Euston railway station

An early print of Euston showing the wrought iron roof of 1837.

The original station was built by William Cubitt. The first plan was to construct a building near the Regent's Canal in Islington that would provide a useful connection for London dock traffic, before Robert Stephenson proposed an alternative site at Marble Arch. This was rejected by a provisional committee, and a proposal to end the line at Maiden Lane was rejected by the House of Lords in 1832. A terminus at Camden Town was announced by Stephenson the following year, receiving Royal Assent on 6 May, before an extension was approved in 1834, allowing the line to reach Euston Grove.[16][17]

Initial services were three outward and inwards trains each, reaching Boxmoor in just over an hour. On 9 April 1838, these were extended to a temporary halt at Denbigh Hall, near Bletchley, providing a coach service to Rugby. The permanent link to Curzon Street station in Birmingham, opened on 17 September 1838, covering the 112 miles (180 km) in around ​5 ¹⁄₄ hours.[22]

The final gradient from Camden Town to Euston involved a crossing over the Regent's Canal that required a gradient of over 1 in 68. Because steam trains at the time could not climb such an ascent, they were cable-hauled on the down line towards Camden until 1844, after which they used a pilot engine.[23] The L&BR's Act of Parliament prohibited the use of locomotives in the Euston area, following concerns of local residents about noise and smoke from locomotives toiling up the incline.[24]

"Euston Arch": the original entrance to Euston Station (photographed in 1896)

The station building was designed by the classically trained architect Philip Hardwick[25][26] with a 200-foot-long (61 m) trainshed by structural engineer Charles Fox. It had two 420-foot-long (130 m) platforms, one each for departures and arrival. The main entrance portico, known as the Euston Arch was also by Hardwick, and was designed to symbolise the arrival of a major new transport system as well as being seen as "the gateway to the north".[27] It was 72 feet (22 m) high, and supported four 44 ft 2 in (13.46 m) by 8 ft 6 in (2.59 m) hollow Doric propylaeum columns made from Bramley Fall stone, the largest ever built.[28][29] It was completed in May 1838 and cost £35,000 (now £3,175,000).[27]

The first railway hotels in London were built in Euston. Two hotels designed by Hardwick opened in 1839, located either side of the Arch; the Victoria on the west had basic facilities while the Euston on the east was designed for first-class passengers.[30]

The Great Hall, Euston Station

The station grew rapidly as traffic increased. Its workload increased from handling 2,700 parcels a month in 1838 to 52,000 a month in 1841.[18] By 1845, 140 people were working there and trains began to run late because of a lack of capacity.[30] The following year, two new platforms (later 9 and 10) were constructed on vacant land to the west of the station that had been reserved for Great Western Railway services.[31] The L&BR amalgamated with the Manchester & Birmingham Railway and the Grand Junction Railway in 1846 to form the LNWR, with the company headquarters at Euston. This required a new block of offices to be built between the Arch and the platforms.[18]

The station's facilities were greatly expanded with the opening of the Great Hall on 27 May 1849, which replaced the original sheds. It was designed by Hardwick's son Philip Charles Hardwick in classical style, and was 125 ft (38 m) long, 61 ft (19 m) wide and 62 ft (19 m) high, with a coffered ceiling and a sweeping double flight of stairs leading to offices at its northern end.[31] Architectural sculptor John Thomas contributed eight allegorical statues representing the cities served by the line.[32] The station stood on Drummond Street, further back from Euston Road than the front of the modern complex; Drummond Street now terminates at the side of the station but then ran across its front.[33] A short road called Euston Grove ran from Euston Square towards the arch.[34]

An additional bay platform (later platform 7) opened in 1863, and was used for local services to Kensington (Addison Road).[35] The station gained two new platforms (1 and 2) in 1873 along with a separate entrance for cabs from Seymour Street. At the same time, the station roof was raised by 6 feet (1.8 m) to accommodate smoke from the engines more easily.[36]

The continued growth of long-distance railway traffic led to a major expansion along the station's west side starting in 1887. The work involved rerouting Cardington Street over part of the burial ground (later St James's Gardens)[37] of St James's Church, Piccadilly,[38] which was located some way from the church.[39] To avoid public outcry, the remains were reinterred at St Pancras Cemetery.[36] Two extra platforms (4 and 5) opened in 1891,[40] and four further departure platforms (now platforms 12–15) opened on 1 July 1892, bringing the total to fifteen, along with a separate booking office on Drummond Street.[36][14]

Plan of Euston station from 1888.

The line between Euston and Camden was doubled between 1901 and 1906.[41] A new booking hall opened in 1914, constructed on part of the cab yard. The Great Hall was fully redecorated and refurbished between 1915 and 1916, and again in 1927.[42] The station's ownership was transferred to the London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) in the 1923 grouping.[19]

Apart from the lodges on Euston Road and statues now on the forecourt, few relics of the old station survive.[43] The National Railway Museum's collection at York includes Edward Hodges Baily's statue of George Stephenson, both from the Great Hall;[44] the entrance gates;[45] and an 1846 turntable discovered during demolition.[46]

By the 1930s Euston had become congested, and the LMS considered rebuilding it. In 1931 it was reported that a site for a new station was being sought, with the most likely option being behind the existing station in the direction of Camden Town.[47] The LMS announced in 1935 that the station (including the hotel and offices) would be rebuilt using a government loan guarantee.[48]

In 1937 it appointed the architect Percy Thomas to produce designs.[49] He proposed a new American-inspired station that would involve removing or resiting the arch, and included office frontages along Euston Road and a helicopter pad on the roof.[48][50] The redevelopment work began on 12 July 1938, when 100,000 long tons (100,000 tonnes) of limestone was extracted for the new building and some new flats constructed to rehouse people displaced by the works. The project was then shelved indefinitely because of World War II.[48]

The station was damaged several times during the Blitz in 1940. Part of the Great Hall's roof was destroyed, and a bomb landed between platforms 2 and 3, destroying offices and part of the hotel.[48]

The Euston Arch being demolished, February 1962

By the 1950s, passengers considered Euston to be in squalor and covered in soot, leading to a full redecoration and restoration in 1953. Ticket machines were modernised. The Arch was now surrounded by further property development and kiosks, and was in need of restoration.[51]

British Railways announced a complete rebuild of Euston that could accommodate a fully electrified West Coast Main Line in 1959.[51] Because of the restricted layout of track and tunnels at the northern end, enlargement could be accomplished only by expanding southwards over the area occupied by the Great Hall and the Arch.[51][52] Consequently, the London County Council were given notice that the Arch and the Great Hall would be demolished, which was granted on the proviso that the Arch would be restored and re-sited. This was financially unviable as BR estimated it would cost at least £190,000 (now £5,340,000).[51]

The Arch demolition was formally announced by the Minister of Transport, Ernest Marples in July 1961, but immediately drew widespread protest. Experts did not believe the £190,000 estimate and suspected foreign firms could move the Arch on rollers for substantially less. The Earl of Euston, the Earl of Rosse and John Betjeman all protested against the redevelopment. On 16 October, 75 architects and students staged a formal demonstration against the demolition inside the Great Hall, and a week later Sir Charles Wheeler led a deputation to speak with the Prime Minister Harold Macmillan against the demolition. Macmillan replied that as well as the cost, there was no place large enough to put the Arch that would look in keeping with its surroundings. Demolition began on 6 November and was completed within four months.[53] Since 1996, proposals have been formulated to reconstruct it as part of the planned redevelopment of the station,[54] including the station's use as the London terminus of the High Speed 2 line.[55]

The new station was constructed by Taylor Woodrow Construction to a design by London Midland Region architects of British Railways, William Robert Headley and Ray Moorcroft,[56] in consultation with Richard Seifert & Partners.[57] Redevelopment began in summer 1962 and progressed from east to west, including the demolition of the Great Hall, while a 11,000-square-foot (1,000 m²) temporary building housed ticket offices and essential facilities.[53] The project was planned to keep Euston working to 80% capacity during the works, with at least 11 platforms in operation at any time.[58] While services were diverted elsewhere where practical, the station remained operational throughout the works.[53]

The first phase of construction involved building 18 new platforms with two track bays to handle parcels above this, along with a signal and communications building and various staff offices. The parcel deck was reinforced by 5,500 tons of structural steelwork.[58] The signalling on the main routes leading out of the station was completely reworked along with the electrification of the lines, including the British Rail Automatic Warning System.[59] Fifteen platforms had been completed by 1966, and the full electric service began on 3 January. A fully automated parcel depot, sited above platforms 3 to 18, opened on 7 August 1966.[15] The new station was opened by Queen Elizabeth II on 14 October 1968.[60]

The modern departure board in 2018

The station is a long, low structure, 200 feet (61 m) wide and 150 feet (46 m) deep under a 36-foot (11 m) high roof. It opened with integrated automatic ticket facilities and a wide variety of shops; the first of its kind for any British station.[60]

The original plan was to construct office buildings over the station, whose rents would help fund the cost of the rebuilding, but this was scrapped after a government White Paper was released in 1963 that restricted the rate of commercial office development in London.[15]

In 1966, a "Whites only" recruitment policy for guards at the station was dropped after the case of Asquith Xavier, a migrant from Dominica, who had been refused promotion on those grounds, was raised in Parliament and taken up by the then Secretary of State for Transport, Barbara Castle.[61]

A second development phase by Richard Seifert & Partners began in 1979, adding 405,000 square feet (37,600 m²) of office space along the front of the station in the form of three low-rise towers overlooking Melton Street and Eversholt Street.[62] The offices were occupied by British Rail,[63] then by Railtrack, and finally by Network Rail, which has now vacated[lower-alpha 3] all but a small portion of one of the towers. These buildings are in a functional style; the main facing material is polished dark stone, complemented by white tiles, exposed concrete and plain glazing.[64]

The station has a single large concourse, separate from the train shed. Originally, there were no seats installed there to deter vagrants and crime, but these were added following complaints from passengers.[62] A few remnants of the older station remain: two Portland stone entrance lodges and a war memorial. A statue of Robert Stephenson by Carlo Marochetti, previously in the old ticket hall, stands in the forecourt.[43]

There is a large statue by Eduardo Paolozzi named Piscator dedicated to German theatre director Erwin Piscator at the front of the courtyard, which as of 2016 is reported as deteriorating.[65] Other pieces of public art, including low stone benches by Paul de Monchaux around the courtyard, were commissioned by Network Rail in 1990.[66] The station has catering units and shops, a large ticket hall and an enclosed car park with over 200 spaces.[67] The lack of daylight on the platforms compares unfavourably with the glazed trainshed roofs of traditional Victorian railway stations, but the use of the space above as a parcels depot released the maximum space at ground level for platforms and passenger facilities.[68]

Ownership of the station transferred from British Rail to Railtrack in 1994, passing to Network Rail in 2002 following the collapse of Railtrack.[21] In 2005 Network Rail was reported to have long-term aspirations to redevelop the station, removing the 1960s buildings and providing more commercial space by using the "air rights" above the platforms.[69]

In 2007, British Land announced that it had won the tender to demolish and rebuild the station, spending some £250 million of its overall redevelopment budget of £1 billion for the area. The number of platforms would increase from 18 to 21.[70] In 2008, it was reported that the Arch could be rebuilt.[71] In September 2011, the demolition plans were cancelled, and Aedas was appointed to give the station a makeover.[72]

In July 2014 a statue of navigator and cartographer Matthew Flinders, who circumnavigated the globe and charted Australia, was unveiled at Euston; his grave was rumoured to lie under platform 15 at the station,[73] but had been relocated during the original station construction and in 2019 was found behind the station during excavation work for the HS2 line.[38][74]

Map of the area around Euston, with planned High Speed 2 redevelopment. The new line is drawn in red (left). (The line to the right is High Speed 1 entering St Pancras International).

In March 2010 the Secretary of State for Transport, Andrew Adonis announced that Euston was the preferred southern terminus of the planned High Speed 2 line, which would connect to a newly built station near Curzon Street and Fazeley Street in Birmingham.[75] This would require expansion to the south and west to create new sufficiently long platforms. These plans involved a complete reconstruction, involving the demolition of 220 Camden Council flats, with half the station providing conventional train services and the new half high-speed trains. The Command Paper suggested rebuilding the Arch, and included an artist's impression of it.[76]

The station is to have 24 platforms serving both high-speed and ordinary lines at a low level. The flats demolished for the extension would be replaced by significant building work above. The Underground station would be rebuilt and connected to Euston Square station. As part of the extension beyond Birmingham, the Mayor of London's office believed it will be necessary to build the proposed Crossrail 2 line via Euston to relieve 10,000 extra passengers forecast to arrive during an average day.[77][78][79][80]

To relieve pressure on Euston during and after rebuilding for High Speed 2, HS2 Ltd has proposed the diversion of some services to Old Oak Common (for Crossrail). This would include eight commuter trains per hour originating/terminating between Tring and Milton Keynes Central inclusive.[81] In 2016, the Mayor Sadiq Khan endorsed the plans and suggested that all services should terminate at Old Oak Common while a more appropriate solution is found for Euston.[82]

The current scheme does not provide any direct access between High Speed 2 at Euston and the existing High Speed 1 from St Pancras. In 2015, plans were announced to link the two stations via a travelator service.[83] Platforms 17 and 18 closed in May and June 2019 for High Speed 2 preparation work.[84][85]

Preparation for the 2019 start of tunnelling works for the Euston approach was made with the demolition in 2018 of the Euston Downside Carriage Maintenance Depot.[86]

In January 2019, demolition began on the two 1979 office towers in front of the station, in preparation for High Speed 2:[87] demolition finished in December 2020.[88] The third tower at 1 Eversholt Street is not part of these plans. Two hotels on Cardington Street adjacent to the west of the station were also demolished.[89]

On 21 August 2019, the Department for Transport (DfT) ordered an independent review of the project, chaired by the British civil engineer Douglas Oakervee.[90] The Oakervee Review was published by the Department for Transport on 11 February 2020, alongside a statement from the Prime Minister confirming that HS2 would go ahead in full, with reservations.[91] One of the review's conclusions was that the (then) proposed design for the station rebuild was 'not satisfactory' and that "the management of the whole Euston project is muddled and the current governance arrangements for Euston station need to be changed".[92] In summer 2020, the government asked the chairman of Network Rail, Sir Peter Hendy, to chair an oversight board; in October 2020, the Architects' Journal reported that more than £100m had already been spent on engineering and architectural design fees for the new station.[92]

Extensive but superficial damage was caused by an IRA bomb that exploded close to a snack bar at approximately 1:10 pm on 10 September 1973, injuring eight people.[105] A similar explosive had detonated 50 minutes earlier at King's Cross.[106] The Metropolitan Police had received a three-minute warning,[105] and were unable to evacuate the station completely, but British Transport Police managed to clear much of the area just before the explosion.[107] In 1974, the mentally ill Judith Ward confessed to the bombing and was convicted of this and other crimes, despite the evidence against her being highly suspect and Ward retracting her confessions. She was acquitted in 1992; the true culprit has yet to be identified.[108]