Birmingham New Street railway station

1839 map, showing the warren of streets lost to the new station, including Peck Lane, New Inkleys and Dudley Street (note that North is not at the top of the map)

New Street station was built in central Birmingham by the London and North Western Railway (LNWR) between 1846 and 1854, on the site of several streets in a marshy area known as "The Froggery", replacing several earlier rail termini on the outskirts of the centre, most notably Curzon Street, which had opened in 1838, and was no longer adequate for the level of traffic.[6] Samuel Carter, solicitor to both LNWR and the Midland Railway, managed the conveyancing.

Until 1885 the LNWR shared the station with the Midland. However, in 1885 the Midland Railway opened its own extension alongside the original station for the exclusive use of its trains, effectively creating two stations side by side. The two companies stations were separated by a central roadway; Queens Drive.[6] Traffic grew steadily, and by 1900 New Street had an average of 40 trains an hour departing and arriving, rising to 53 trains in the peak hours.[7]

Early 20th century photo taken from the west, showing the LNWR station (left) and the Midland station (right) with the Queens Drive between them

Birmingham New Street station as pictured in the Illustrated London News on 3 June 1854

The LNWR had obtained an Act of Parliament in 1846, to extend their line into the centre of Birmingham, which involved the acquisition of some 1.2 hectares (3 acres) of land, and the demolition of around 70 houses in Peck Lane, The Froggery, Queen Street, and Colmore Street.[8] The Countess of Huntingdon's Connexion chapel, on the corner of Peck Lane and Dudley Street, which had only been built six years before,[9] was also demolished.[10] The station was formally opened on 1 June 1854,[11] although the uncompleted station had already been in use for two years as a terminus for trains from the Stour Valley Line, which entered the station from the Wolverhampton direction. On the formal opening day, the LNWR's Curzon Street station was closed to regular passenger services, and trains from the London direction started using New Street.[6]

The station was constructed by Messrs. Fox, Henderson & Co. and designed by Edward Alfred Cowper of that firm, who had previously worked on the design of the Crystal Palace. When completed, New Street had the largest arched single-span iron and glass roof in the world, spanning a width of 211 feet (64 m) and being 840 ft (256 m) long.[6][11] It held this title for 14 years until St Pancras station opened in 1868. It was originally intended to have three spans, supported by columns, however, it was soon realised that the supporting columns would severely restrict the workings of the railway. Cowper's single-span design, was therefore adopted, even though it was some 62 feet (19 metres) wider than the widest roof span at that time.[12][13] George Gilbert Scott praised Cowper's roof at New Street, stating "An iron roof in its most normal condition is too spider-like a structure to be handsome, but with a very little attention this defect is obviated. The most wonderful specimen, probably, is that at the great Birmingham Station…"[14] When first opened, New Street was described as the "Grand Central Station at Birmingham" by Richard Foster.[15]

The internal layout of tracks and platforms was designed by Robert Stephenson and his assistants; the station contained a total of nine platforms, comprising four through, and five bay platforms.[6] The main entrance building on Stephenson Street incorporated Queens Hotel, designed by John William Livock, which was opened on the same day. It was built in an Italianate style and was originally provided with 60 rooms. The hotel was expanded several times over the years, and reached its final form in 1917 with the addition of a new west wing.[11][16]

The scale of the station at this time can be taken from the station's entry in the 1863 edition of Bradshaw's Guide:[17]

The interior of this station deserves attention from its magnitude. The semicircular roof is 1,110 feet long, 205 feet wide and 80 feet high, composed of iron and glass, without the slightest support except that afforded by the pillars on either side. If the reader notice the turmoil and bustle created by the excitement of the arrival and departure of trains, the trampling of crowds of passengers, the transport of luggage, the ringing of bells, and the noise of two or three hundred porters and workmen, he will retain a recollection of the extraordinary scene witnessed daily at Birmingham Central Railway Station.

The roof of the original station was strengthened with additional steel tie bars during 1906–07 as a precaution following the collapse of a similar roof which killed six people at Charing Cross station in 1905.[18]

• 
  The interior of the original LNWR station in the late 19th century, with its once record-breaking roof
• 
  Victorian image of the interior of the LNWR station
• 
  The main entrance building to the old station on Stephenson Street, incorporating Queens Hotel, c. 1920
• 
  The main entrance to the old station on Stephenson Street, including Queens Hotel in 1962

Midland Railway's extension of New Street station, in 1885

Midland Railway trains that had used Curzon Street began to use New Street from 1854. However, its use by the Midland Railway was limited by the fact that those trains going between Derby and Bristol would have to reverse, so many trains bypassed New Street and ran through Camp Hill. This was remedied in 1885, when a new link to the south; the Birmingham West Suburban Railway, was extended into New Street, which allowed through trains to and from the south-west to run via New Street without reversing.[19]

Aerial view of New Street from the early 20th century, showing the LNWR station (top) and the Midland station (bottom) side by side, with Queens Drive between them

To cope with the increase in traffic this would bring, the station required an extension, the construction of which began in 1881. A number of buildings, mostly along Dudley Street were demolished to make room for it, including a number of cottages, some business premises and a small church.[6] Built immediately to the south of the original station, the extension contained four through platforms and one bay.[20] It consisted of a trainshed with a glass and steel roof comprising two trussed arches, 58 ft (18 m) wide by 620 ft (189 m) long, and 67 ft 6 in (21 m) wide by 600 ft (183 m) long. It was designed by Francis Stevenson, chief engineer to the LNWR.[11] The extension was opened on 8 February 1885.[11] With its completion, New Street nearly doubled in size, and became one of the largest stations in Britain, covering an area of over twelve acres (4.9 ha).[16]

In early 1885, the number of daily users of the station was surveyed. On a Thursday, the number was 22,452 and on a Saturday it was 25,334.[21]

Initially, the extension was used by both the LNWR and Midland Railway, but from 1889, it was used by Midland Railway trains.[22] It was separated from the original LNWR trainshed by Queens Drive, which became a central carriageway, but the two were linked by a footbridge which ran over Queens Drive, and across the entire width of both the LNWR and Midland stations.[23] Queens Drive was lost in the 1960s rebuild, but the name was later carried by a new driveway which served the car park and a tower block, and is the access route for the station's taxis.

On 1 February 1910, the LNWR introduced a "City to City" service between New Street and Broad Street, in the City of London. The service only lasted for five years, before being withdrawn on 22 February 1915 as a result of World War I.[24]

Image from 1956 of the station following the removal of the overall roof

In 1923, the LNWR and Midland Railway, with others, were grouped into the London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) by the Railways Act 1921. In 1948, the railways were nationalised and came under the control of British Railways.

During World War II, Cowper's roof sustained extensive bomb damage as a result of air raids during the Birmingham Blitz. After the war, the remains of the roof were dismantled after being deemed beyond economic repair. It was replaced with austere canopies over the platforms, made from surplus war materials, which remained in use until the station was rebuilt in the 1960s.[25][26][6]

The station was completely rebuilt in the 1960s as part of the modernisation programme for the West Coast Main Line. Demolition of the old station and Queens Hotel began in 1964 and was not completed until 1966.[27] The rebuilt New Street station was opened on 6 March 1967 to coincide with the introduction of electric expresses on the West Coast Main Line. It cost £4.5 million to build (equivalent to £82,280,000 in 2019).[28][29]

Approach tracks, platforms and exterior of 1960s New Street from the east, seen in 2010

The new station was designed by Kenneth J. Davies, lead planner for British Rail London Midland Region.[30] Twelve through platforms replaced the eight through and six bay platforms of the previous station.[28] The platforms were covered over by a seven-acre (2.8 ha) concrete deck, supported by 200 columns, upon which the concourse and other buildings were constructed. Escalators, stairs and lifts were provided to reach the platforms from the concourse. The new station had sold its air rights, leading to the construction of the Pallasades Shopping Centre (then known as the Birmingham Shopping Centre) above the station between 1968 and 1970.[16][30][31] The public right of way across the station, which had previously been maintained by the station footbridge, was retained in the new station via a winding route through the shopping centre.[32] The station and the Pallasades were partly integrated with the Bullring Shopping Centre via elevated walkways above Smallbrook Queensway.

Also above the station was a nine-storey office block called Ladywood House,[33] and a multi-storey car park dating from the 1970s. The car park closed in May 2012. It was demolished to provide space for the new concourse and rebuilt.[34] Stephenson Tower, a 20-storey residential tower block, was built alongside the station between 1965 and 1966.[35] The tower, designed by the City Architect of Birmingham, was demolished in March 2012 as part of the station redevelopment.[36]

In 1987, twelve different horse sculptures by Kevin Atherton, titled Iron Horse, were erected between New Street station and Wolverhampton at a cost of £12,000.[37][38] One stands on platform 7 at New Street.[39]

Due to its enclosed sub-surface platforms, New Street was designated as an underground station by the fire service. In the 1990s, a number of changes had to be made to the station in order to comply with stricter fire regulations, introduced for underground stations as a result of the 1987 King's Cross fire. In 1993, a new enclosed footbridge was opened at the Wolverhampton end of the station, with access to the platforms separate from the main building: this was built primarily as a fire exit, but the new exit from the station into Navigation Street was opened to the public. All wooden fittings were removed from the platforms, and new fire doors were also installed at the foot of the stairs and elevators on the platforms.[32]

The concrete constructed design of the 1960s station was widely criticised for being ugly.[40] An enclosed station, with buildings over most of its span and passenger numbers more than twice that for which it was designed,[4] by 2007 it was not popular with its users, having a customer satisfaction rate of only 52%, the joint lowest of any Network Rail major station.[41]

• 
  The concrete external architecture of the 1960s station
• 
  The western end of the station
• 
  A Virgin Trains Pendolino waiting at Platform 2 at New Street in 2009
• 
  The former station concourse at rush hour
• 
  Iron Horse sculpture

New Street signal box

The power signal box at New Street was completed in 1964.[11] It is a brutalist building with corrugated concrete architecture, designed by John Bicknell and Paul Hamilton in collaboration with William Robert Headley, the regional architect for British Railways London Midland Region.[42] The four-storey structure is at the side of the tracks connected to Navigation Street. As of 2020, it is a Grade II-listed building.[43][44] Until recently, two small sidings (Nos. 2 & 3 Engine Sidings) were located in front of the signal box which were used for stabling electric locomotives in connection with locomotive changes from diesel to electric traction on XC services heading north. As they are no longer needed these have now been removed in connection with the ongoing resignalling project for the station area. No.1 Engine Siding was located at the north end between Platforms 4 and 5 and was lengthened some years ago to form Platform 4C

A Sutton Coldfield model railway enthusiast, Don Jones, built a scale model of the entire 1960s station, and surrounding buildings including the Rotunda, the old Head Post Office and the signal box, at OO scale, and held open days to raise funds for local charities.[45][46] Private visits were held for Robert Redford and King Hussein of Jordan.[46]

In November 2003, the station was voted the second biggest "eyesore" in the UK by readers of Country Life magazine.[47] This is because of the sub-surface nature of the station and the 1960s architecture. In 2007, New Street was voted joint worst station for customer satisfaction with Liverpool Lime Street and East Croydon, with only 52% satisfied; the national average was 60%.[41]

The 1960s station also had become inadequate for the level of traffic with which it was dealing; it had been designed with capacity for 650 trains and 60,000 passengers per day. In 2008, there were 1,350 trains and over 120,000 passengers per day.[48] By 2013, it was 140,000 passengers per day.[49] This made overcrowding and closures on safety grounds more common.[50]

The new eastern entrance to the station

A feasibility study into the redevelopment of the station was approved in January 2005. Designs were shown to the public in February 2006 for a new Birmingham New Street Station in a project known as Gateway Plus.[51]

A regeneration scheme was launched in 2006[52] and evolved through names such as Birmingham Gateway, Gateway Plus, and New Street Gateway. The scheme proposed complete rebuilding of the street-level buildings and refurbishment of the platforms by 2013, with track and platform level remaining essentially unchanged.

The approved planning application of August 2006 showed a glass facade with rounded edges. The entrance on Station Street originally included two curved 130 metres (427 ft) tall towers on the site of Stephenson Tower. Due to the economic slowdown, the "twin towers" plan was shelved.[53]

The new concourse opened in 2015.

In February 2008, the Secretary of State for Transport, Ruth Kelly, announced that the Department for Transport would provide £160 million in addition to £128 million through the government white paper Delivering a Sustainable Railway.[54] A further £100 million came from the Department for Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform and channelled through Advantage West Midlands, the regional development agency. The announcement brought total government spending on the project to £388 million.[55] After earlier proposals were discarded, six architects were shortlisted to design the new station following a call for submissions,[56] and it was announced in September 2008 that the design by Foreign Office Architects had been chosen.[57]

The new roof seen from above

The approved plans for the redevelopment included:[58]

• A new concourse three-and-a-half times larger than the 1960s concourse, with a domed atrium at the centre to let in natural light.
• Refurbished platforms reached by new escalators and lifts.
• A new station facade, and new entrances.

The fact that the proposed Gateway development would leave the railway capacity of the station more or less unaltered has not escaped attention. In July 2008, the House of Commons Transport Committee criticised the plans: it was not convinced they were adequate for the number of trains which could use the station. It said if the station could not be adapted, the government needed to look for alternative solutions which potentially included a completely new station in the city.[59]

Work began on the redevelopment on 26 April 2010.[60] Construction was completed in phases to minimise disruption. On 28 April 2013, one half of the new concourse was opened to the public, and the old 1960s concourse was closed for redevelopment, along with the old entrances.[61] The complete concourse opened on 20 September 2015, the Grand Central shopping centre four days later.[62][63] The refurbished Pallasades Shopping Centre was renamed Grand Central and includes a new John Lewis department store.[64] During heavy winds on 30 December 2015, several roof tiles blew off, landing in the adjacent Station Street, which was therefore closed by the police as a precautionary measure.[65]

Railway lines in the West Midlands
to West Coast Main Line Wolverhampton– Shrewsbury line Bushbury Junction Wombourne branch line Wolverhampton St George's Wolverhampton Chillington Wharf Wolverhampton and Walsall Railway Steel Terminal Portobello Junction Midland Metro Coseley Chase Line Tipton Walsall Pleck and Darlaston Junctions South Staffordshire line Dudley Port Round Oak Steel Terminal Sandwell & Dudley Birmingham– Kidderminster line Bescot Stadium Lye Tame Bridge Parkway Cradley Heath Hamstead Old Hill Midland Metro Rowley Regis Birmingham Snow Hill to Wolverhampton Low Level Line Langley Green Smethwick Galton Bridge The Hawthorns Smethwick Rolfe Street Soho Junctions Perry Barr Junctions Harborne branch line Perry Barr Jewellery Quarter Witton Birmingham Snow Hill Five Ways Birmingham New Street University Birmingham Moor Street Selly Oak Birmingham to Lichfield line Bournville Aston Proof House Junction Duddeston Bordesley Lawley Street Freightliner terminal Lifford Junctions Birmingham Grand Junction Kings Norton Adderley Park Cross Country Route / Worcester line Small Heath Sutton Park line Tyseley Water Orton Cross Country Route / Birmingham–Peterborough line Birmingham– Stratford line Stechford Acocks Green Lea Hall Olton Marston Green Solihull Birmingham International Chiltern Main Line to West Coast Main Line
Closed stations not shown. Not all Midland Metro stops shown.

New Street is the hub of the West Midlands rail network, as well as being a major national hub. The station is one of twenty operated and managed by Network Rail.[76] Network Rail also provides operational staff for the station.

Station staff are provided on all platforms to assist with the safe 'dispatch' of trains. For operational reasons all trains departing New Street much be dispatched via the use of Right Away (RA) indicators. They display a signal informing the train driver it is safe to start the train, instead of using more traditional bell or hand signals.

The 12 through platforms are divided into a and b ends, with an extra bay platform called 4c between 4b and 5b, with the b end of the station towards Wolverhampton, this in effect allows twice the platforms. Longer trains that are too long for one section of the platform occupy the entire length of the platform, such as Class 390 or HSTs.

Trains departing towards Proof House Junction (a end) can depart from any platform, but there are restrictions on trains departing from the b end. All platforms can accommodate trains heading towards Wolverhampton, however due to the platform layout and road bridge supports, only 5–12 can accommodate trains heading towards Five Ways. There are a number of sidings on the station for the stabling of trains; between platforms 5/6, 7/8, 9/10. The bay platforms at either end of platform 12 have been removed during the current rebuild. The sidings in front of New Street signal box have also been removed.

Still in existence is the "Royal Mail tunnel" which connected the station to the former sorting office (now called The Mailbox) in Broad Street.

All signalling is controlled by New Street power signal box at the Wolverhampton or b end of the station; it can be seen at street level on Navigation Street. The station is allocated the IATA location identifier QQN.

All trains arriving and departing must use one of the several tunnels around the station.[6][77]

• Stour Valley Line Tunnel – heads westwards towards Soho Junction & Wolverhampton, and passes under the National Indoor Arena. This tunnel is 927 yards (848 m) long in total, comprising the original New Street North Tunnel, 751 yards (687 m) and extension: 'Arena' Tunnel, 176 yards (161 m). The former was opened in 1852 as part of the Stour Valley Line, and holds two tracks.
• New Street South Tunnel – 254 yards (232 m) long, heading eastbound, passing under the Bullring, and Birmingham Moor Street station, heading towards Duddeston, Adderley Park, the Camp Hill Line and the Derby lines towards Tamworth. This tunnel opened in 1854, originally holding two tracks; it was widened in 1896 to hold four tracks, with two double-track parallel bores.
• Gloucester Line Tunnels – are four separate tunnels heading south-west towards Five Ways. Heading from New Street in sequence the tunnels are named Holliday Street Tunnel, 307 yards (281 m) long; Canal Tunnel, 225 yards (206 m) long, passing under the Birmingham Canal Navigations; Granville Street Tunnel, 81 yards (74 m) long; and Bath Row Tunnel, 210 yards (190 m) long. These tunnels opened in 1885 as part of the Birmingham West Suburban Railway and hold two tracks.

Network Rail, as well as operating the station, operate a customer reception located on the main concourse, and provide mobility assistance and train dispatch. The booking office and barriers are operated by Avanti West Coast, with customer service or floor walker staff provided by CrossCountry and Network Rail. Avanti West Coast operates a first class lounge and Network West Midlands also provides a public transport information point for the station.

The station is a penalty fare station for West Midlands Railway and London Northwestern Railway (West Midlands Trains' brands). This scheme is operated both onboard trains and at the automatic ticket barriers at the station. The other train operating companies that use the station do not operate penalty fare schemes.

The station is designated as underground. There are fans that remove fumes but there are still a large number of services operated by diesel trains despite the whole station being electrified in the 1960s. There have been environmental concerns about the level of pollution in the station in particular NOx.[78]

Since the privatisation of British Rail there have been thirteen train companies that have regularly called at New Street: Arriva Trains Wales, Avanti West Coast, Central Trains, CrossCountry, First North Western, London Midland, Silverlink, Virgin CrossCountry, Virgin Trains West Coast, Transport for Wales, Wales & Borders, Wales & West and West Midlands Trains.

Currently Avanti West Coast, CrossCountry, Transport for Wales and West Midlands Trains provide services from New Street. Chiltern Railways have occasionally used New Street during engineering works.

West Midlands Trains operates a traincrew depot at the station and stables some trains overnight around the station. For the most part, they use Soho TMD for electric traction units, with its non-electric units kept at Tyseley TMD to the southeast of Birmingham.

CrossCountry also operates a traincrew depot at the station; it uses Tyseley TMD for the Class 170 units, and its Voyagers are based at Central Rivers TMD.

Two CAF Urbos 3 trams at Grand Central tram stop, the one on the left arriving, and the one on the right about to depart for Wolverhampton.

New Street is served by the West Midlands Metro tram system from the adjacent Grand Central tram stop outside the station's main entrance on Stephenson Street. This opened on 30 May 2016, when the city centre extension of the Metro came into operation. The stop is the current terminus of West Midlands Metro Line One, and provides a link to Snow Hill station and onwards to Wolverhampton.[79]

Initially, Grand Central was planned to act as the terminus of the city centre extension. However, it was later decided that further extension would take place towards Centenary Square and later to Edgbaston, work towards this is ongoing.[80][81]

New Street station is 660 yards (600 m) away from Birmingham Moor Street;[82] the city's second busiest railway station.[82] There is a signposted route for passengers travelling between New Street and Moor Street stations which involves a short walk through a tunnel under the Bullring shopping centre. Although the railway lines into New Street pass directly underneath Moor Street station, there is no rail connection. In 2013 a new direct walkway was opened between the two stations.[83] Birmingham Snow Hill station is 1,100 yards (1,000 m) away;[82] either a ten-minute walk away to the north or can be reached via a short tram ride on the West Midlands Metro.[84]