Alton Military Prison

The Alton Military Prison was a prison located in Alton, Illinois and originally built in 1833 as the first state penitentiary in Illinois and later closed in 1857. During the American Civil War, the prison was reopened in 1862 to accommodate the growing population of Confederate prisoners of war and ceased to be prison at the end of the war in 1865. The prison building was demolished not long after the Civil War. All that remains of the former prison site is a section of ruin wall that is maintained by the State of Illinois as an historic site. The prison site is included in the U.S. National Register of Historic Places.

Alton Military Prison Site
Overview of the site
LocationInside the block bounded by Broadway and William, 4th, and Mill Sts.
Coordinates38°53′30″N 90°11′26″W
Area4 acres (1.6 ha)
BuiltIllinois State Prison (1833)
NRHP reference No.74000766[1]
Added to NRHPDecember 31, 1974
Alton Prison
LocationAlton, Illinois, United States
Security classFirst Illinois state penitentiary and Union prisoner of war camp for detaining military personnel of the Confederate States of America
Capacity1833 (24 cells), 1857 (256 cells), American Civil War 11,000?
Closed1865 and later demolished
Former nameIllinois State Prison
Managed byIllinois Department of Corrections (1833-1857) Union Army (1862-1865)

History

Illinois State Penitentiary

In 1833, Illinois State Prison in Alton was built as the first state penitentiary in Illinois opening with twenty-four prison cells. In 1857, the prison was closed and replaced by a new state prison in Joliet. At the time of closure the Alton prison had a total of two-hundred-fifty-six cells.[2] Female prisoners were also incarcerated at Alton Penitentiary. From 1835 to 1858 sixty-five women and three thousand men were sentenced to Alton. Female prisoners endured the same degrading conditions as men while their gender exposed them to added indignities and abuses. In 1845 male inspectors claimed that, "One female prisoner is of more trouble than twenty males."[3] Women served, on average, 0.9 years and 47% were pardoned by the governor.[4]

American Civil War prison

In 1862, the U.S. government reopened the prison to house Confederate prisoners of war during the American Civil War. The prison housed over 11,000 prisoners during the war, including Confederate officer Ebenezer Magoffin. Deaths at the prison were more common than at other Union prisons, and prisoners faced harsh conditions and regular outbreaks of diseases such as smallpox and rubella. 1,534 Confederate soldiers and many Union soldiers and civilians are known to have died at the prison.[5]

Historic site

The Alton prison closed again in 1865 and was later demolished; all that remains of the structure is a section of a wall.[2][5] The prison site was added to the National Register of Historic Places on December 31, 1974.[1] It is also part of the Christian Hill Historic District, which was listed on the National Register in 1978.[2] The Alton prison site is maintained by the State of Illinois as a state historic site.

References
  1. "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.
  2. Wagner, Robert (July 25, 1977). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory - Nomination Form: Christian Hill Historic District" (PDF). National Park Service. Retrieved February 26, 2014.
  3. L. Mara Dodge, "Whores and Thieves of the Worst Kind": A Study of Women, Crime, and Prisons, 1835-2000" (DeKalb: Northern Illinois Press, 2002), 29. This book has a chapter on female prisoners at Alton.
  4. L. Mara Dodge, "Whores and Thieves of the Worst Kind": A Study of Women, Crime, and Prisons, 1835-2000" (DeKalb: Northern Illinois Press, 2002), 56.
  5. "Alton Prison". Alton in the Civil War. Alton Web. Retrieved February 26, 2014.
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