8. PMC 7809110. PMID 33446824.
Pêgas, R. V.; Costa, F. R.; Kellner, A. W. A. (2021). "Reconstruction of the adductor chamber and predicted bite force in pterodactyloids (Pterosauria)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. Online edition. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa163.
Averianov, A. O.; Yarkov, A. A. (2021). "First record of a pteranodontid (Pterosauria, Pteranodontidae) in the Late Cretaceous of Lower Volga Region". Paleontological Journal. 55 (1).
Yun, C.-G. (2021). "Boreopterid pterosaur fossils from South Korea reconsidered". New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin. 82: 567–568.
Bantim, R. A. M.; Pedroso de Andrade, R. C. L.; Ferreira, J. S.; Saraiva, A. A. F.; Kellner, A. W. A.; Sayão, J. M. (2021). "Osteohistology and growth pattern of a large pterosaur from the Lower Cretaceous Romualdo Formation of the Araripe Basin, Northeastern Brazil". Cretaceous Research. 118: Article 104667. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104667.
Farke, A. A. (2021). "A large pterosaur limb bone from the Kaiparowits Formation (late Campanian) of Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument, Utah, USA". PeerJ. 9: e10766. doi:10.7717/peerj.10766. PMC 7825364. PMID 33552741.
Marchetti, L.; Collareta, A.; Belvedere, M.; Leonardi, G. (2021). "Ichnotaxonomy, biostratigraphy and palaeoecology of the Monti Pisani tetrapod ichnoassociation (Tuscany, Italy) and new insights on Middle Triassic Dinosauromorpha". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 567: Article 110235. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2021.110235.

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[1] Stockdale, M. T.; Benton, M. J. (2021). "Environmental drivers of body size evolution in crocodile-line archosaurs". Communications Biology. 4 (1): Article number 38. doi:10.1038/s42003-020-01561-5. PMC 7790829. PMID 33414557.

[2] Milner, A. R. C.; Irmis, R. B.; Lockley, M. G.; Klein, H.; Slauf, D. L.; Romilio, A. (2021). "First report of "Chirotherium" lulli from the Upper Triassic Chinle Formation of San Juan County, Utah". New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin. 82: 275–284.

[3] Drymala, S. M.; Bader, K.; Parker, W. G. (2021). "Bite marks on an aetosaur (Archosauria, Suchia) osteoderm: assessing Late Triassic predator-prey ecology through ichnology and tooth morphology". Palaios. 36 (1): 28–37. doi:10.2110/palo.2020.043.

[4] Nicholl, C. S. C.; Rio, J. P.; Mannion, P. D.; Delfino, M. (2021). "A re-examination of the anatomy and systematics of the tomistomine crocodylians from the Miocene of Italy and Malta". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 18 (22): 1853–1889. doi:10.1080/14772019.2020.1855603. S2CID 231636898.

[5] Stocker, M. R.; Brochu, C. A.; Kirk, E. C. (2021). "A new caimanine alligatorid from the Middle Eocene of Southwest Texas and implications for spatial and temporal shifts in Paleogene crocodyliform diversity". PeerJ. 9: e10665. doi:10.7717/peerj.10665. PMC 7812925. PMID 33520458.

[6] Canoville, A.; Zanno, L. E.; Zheng, W.; Schweitzer, M. H. (2021). "Keratan sulfate as a marker for medullary bone in fossil vertebrates". Journal of Anatomy. in press. doi:10.1111/joa.13388. PMID 33398875.

[7] Motani, R. (2021). "Sex estimation from morphology in living animals and dinosaurs". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. Online edition. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa181.

[8] Lockley, M. G.; Xing, L.; Kim, K. S.; Meyer, C. A. (2021). "Tortuous trackways: evidence and implications of deviations, turns and changes in direction by dinosaurian trackmakers". Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology. in press: 1–14. doi:10.1080/08912963.2020.1865945.

[9] Perry, G. L. W. (2021). "How far might plant-eating dinosaurs have moved seeds?". Biology Letters. 17 (1): Article ID 20200689. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2020.0689. PMID 33401998.

[10] McFeeters, B. (2021). "New mid-cervical vertebral morphotype of Spinosauridae from the Kem Kem Group of Morocco". Vertebrate Anatomy Morphology Palaeontology. 8: 182–193. doi:10.18435/vamp29370.

[11] Hone, D. W. E.; Holtz, T. R. (2021). "Evaluating the ecology of Spinosaurus: Shoreline generalist or aquatic pursuit specialist?". Palaeontologia Electronica. 24 (1): Article number 24(1):a03. doi:10.26879/1110.

[12] Yun, C.-G. (2021). "Tyrannosaurid theropod specimens in the San Diego Natural History Museum from the Dinosaur Park Formation (Campanian) of Alberta, Canada". New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin. 82: 569–578.

[13] Dalman, S. G.; Lucas, S. G. (2021). "New evidence for cannibalism in tyrannosaurid dinosaurs from the Upper Cretaceous (Campanian/Maastrichtian) San Juan Basin of New Mexico". New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin. 82: 39–56.

[14] Caneer, T.; Moklestad, T.; Lucas, S. G. (2021). "Tracks in the Upper Cretaceous of the Raton Basin possibly show tyrannosaurid rising from a prone position". New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin. 82: 29–37.

[15] Funston, G. F.; Powers, M. J.; Whitebone, S. A.; Brusatte, S. L.; Scannella, J. B.; Horner, J. R.; Currie, P. J. (2021). "Baby tyrannosaurid bones and teeth from the Late Cretaceous of western North America". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. in press: 1–22. doi:10.1139/cjes-2020-0169.

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