Admiral of the Fleet (Royal Navy)

Admiral of the Fleet is a five-star naval officer rank and the highest rank of the Royal Navy formally established in 1688.[2] The five-star NATO rank code is OF-10, equivalent to a field marshal in the British Army or a marshal of the Royal Air Force. Other than honorary appointments no new admirals of the fleet have been named since 1995.

Admiral of the Fleet
The flag of an admiral of the Fleet is the Union Flag, and is in 1:2 rather than the 2:3 of other admirals' flags.[1]
Insignia shoulder board and sleeve lace for Admiral of the Fleet
Country United Kingdom
Service branch Royal Navy
RankFive-star
NATO rank codeOF-10
Non-NATO rankO-11
Formation1688
Next lower rankAdmiral
Equivalent ranks
Comparative military ranks in English
Armies
Air forces
Space forces		 Navies Air forces
(Commonwealth system)
Commissioned officers
Field marshal or
General of the army or
General of the air force		 Admiral of
the fleet		 Marshal of
the air force
General Admiral Air chief marshal
Lieutenant general Vice admiral Air marshal
Major general Rear admiral Air vice-marshal
Brigadier or
brigadier general		 Commodore Air commodore
Colonel Captain Group captain
Lieutenant colonel Commander Wing commander
Major or
commandant		 Lieutenant
commander		 Squadron leader
Captain Lieutenant Flight lieutenant
Lieutenant or
first lieutenant		 Lieutenant
junior grade or
sub-lieutenant		 Flying officer
Second lieutenant Ensign or
midshipman		 Pilot officer
Officer cadet Officer cadet Flight cadet
Enlisted grades
Warrant officer or
sergeant major		 Warrant officer or
chief petty officer		 Warrant officer
Sergeant Petty officer Sergeant
Corporal or
bombardier		 Leading seaman Corporal
Private or
gunner or
trooper or
specialist		 Seaman Aircraftman or
airman or
aviator

History
King George VI and Admiral Bruce Fraser aboard HMS Duke of York at Scapa Flow, August 1943

The origins of the rank can be traced back to Sir John de Beauchamp, 1st Baron Beauchamp de Warwick, who was appointed 'Admiral of the King's Southern, Northern and Western Fleets' on 18 July 1360.[3] The appointment gave the command of the English navy to one person for the first time; this evolved into the post of Admiral of the Fleet.[4] In the days of sailing ships the admiral distinctions then used by the Royal Navy included distinctions related to the fleet being divided into three divisions – red, white, or blue. Each division was assigned at least one admiral, who in turn commanded a number of vice-admirals and rear admirals. While the full admirals were nominally equals, tradition gave precedence to the Admiral of the White who held the fleet rank in addition to his substantive role.[2]

Eighteenth and nineteenth centuries

The Restoration era brought a general reorganisation of naval ranks and structure, including formalisation of the admiral of the fleet role. In a break with tradition the rank was awarded to the most senior Admiral of the Red, who retained this substantive rank while also serving as Admiral of the Fleet. Appointments were for life, remunerated via a £5 daily stipend and an annual allowance of £1,014 for the hiring and maintenance of servants. It was intended that only one officer would hold the rank at any time, with their presence aboard any naval vessel to be denoted by the flying of the Royal Standard from the main mast.[5]

The ranks of Fleet Admiral and Admiral of the Red were formally separated from 1805, with an announcement in the London Gazette that "His Majesty [has] been pleased to order the Rank of Admirals of the Red to be restored"[6] in His Majesty's Navy..." as a separate role. The same Gazette promoted 22 men to that rank.[7] From the nineteenth century onward there were also occasional variations to the previous requirement that only one Admiral of Fleet could serve at one time. In 1821 George IV appointed Sir John Jervis as a second admiral of the fleet, to balance Lord Wellington's promotion as a second Field Marshal in the British Army. In 1830 King William IV increased the number of admirals of the fleet to three, though these additional lifetime postings subsequently lapsed. Between 1854 and 1857 there was no admiral of the fleet at all as the most senior naval officer of the time – Admiral of the Red Thomas Gosselin – was mentally ill and had not served at sea for forty-five years.[8][9] In deference to Gosselin's seniority the position was instead left vacant until his death in 1857, whereupon it was filled by admiral Charles Ogle.[5]

In practice the rank had lost its formal authority from 1828, when the professional head of the Royal Navy was given the title of First Naval Lord (renamed First Sea Lord in 1904). Thereafter it was periodically granted to retiring First Naval Lords as an honorary promotion, only passing to the most senior Admiral if there was no other candidate. On occasion even this seniority principle was abandoned, as on the death of Provo Wallis in 1892 when the promotion went to John Edmund Commerell rather than the senior Algernon Frederick Rous de Horsey.[10]

Twentieth century

The organisation of the British fleet into coloured squadrons was abandoned in 1864, though the rank of admiral of the fleet was maintained. During the two World Wars a number of serving officers held active commissions as admirals of the fleet, as well as the First Sea Lord. e.g. Sir John Tovey.[11]

Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh was created an Admiral of the Fleet in the Royal New Zealand Navy in 1954, following the coronation of his wife Elizabeth II as Queen. This promotion was to a New Zealand rank, separate from the Royal Navy rank.[12]

Following the creation of the Chief of the Defence Staff in 1959, the five naval officers appointed to that position became admirals of the fleet. Recognizing the reduced post–Cold War size of the British Armed Forces, no further appointments were made to the rank after 1995 when Sir Benjamin Bathurst was appointed admiral of the fleet on his retirement as First Sea Lord. The rank was not abolished and in 2012 the Prince of Wales became an honorary admiral of the fleet (as well as field marshal and marshal of the Royal Air Force), in recognition of his support to Queen Elizabeth II in her role of as Commander-in-Chief of the British Armed Forces. In 2014, Lord Boyce, a former First Sea Lord and Chief of the Defence Staff, was also appointed an honorary admiral of the fleet.[13]

Prince Charles, Prince of Wales, was presented with the honorary of Admiral of the Fleet of the Royal New Zealand Navy on 4 November 2015.[14]

Admirals of the Fleet
Appointed
Image
Name
Born
Died
Notes
Reference
1688George Legge
(later Earl of Dartmouth)		16471691[15]
1690Edward Russell
(later Earl of Orford)		16521727[16]
1696Sir George Rooke16501709circa[17]
13 January 1705Sir Cloudesley Shovell16501707[18]
8 January 1708Leake JohnSir John Leake16561720[19]
21 December 1708Fairborne StaffordSir Stafford Fairborne16661742circa[20]
12 November 1709Aylmer MatthewSir Matthew Aylmer16501720[21]
14 March 1718Byng GeorgeSir George Byng
(later Viscount Torrington)		16631733[22]
20 February 1734Norris JohnSir John Norris16701749[23]
1 July 1749Ogle ChallonerSir Chaloner Ogle16811750[24]
22 November 1751Steuart JamesJames Steuart16901757[25]
March 1757Clinton GeorgeGeorge Clinton16861761[26]
30 July 1761AnsonThe Lord Anson16971762[27]
17 December 1762Rowley WilliamSir William Rowley16901768circa[28]
15 January 1768Hawke EdwardSir Edward Hawke
(later Lord Hawke)		17051781[29]
24 October 1781Luke O'KeefeJohn Forbes17141796[30]
12 March 1796HoweThe Earl Howe17261799[31]
16 September 1799Parker PeterSir Peter Parker17211811[32]
24 December 1811Clarence and Saint AndrewsThe Duke of Clarence and St Andrews
(later King William IV)		17651837[33]
19 July 1821Saint VincentThe Earl of St Vincent17351823acting from May 1814[34]
28 June 1830Williams-Freeman WilliamWilliam Williams-Freeman17421832[35]
22 July 1830GambierThe Lord Gambier17561833[36]
22 July 1830Pole CharlesSir Charles Pole17571830[36]
24 April 1833Nugent CharlesSir Charles Nugent17591844[37]
8 January 1844Hawkins-Whitshed JamesSir James Hawkins-Whitshed17621849[38]
9 November 1846Martin GeorgeSir George Martin17641847[39]
13 October 1849Martin ThomasSir Thomas Byam Martin17731854[40]
1 July 1851Cockburn GeorgeSir George Cockburn17721853[41]
8 December 1857Ogle CharlesSir Charles Ogle17751858[42]
25 June 1858West JohnSir John West17741862[43]
20 May 1862Gage WilliamSir William Gage17771864[44]
10 November 1862Hamond GrahamSir Graham Hamond17791862[45]
27 April 1863Austen FrancisSir Francis Austen17741865[46]
27 April 1863Parker WilliamSir William Parker17811866[47]
11 January 1864Curtis LuciusSir Lucius Curtis17861869[48]
12 September 1865Cochrane ThomasSir Thomas Cochrane17891872[49]
30 November 1866Seymour GeorgeSir George Seymour17871870[50]
30 January 1868Gordon JamesSir James Gordon17821869on the Retired List[51]
15 January 1869Bowles WilliamSir William Bowles17801869[52]
2 July 1869Sartorious GeorgeSir George Sartorius17901885[53]
21 January 1870Moresby FairfaxSir Fairfax Moresby17861877[54]
20 October 1872Stewart HoustonSir Houston Stewart17911875[55]
11 December 1875Wallis ProvoSir Provo Wallis17911892[56]
22 January 1877Codrington HenrySir Henry Codrington18081877[57]
5 August 1877Keppel HenrySir Henry Keppel18091904[58]
27 December 1877LauderdaleThe Earl of Lauderdale18031878[59]
27 December 1877Mundy RodneySir Rodney Mundy18051884[59]
15 June 1879Hope JamesSir James Hope18081881[60]
15 June 1879Symonds ThomasSir Thomas Symonds18131894[60]
10 June 1881Milne AlexanderSir Alexander Milne, Bt.18061896on the Retired List[61]
1 December 1881Elliot CharlesSir Charles Elliot18181895[62]
29 April 1885Ryder AlfredSir Alfred Ryder18201888[63]
18 July 1887WalesThe Prince of Wales
(later King Edward VII)		18411910honorary to non-Navy royalty[64]
1 May 1888Hornby GeoffreySir Geoffrey Hornby18251895[65]
8 December 1888Hay JohnLord John Hay18271916First Sea Lord 1886[66]
2 August 1889William IIHIM German Emperor William II18591941honorary, to foreign royalty[67]
13 February 1892Commerell JohnSir John Commerell18291901[68]
3 June 1893EdinburghThe Duke of Edinburgh
(later Duke Alfred of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha)		18441900[69]
20 February 1895ClanwilliamThe Earl of Clanwilliam18321907[70]
23 August 1897Lyons AlgernonSir Algernon Lyons18331908[71]
29 November 1898Richards FrederickSir Frederick Richards18331912First Sea Lord 1893–1899[72]
13 January 1899Salmon NowellSir Nowell Salmon18351912[73]
3 October 1902Erskine JamesSir James Erskine18381911[74]
30 August 1903Hotham CharlesSir Charles Hotham18431925[75]
16 June 1904Kerr WalterLord Walter Kerr18391927First Sea Lord 1899–1904[76]
20 February 1905Seymour EdwardSir Edward Seymour18401929[77]
5 December 1905Fisher JohnSir John Fisher
(later Lord Fisher)		18411920First Sea Lord 1905–1910 and 1914–1915[78]
1 March 1907Wilson ArthurSir Arthur Wilson18421921First Sea Lord 1910–1911[79]
11 June 1908Nicholas IIHIM Tsar Nicholas II of Russia18681918honorary, to foreign royalty[80]
2 December 1908Noel GerardSir Gerard Noel18451918[81]
27 January 1910Heinrich of PrussiaPrince Henry of Prussia18621929honorary, to foreign royalty[82]
30 April 1910Fanshawe ArthurSir Arthur Fanshawe18471936[83]
6 May 1910 George VKing George V18651936[84]
20 March 1913May WilliamSir William May18491930[85]
5 March 1915Meux HedworthSir Hedworth Meux18561929[86]
2 April 1917Callaghan GeorgeSir George Callaghan18521920[87]
3 April 1919JellicoeThe Viscount Jellicoe
(later Earl Jellicoe)		18591935First Sea Lord 1916–1918[88]
3 April 1919Beatty DavidSir David Beatty
(later Earl Beatty)		18711936First Sea Lord 1919–1927[89]
31 July 1919Jackson HenrySir Henry Jackson18551929First Sea Lord 1915–1916[90]
1 November 1919Wemyss RosslynSir Rosslyn Wemyss
(later Lord Wester Wemyss)		18641933First Sea Lord 1918–1919[91]
24 November 1920Burney CecilSir Cecil Burney, Bt.18581929[92]
5 July 1921Sturdee DovetonSir Doveton Sturdee, Bt.18591925[93]
19 August 1921Milford HavenThe Marquess of Milford Haven18541921First Sea Lord 1912–1914. On the Retired List[94]
31 July 1924Madden CharlesSir Charles Madden, Bt.18621935First Sea Lord 1927–1930[95]
8 May 1925Calthorpe SomersetSir Somerset Gough-Calthorpe18641937[96]
24 November 1925de Robeck JohnSir John de Robeck, Bt.18621928[97]
21 January 1928Oliver HenrySir Henry Oliver18651965[98]
31 July 1929Brock OsmondSir Osmond Brock18691947[99]
8 May 1930Keyes RogerSir Roger Keyes, Bt.
(later Lord Keyes)		18721945[100]
21 January 1933Field FrederickSir Frederick Field18711945First Sea Lord 1930–1933[101]
31 July 1934Tyrwhitt ReginaldSir Reginald Tyrwhitt, Bt.18701951[102]
8 May 1935Chatfield ErnleSir Ernle Chatfield
(later Lord Chatfield)		18731967First Sea Lord 1933–1938[103]
21 January 1936Edward VIIIKing Edward VIII18941972[104]
12 July 1936Kelly JohnSir John Kelly18711936[105]
11 December 1936George VIKing George VI18951952[106]
21 January 1938CorkThe Earl of Cork and Orrery18731967[107]
7 July 1939Backhouse RogerSir Roger Backhouse18781939First Sea Lord 1938–1939[108]
31 July 1939Pound DudleySir Dudley Pound18771943First Sea Lord 1939–1943[109]
8 May 1940Forbes CharlesSir Charles Forbes18801960[110]
21 January 1943Cunningham AndrewSir Andrew Cunningham
(later Viscount Cunningham of Hyndhope)		18831963First Sea Lord 1943–1946[111]
22 October 1943Tovey JohnSir John Tovey
(later Lord Tovey)		18851971[112]
8 May 1945Somerville JohnSir James Somerville18821949[113]
21 January 1948Cunningham JohnSir John Cunningham18851965First Sea Lord 1946–1948[114]
22 October 1948Fraser of North CapeThe Lord Fraser of North Cape18881981First Sea Lord 1948–1951[115]
20 March 1949Willis AlgernonSir Algernon Willis18891976[116]
22 April 1952Power ArthurSir Arthur Power18891960[117]
1 June 1952Vian PhilipSir Philip Vian18941968[118]
15 January 1953EdinburghThe Duke of Edinburgh1921LivingLord High Admiral of the United Kingdom 2011–present[119]
1 May 1953McGrigor RhoderickSir Rhoderick McGrigor18931959First Sea Lord 1951–1955[120]
22 April 1955Creasy GeorgeSir George Creasy18951972[121]
22 October 1956Mountbatten of BurmaThe Earl Mountbatten of Burma19001979First Sea Lord 1955–1959 Chief of the Defence Staff 1959–1965[122]
10 May 1960Lambe CharlesSir Charles Lambe19001960First Sea Lord 1959–1960[123]
23 May 1962John CasparSir Caspar John19031984First Sea Lord 1960–1963[124]
12 August 1968Begg VarylSir Varyl Begg19081995First Sea Lord 1966–1968[125]
30 June 1970Le Fanu MichaelSir Michael Le Fanu19131970First Sea Lord 1968–1970[126]
12 March 1971Hill-Norton PeterSir Peter Hill-Norton
(later Lord Hill-Norton)		19152004First Sea Lord 1970–1971 Chief of the Defence Staff 1971–73[127]
1 March 1974Pollock MichaelSir Michael Pollock19162006First Sea Lord 1971–1974[128]
9 February 1977Ashmore EdwardSir Edward Ashmore19192016First Sea Lord 1977-1977 Chief of the Defence Staff 1977[129]
6 July 1979Lewin TerenceSir Terence Lewin
(later Lord Lewin)		19201999First Sea Lord 1977–1979 Chief of the Defence Staff 1979–1982[130]
1 December 1982Leach HenrySir Henry Leach19232011First Sea Lord 1979–1982[131]
2 August 1985Fieldhouse JohnSir John Fieldhouse
(later Lord Fieldhouse)		19281992First Sea Lord 1982–1985 Chief of the Defence Staff 1985–1988[132]
12 April 1988King Olav V of Norway19031991honorary, to foreign royalty[133]
25 May 1989Staveley WilliamSir William Staveley19281997First Sea Lord 1985–1989[134]
2 March 1993Oswald JulianSir Julian Oswald19332011First Sea Lord 1989–1993[135]
10 July 1995Bathhurst BenjaminSir Benjamin Bathurst1936LivingFirst Sea Lord 1993–1995[136]
16 June 2012WalesThe Prince of Wales1948LivingHonorary rank[137]
13 June 2014Boyce MichaelThe Lord Boyce1943LivingChief of the Defence Staff 2001–2003. Honorary rank[138]

See also

References
  1. Prothero, David (3 December 2002). "United Kingdom: Royal Navy rank flags". Flags of the World. Archived from the original on 28 June 2006. Retrieved 28 July 2006.
  2. "Information sheet no 055: Squadron Colours" (PDF). nmrn-portsmouth.org.uk. The National Museum Royal Navy. 2014. Retrieved 13 February 2019.
  3. 1, St. George Tucker. Vol. (1996). Blackstone's commentaries: with notes of reference to the constitution and laws, of the federal government of the United States, and of the Commonwealth of Virginia; with an appendix to each volume, containing short tracts upon such subjects as appeared necessary to form a connected view of the laws of Virginia as a member of the federal union (Originally published: Philadelphia : William Young Birch, and Abraham Small, 1803. ed.). Union, NJ: Lawbook Exchange. p. xxxiii. ISBN 9781886363168.CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  4. "Trafalgar Ancestors, Glossary". nationalarchives.gov.uk. National Archives, 2017. Retrieved 24 July 2017.
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  6. The Dictionary of National Biography (Volume 20, page 394) says of James Gambier, 1st Baron Gambier that he "seems to have been as ignorant of naval history as careless of naval prestige, and must be considered one of the chief of the perpetrators of the official blunder which, in the warrant of 9 Nov. 1805 appointing admirals of the red, spoke of the rank as restored to the navy, whereas, in point of fact, it had never previously existed."
  7. "No. 15859". The London Gazette. 5 November 1805. p. 1373.
  8. O'Byrne, William Richard (1849). "Gosselin, Thomas Le Marchant" . A Naval Biographical Dictionary . John Murray – via Wikisource.
  9. Stephen, Leslie; Lee, Sidney, eds. (1890). "Gosselin, Thomas le Marchant" . Dictionary of National Biography. 22. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
  10. Dreadnought Project overview
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  14. https://www.facebook.com/BritishMonarchistLeague/posts/974663839241309
  15. "Naval Ranks NMRN Portsmouth". www.nmrn-portsmouth.org.uk. The National Museum Royal Navy, Portsmouth. 2019. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
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  23. Heathcote, p. 197
  24. "No. 8864". The London Gazette. 4 July 1749. p. 6.
  25. Heathcote p. 236
  26. Heathcote, p. 45
  27. "No. 10126". The London Gazette. 28 July 1761. p. 2.
  28. "No. 10275". The London Gazette. 1 January 1763. p. 1.
  29. Heathcote, p. 109
  30. Heathcote, p. 87
  31. "No. 13875". The London Gazette. 15 March 1796. p. 258.
  32. Heathcote, p. 271
  33. "No. 16554". The London Gazette. 21 December 1811. p. 2454.
  34. "No. 17727". The London Gazette. 20 July 1821. p. 1511.
  35. "No. 18701". The London Gazette. 2 July 1830. p. 1369.
  36. "No. 18709". The London Gazette. 23 July 1830. p. 1539.
  37. "No. 19042". The London Gazette. 26 April 1833. p. 793.
  38. "No. 20305". The London Gazette. 16 January 1844. p. 146.
  39. "No. 20660". The London Gazette (Supplement). 10 November 1846. p. 3994.
  40. "No. 21037". The London Gazette. 13 November 1849. p. 3387.
  41. "No. 21225". The London Gazette. 8 July 1851. p. 1769.
  42. "No. 22071". The London Gazette. 11 December 1857. p. 4367.
  43. "No. 22157". The London Gazette. 29 June 1858. p. 3090.
  44. "No. 22627". The London Gazette. 20 May 1862. p. 2616.
  45. "No. 22679". The London Gazette. 10 November 1862. p. 5343.
  46. "No. 22730". The London Gazette. 28 April 1863. p. 2246.
  47. "No. 22730". The London Gazette. 28 April 1863. p. 2246.
  48. "No. 22806". The London Gazette. 12 January 1864. p. 157.
  49. "No. 23014". The London Gazette. 15 September 1865. p. 4466.
  50. "No. 23187". The London Gazette. 20 November 1866. p. 6158.
  51. "No. 23349". The London Gazette. 4 February 1868. p. 537.
  52. "No. 23462". The London Gazette. 26 January 1869. p. 407.
  53. "No. 23516". The London Gazette. 13 July 1869. p. 3958.
  54. "No. 23582". The London Gazette. 1 February 1870. p. 598.
  55. "No. 23915". The London Gazette. 1 November 1872. p. 5106.
  56. "No. 24278". The London Gazette. 24 December 1875. p. 6577.
  57. "No. 24411". The London Gazette. 30 January 1877. p. 436.
  58. "No. 24497". The London Gazette. 24 August 1877. p. 4957.
  59. "No. 24537". The London Gazette. 1 January 1878. p. 2.
  60. "No. 24734". The London Gazette. 17 June 1879. p. 3967.
  61. "No. 24997". The London Gazette. 19 July 1881. p. 3548.
  62. "No. 25044". The London Gazette. 2 December 1881. p. 6470.
  63. "No. 25466". The London Gazette. 1 May 1885. p. 1984.
  64. Heathcote, p. 68
  65. "No. 25816". The London Gazette. 15 May 1888. p. 2766.
  66. "No. 25883". The London Gazette. 14 December 1888. p. 7140.
  67. Heathcote, p. 261
  68. "No. 26262". The London Gazette. 26 February 1892. p. 1108.
  69. Heathcote, p. 10
  70. "No. 26601". The London Gazette. 22 February 1895. p. 1066.
  71. "No. 26885". The London Gazette. 24 August 1897. p. 4726.
  72. "No. 27029". The London Gazette. 2 December 1898. p. 7818.
  73. "No. 27043". The London Gazette. 17 January 1899. p. 298.
  74. "No. 27483". The London Gazette. 17 October 1902. p. 6569.
  75. "No. 27593". The London Gazette. 1 September 1903. p. 5476.
  76. "No. 27692". The London Gazette. 5 July 1904. p. 4259.
  77. "No. 27766". The London Gazette. 21 February 1905. p. 1279.
  78. "No. 27861". The London Gazette. 8 December 1905. p. 8812.
  79. "No. 28001". The London Gazette. 5 March 1907. p. 1574.
  80. Heathcote, p. 192
  81. "No. 28201". The London Gazette. 1 December 1908. p. 9182.
  82. Heathcote, p. 113
  83. "No. 28362". The London Gazette. 3 May 1910. p. 3063.
  84. Heathcote, p. 98
  85. "No. 28703". The London Gazette. 21 March 1913. p. 2159.
  86. "No. 29094". The London Gazette. 9 March 1915. p. 2365.
  87. "No. 30008". The London Gazette. 3 April 1917. p. 3206.
  88. "No. 31327". The London Gazette. 6 May 1919. p. 5653.
  89. "No. 31327". The London Gazette. 6 May 1919. p. 5653.
  90. "No. 31489". The London Gazette. 5 August 1919. p. 9961.
  91. "No. 31715". The London Gazette (Supplement). 2 January 1920. p. 57.
  92. "No. 32150". The London Gazette (Supplement). 3 December 1920. p. 11942.
  93. "No. 32394". The London Gazette. 19 July 1921. p. 5733.
  94. Order in Council of 19 August 1921; ADM 196/38
  95. "No. 32962". The London Gazette. 5 August 1924. p. 5889.
  96. "No. 33049". The London Gazette. 22 May 1925. p. 3445.
  97. "No. 33110". The London Gazette. 1 December 1925. p. 7950.
  98. "No. 33354". The London Gazette. 7 February 1928. p. 856.
  99. "No. 33523". The London Gazette. 6 August 1929. p. 5145.
  100. "No. 33604". The London Gazette. 9 May 1930. p. 2867.
  101. "No. 33905". The London Gazette. 24 January 1933. p. 524.
  102. "No. 34076". The London Gazette. 7 August 1934. p. 5054.
  103. "No. 34159". The London Gazette. 10 May 1935. p. 3048.
  104. Heathcote, p. 69
  105. "No. 34308". The London Gazette (Supplement). 24 July 1936. p. 4742.
  106. Heathcote, p. 99
  107. "No. 34476". The London Gazette. 25 January 1938. p. 512.
  108. Heathcote, p. 21
  109. "No. 34651". The London Gazette. 4 August 1939. p. 5393.
  110. "No. 34849". The London Gazette. 14 May 1940. p. 2892.
  111. Heathcote, p. 60
  112. "No. 36255". The London Gazette. 19 November 1943. p. 5088.
  113. Heathcote, p. 233
  114. "No. 38210". The London Gazette. 17 February 1948. p. 1128.
  115. Heathcote, p. 90
  116. "No. 38595". The London Gazette. 26 April 1949. p. 2052.
  117. "No. 39571". The London Gazette. 13 June 1952. p. 3238.
  118. "No. 39606". The London Gazette. 25 July 1952. p. 3999.
  119. Heathcote, p. 210
  120. Heathcote, p. 162
  121. "No. 40487". The London Gazette. 24 May 1955. p. 3011.
  122. "No. 40927". The London Gazette. 16 November 1956. p. 6492.
  123. "No. 42058". The London Gazette (Supplement). 7 June 1960. p. 4037.
  124. "No. 42704". The London Gazette. 15 June 1962. p. 4777.
  125. Heathcote, p. 29
  126. "No. 45138". The London Gazette (Supplement). 26 June 1970. p. 7183.
  127. "No. 45331". The London Gazette (Supplement). 30 March 1971. p. 2937.
  128. "No. 46225". The London Gazette (Supplement). 4 March 1974. p. 2887.
  129. "No. 47160". The London Gazette (Supplement). 1 March 1977. p. 2825.
  130. "No. 47904". The London Gazette (Supplement). 16 July 1979. p. 8998.
  131. "No. 49174". The London Gazette (Supplement). 22 November 1982. p. 15293.
  132. Heathcote, p. 78
  133. "No. 51297". The London Gazette (3rd supplement). 12 April 1988. p. 4327.
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  135. Oswald, Julian (1993). "Conventional Deterrence and Military Diplomacy". The RUSI Journal. RUSI. 138 (2): 29–30. doi:10.1080/03071849308445694.
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  138. "2014 Birthday Honours for service personnel and defence civilians". Ministry of Defence. 13 June 2014. Retrieved 22 June 2014.

Sources
  • Heathcote, Tony (2002). The British Admirals of the Fleet 1734–1995. Pen & Sword Ltd. ISBN 0-85052-835-6.
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