Buddhism in Russia

Historically, Buddhism was incorporated into Siberia in the early 17th century.[1][2] Buddhism is considered to be one of Russia's traditional religions and is legally a part of Russian historical heritage.[3] Besides the historical monastic traditions of Buryatia, Tuva and Kalmykia, the latter being the only Buddhist-majority republic in Europe. The religion of Buddhism is now spreading all over Russia, with many ethnic Russian converts.[4]

The main form of Buddhism in Russia is the Gelukpa school of Tibetan Buddhism, informally known as the "yellow hat" tradition,[5] with other Tibetan and non-Tibetan schools as minorities. Although Tibetan Buddhism is most often associated with Tibet, it spread into Mongolia, and via Mongolia into Siberia before spread to entire of Russia.[1]

Datsan Gunzechoinei in Saint Petersburg is the northernmost Buddhist temple in Russia.

History

The first evidence of the existence of Buddhism in the territory of modern Russia (more specifically Siberia, the region nearest East Asia) belongs to the 8th century AD and is associated with the state of Balhae, which in 698–926 occupied part of today's Primorye and Amur. The Mohe, a people whose culture was greatly influenced by neighboring China, Korea and Manchuria, practiced a form of Mahayana Buddhism. It initially spread into those constituent regions of Russia that are geographically or culturally adjacent to Mongolia (the area known as the Mongolian Steppe) or are inhabited by Mongolian ethnic groups: Buryatia, Zabaykalsky Krai, Tuva, and Kalmykia. The last of these was the only Buddhist region in Europe, located to the north of the Caucasus. By 1887, there were 29 publishing houses and numerous datsans. In 1917 these ethnic regions had among them approximately 20,000 Buddhists and 175 temples.[6] When the Soviet Union came into being, all religions including Buddhism began to be viewed as "tools of oppression", and Buddhists in positions of authority were looked upon unfavourably.[7] By 1917, Joseph Stalin had ensured that no datsans remained open in the country.[8] The USSR sought to remove Buddhism and other religions, as they believed that a lack of religion combined with urbanization would result in an increase in production.[9] In 1929 many monasteries were closed down and monks were arrested and exiled.[10] By the 1930s, Buddhists were suffering more than any other religious community in the Soviet Union[2] with lamas being expelled and accused of being "Japanese spies" and "the people's enemies".[1] In 1943 all Kalmykians were forcibly exiled to Siberia due to government suspicions that they were collaborating with Nazi Germany when it had occupied part of Kalmykia.[11] About 40% of the Kalmykian population died while in exile and those who did survive were not able to return to their homeland until 1956.[12]

However, Buddhism did not disappear from Russia as a result of the efforts of Bidia Dandaron, a follower of Tsydenov and a famous Buddhologist and thinker. Dandaron attempted to revive Buddhism in the atheist state by introducing the concept of Neo-Buddhism, a combination of Buddhist teachings and contemporary Western philosophy with scientific theories. Dandaron was later arrested for creating a religious community and eventually died in a prison camp. Nevertheless his disciples played a key role in the 1990s with the revival of Russian Buddhism.[13]

Revival

After the fall of the Soviet Union, a Buddhist revival began in Kalmykia with the election of President Kirsan Ilyumzhinov.[14] It was also revived in Buryatia and Tuva and began to spread to Russians in other regions.

In 1992, the Dalai Lama made his first visit to Tuva in Russia.[15]

There are several Tibetan Buddhist university-monasteries throughout Russia,[16] concentrated in Siberia, known as datsans.

Fyodor Shcherbatskoy, a renowned Russian Indologist who traveled to India and Mongolia during the time of the Russian Empire, is widely considered by many to be responsible for laying the foundations for the study of Buddhism in the Western world.

There are now between 700,000 and 1.5 million Buddhists in Russia, mainly in the republics of Buryatia, Kalmykia and Tuva.[17]

Regions with large Buddhist populations

Federal subjectBuddhists (2012)[18]Buddhists (2016)[19]
 Tuva61.8%52.2%
 Kalmykia37.6%53.4%
 Buryatia19.8%19.8%
 Zabaykalsky Krai6.3%14.6%
 Russian Federation 0.5% 0.6%
Datsan Gunzechoinei Face
Buddhism in Russia

In 2012 Buddhism was the religion of 62% of the total population of Tuva, 38% of Kalmykia and 20% of Buryatia.[18] Buddhism also has believers amounting to 6% in Zabaykalsky Krai, primarily ethnic Buryats, and 0.5% to 0.9% in Tomsk Oblast and Yakutia. Buddhist communities may be found in other federal subjects of Russia, between 0.1% and 0.5% in Sakhalin Oblast, Khabarovsk Krai, Amur Oblast, Irkutsk Oblast, Altay, Khakassia, Novosibirsk Oblast, Tomsk Oblast, Tyumen Oblast, Orenburg Oblast, Arkhangelsk Oblast, Murmansk Oblast, Moscow and Moscow Oblast, Saint Petersburg and Leningrad Oblast, and in Kaliningrad Oblast.[18] In cities like Moscow, Saint Petersburg and Samara, often up to 1% of the population identify as Buddhists.[20]

See also

References

  1. "Buddhism in Russia". buddhist.ru. Retrieved July 30, 2019.
  2. Troyanovsky, Igor. "Buddhism in Russia". www.buddhismtoday.com. Retrieved July 30, 2019.
  3. Bell, I (2002). Eastern Europe, Russia and Central Asia. ISBN 978-1-85743-137-7. Retrieved 27 Dec 2007.
  4. Research Article- Ostrovskaya - JGB Volume 5 Archived 2007-07-17 at the Wayback Machine
  5. Holland, Edward C. (Dec 2014). "Buddhism in Russia: challenges and choices in the post-Soviet period". Religion, State and Society. 42 (4): 389–402. doi:10.1080/09637494.2014.980603. S2CID 145460994.
  6. "2. Buddhist Temples for the Elites", Faith and Power in Japanese Buddhist Art, 1600–2005, University of Hawaii Press, 2017-12-31, pp. 45–72, doi:10.1515/9780824862466-006, ISBN 9780824862466
  7. Bernstein, Anna (2002). "Buddhist Revival in Buriatia: Recent Perspectives". Mongolian Studies. 25: 1–11. ISSN 0190-3667. JSTOR 43193334.
  8. Weir, Fred (2018). "Buddhism flourishes in Siberia, opening window on its pre-Soviet past.(World)". The Christian Science Monitor. ISSN 0882-7729. Retrieved 2019-11-12.
  9. Timasheff, N. S. (1955). "Urbanization, Operation Antireligion and the Decline of Religion in the USSR". American Slavic and East European Review. 14 (2): 224–238. doi:10.2307/3000744. ISSN 1049-7544. JSTOR 3000744.
  10. Bräker, Hans (1981). Der Buddhismus in der Sowjetunion, Cahiers du Monde russe et soviétique 22 (2/3), p. 333
  11. Holland, Edward C. (2014-10-02). "Buddhism in Russia: challenges and choices in the post-Soviet period". Religion, State and Society. 42 (4): 389–402. doi:10.1080/09637494.2014.980603. ISSN 0963-7494. S2CID 145460994.
  12. "Chapter 3. Tibet", The Tibetan Book of the Dead, Princeton University Press, 2011-12-31, pp. 49–70, doi:10.1515/9781400838042-005, ISBN 978-1-4008-3804-2
  13. "Buddhism in Russia: History and Modernity | Buddhistdoor". www.buddhistdoor.net. Retrieved 2020-03-20.
  14. Буддизм в России
  15. "RUSSIA: When will Dalai Lama next visit Tuva? - WWRN - World-wide Religious News". wwrn.org. Retrieved 12 September 2017.
  16. Tricycle. "lettucecomic". Retrieved 12 September 2017.
  17. "Putin Promises 100% Support for Buddhists". Ria Novosti. Archived from the original on 14 April 2013. Retrieved 15 April 2017.CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  18. "Арена: Атлас религий и национальностей" [Arena: Atlas of Religions and Nationalities] (PDF). Среда (Sreda). 2012. See also the results' main interactive mapping and the static mappings: "Religions in Russia by federal subject" (Map). Ogonek. 34 (5243). 27 August 2012. Archived from the original on 21 April 2017. The Sreda Arena Atlas was realised in cooperation with the All-Russia Population Census 2010 (Всероссийской переписи населения 2010) and the Russian Ministry of Justice (Минюста РФ).
  19. "ФСО доложила о межконфессиональных отношениях в РФ". ZNAK. Retrieved 15 April 2017.
  20. Filatov & Lunkin 2006, p. 38.

Bibliography

  • Juergensmeyer, Mark (2006). The Oxford Handbook of Global Religions. Oxford University Press, USA. pp. 309–310. ISBN 978-0-19-972761-2.
  • Ulanov, Mergen; Badmaev, Valeriy and Holland, Edward (2017). Buddhism and Kalmyk Secular Law in the Seventeenth to Nineteenth Centuries, Inner Asia 19(2), 297–314
  • Terentyev, Andrey (Autumn 1996).Tibetan Buddhism in Russia, The Tibet Journal 21 (3), pp. 60–70
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