Candidates Tournament

The Candidates Tournament (or in some periods Candidates Matches) is a chess tournament organized by FIDE, chess's international governing body, since 1950, as the final contest to determine the challenger for the World Chess Championship. The winner of the Candidates earns the right to a match for the World Championship against the incumbent World Champion.

Before 1993 it was contested as a triennial tournament; almost always held every third year from 1950 to 1992 inclusive. After the split of the World Championship in the early 1990s, the cycles were disrupted, even after the reunification of the titles in 2006. Since 2013 it has settled into a 2-year cycle: qualification for Candidates during the odd numbered year, Candidates played early in the even numbered year, and the World Championship match played late in the even numbered year. After the FIDE World Chess Candidates tournament that took place in March 2018, the next one began in Yekaterinburg, Russia on 17 March 2020, but was suspended due to the coronavirus pandemic after half the rounds had been played. It will be resumed at a later date not yet determined.[1]

Precursors

Before 1950, a number of tournaments acted as de facto candidates tournaments:

Organization
Candidates Tournament 1956 Amsterdam: 10 players

The number of players in the tournament varied over the years, between eight and fifteen players. Most of these qualified from Interzonal tournaments, though some gained direct entry without having to play the Interzonal.

The first Interzonal/Candidates World Championship cycle began in 1948. Before 1965, the tournament was organized in a round-robin format. From 1965 on, the tournament was played as knockout matches, spread over several months. In 1995–1996, the defending FIDE champion (Anatoly Karpov) also entered the Candidates, in the semi-finals, so the winner was the FIDE world champion.

During its 1993 to 2006 split from FIDE, the "Classical" World Championship also held three Candidates Tournaments (in 1994–1995, 1998 and 2002) under a different sponsor and a different format each time. In one of these cases (Alexei Shirov in 1998) no title match eventuated, under disputed circumstances (see Classical World Chess Championship 2000).

After the reunification of titles in 2006, FIDE tried different Candidates formats in 2007, 2009 and 2011, before settling on an 8 player, double round robin Candidates tournament from 2013 onwards.

Results of Candidates Tournaments
Paul Keres vs. Bobby Fischer, 1959 Candidates Tournament in Bled; Pal Benko watching

The tables below show the qualifiers and results for all interzonal, Candidates and world championship tournaments.

  • Players shown bracketed in italics (Bondarevsky, Euwe, Fine and Reshevsky in 1950, Botvinnik in 1965, Fischer in 1977, Carlsen in 2011 and Radjabov in 2020) qualified for the Candidates or were seeded in the Candidates, but did not play.
  • Players shown in italics with an asterisk (Stein* in 1962 and again in 1965, and Bronstein* in 1965) were excluded from the Candidates by a rule limiting the number of players from one country.
  • Players listed after players in italics (Flohr in 1950, Benko in 1962, Geller, Ivkov and Portisch in 1965, Spassky in 1977, Grischuk in 2011 and Vachier-Lagrave in 2020) only qualified due to the non-participation (withdrawal) of the bracketed players or players with an asterisk.

The "Seeded into Final" column usually refers to the incumbent champion, but this has a different meaning for the World Chess Championship 1948, in which five players were seeded into the championship tournament, the Classical World Chess Championship 2000 in which two players were seeded into the championship final, the FIDE World Chess Championship 2005 in which eight players were seeded into the final championship tournament, and the FIDE World Chess Championship 2007, in which four players were seeded into the final championship tournament.

Interzonal and Candidates tournaments (1948–1996)
Years Interzonal Format Interzonal Qualifiers Seeded into Candidates Candidates Format Candidates Winner(s) Seeded in Final Championship Final
1948 None In 1946–1947, FIDE decided that six players would participate to a tournament.
FIDE selected Keres and Fine as the winners of the AVRO 1938 chess tournament which had been recognized as a Candidates tournament for the championship. Reshevsky was selected as multiple champion of the US, Botvinnik as Soviet champion, Euwe as former world champion and Smyslov was selected because he was one of the few Soviet grandmasters.
Fine withdrew from the 1948 tournament.		 5 players,
Botvinnik, Smyslov, Keres, Reshevsky, Euwe		 The Hague/ Moscow 1948
quintuple round robin,
1. Botvinnik 14 / 20
2. Smyslov 11
3.-4. Keres, Reshevsky 10½
5. Euwe 4
1948–51 Saltsjöbaden (Stockholm) 1948
20 players,
single round robin, 8 qualified		 1. Bronstein, 2. Szabo, 3. Boleslavsky, 4. Kotov, 5. Lilienthal,
6.-9. Najdorf, Ståhlberg, (Bondarevsky[4]), Flohr		 Smyslov, Keres
(Euwe, Fine, Reshevsky)		 Budapest 1950
10 players,
double round robin

1.-2. Boleslavsky, Bronstein
3. Smyslov; 4. Keres		 Bronstein
(won playoff match against Boleslavsky)		 Botvinnik (1948 champion) Moscow 1951
24 games match
Drawn 12–12,
Botvinnik retained title
1952–54 Saltsjöbaden (Stockholm) 1952
21 players,
single round robin, 8 qualified		 1. Kotov, 2.-3. Taimanov, Petrosian, 4. Geller,
5.-8. Averbakh, Ståhlberg, Szabo, Gligorić		 Bronstein, Boleslavsky, Smyslov, Keres, Reshevsky, Najdorf,[5] Euwe[6] Zürich 1953
15 players,
double round robin
1. Smyslov
2.-4. Bronstein, Keres, Reshevsky		 Smyslov Botvinnik (1951 champion) Moscow 1954
24 games match
Drawn 12–12,
Botvinnik retained title
1955–57 Gothenburg 1955
21 players,
single round robin, 9 qualified		 1. Bronstein, 2. Keres, 3. Panno, 4. Petrosian, 5.-6. Geller, Szabo, 7-9. Filip, Pilnik, Spassky Smyslov Amsterdam 1956
10 players,
double round robin
1. Smyslov
2. Keres		 Smyslov Botvinnik (1954 champion) Moscow 1957
Smyslov won 12½–9½
1958 Rematch Botvinnik, Smyslov Moscow 1958
Botvinnik won
12½–10½
1958–60 Portorož 1958
21 players,
single round robin, 6 qualified		 1. Tal, 2. Gligorić,
3.-4. Petrosian, Benko,
5.-6. Olafsson, Fischer		 Smyslov, Keres Yugoslavia[7] 1959
8 players, quadruple round robin
1. Tal; 2. Keres;
3. Petrosian;
4. Smyslov		 Tal Botvinnik (1958 champion) Moscow 1960
Tal won 12½–8½
1961 Rematch Botvinnik, Tal Moscow 1961
Botvinnik won 13–8
1962–63 Stockholm 1962
23 players,
single round robin, 6 qualified		 1. Fischer,
2.-3. Geller, Petrosian,
4.-5. Korchnoi, Filip,
6.-8. Stein*, Benko[8]		 Tal, Keres Curaçao 1962
8 players, quadruple round robin
1. Petrosian;
2. Keres;[9] 3. Geller; 4. Fischer		 Petrosian Botvinnik (1961 champion) Moscow 1963
Petrosian won
12½–9½
1964–66 Amsterdam 1964
24 players,
single round robin, 6 qualified		 1.-4. Smyslov, Larsen, Spassky, Tal,
5. Stein*, 6. Bronstein*,
7. Ivkov,
8.-9. Portisch[10]		 Keres, (Botvinnik), Geller 1965:
8 players, matches

Semi-finals:
Spassky beat Geller
Tal beat Larsen		 Spassky
beat Tal in the final		 Petrosian (1963 champion) Moscow 1966
Petrosian won
12½–11½
1967–69 Sousse 1967
23 players,
single round robin, 6 qualified		 1. Larsen,
2.-4. Korchnoi, Geller, Gligorić,
5. Portisch,
6.-8. Reshevsky[11]		 Spassky, Tal 1968:
8 players, matches
Semi-finals:
Korchnoi beat Tal
Spassky beat Larsen		 Spassky
beat Korchnoi in the final		 Petrosian (1966 champion) Moscow 1969
Spassky won
12½–10½
1970–72 Palma de Mallorca 1970
24 players,
single round robin, 6 qualified		 1. Fischer,
2.-4. Larsen, Geller, Hübner, 5.-6. Taimanov, Uhlmann		 Petrosian, Korchnoi 1971:
8 players, matches
Semi-finals: Petrosian beat Korchnoi
Fischer beat Larsen		 Fischer
beat Petrosian in the final		 Spassky (1969 champion) Reykjavík 1972
Fischer won 12½–8½
1973–75 1973:
Two 18 players, single round robin Interzonals; 3 qualified from each		 Leningrad 1973:
1.-2. Korchnoi, Karpov,
3. Byrne;		 Spassky, Petrosian 1974:
8 players, matches

Semi-finals : Korchnoi beat Petrosian
Karpov beat Spassky		 Karpov
beat Korchnoi in the final		 Fischer (1972 champion) 1975:
Karpov won on forfeit
Petropolis 1973:
1.Mecking,
2.-4.: Portisch,
Polugaevsky[12]
1976–78 1976:
Two 20 players, single round robin Interzonals; 3 qualified from each		 Biel 1976:
1. Larsen,
2.-4. Petrosian, Portisch[13]		 Korchnoi, (Fischer), Spassky 1977-78:
8 players, matches

Semi-finals : Korchnoi beat Polugaevsky
Spassky beat Portisch		 Korchnoi
beat Spassky in the final (1977–78)		 Karpov (1975 champion) Baguio 1978
Karpov won 6–5
after 32 games
(draws not counting)
Manila 1976:
1. Mecking,
2.-3. Polugaevsky, Hort
1979–81 1979:
Two 18 players, single round robin Interzonals; 3 qualified from each		 Riga 1979:
1.-2. Tal, Polugaevsky,
3.-4. Adorján;[14]		 Korchnoi, Spassky 1980:
8 players, matches

Semi-finals: Korchnoi beat Polugaevsky
Hübner beat Portisch		 Korchnoi
beat Hübner in the final		 Karpov (1978 champion) Meran 1981
Karpov won 6–2
after 18 games
(draws not counting)
Rio de Janeiro 1979:
1.-3. Portisch, Petrosian, Hübner
1982–85 1982:
Three 14 players, single round robin Interzonals; 2 qualified from each		 Las Palmas 1982:
1. Ribli, 2. Smyslov;		 Korchnoi, Hübner 1983-84:
8 players, matches

Semi-finals: Kasparov beat Korchnoi
Smyslov beat Ribli		 Kasparov
beat Smyslov in the final (1984)		 Karpov (1981 champion) Moscow 1984-85
Unlimited match abandoned after 48 games with Karpov leading 5–3
(draws not counting)
Toluca 1982:
1.-2. Portisch, Torre
Moscow 1982:
1. Kasparov,
2. Beliavsky;
1985 Replay Karpov, Kasparov Moscow 1985
24 games match
Kasparov won 13–11
1986 Rematch Karpov,

Kasparov

 London/Leningrad 1986
Kasparov won 12½–11½
1985–87 1985:
Three 16–18 players, single round robin Interzonals; 4 qualified from each		 Biel 1985:
1. Vaganian, 2. Seirawan, 3. Sokolov,
4.-6. Short;[15]		 Korchnoi, Ribli, Smyslov, Spassky[16] (seeded in tournament)

Karpov (seeded in 1987 final)		 Montpellier 1985:
16 players,
single round robin tournament,

1.-3. Yusupov, Sokolov, Vaganian,
4.-5. Timman[17]		 Linares 1987:
Karpov
beat matches winner (Sokolov) in the final.		 Kasparov (1985 champion) Seville 1987
24 games match
Drawn 12–12,
Kasparov retained title
Taxco 1985:
1. Timman,
2. Nogueiras,
3. Tal, 4. Spraggett;
Tunis 1985:
1. Yusupov, 2. Beliavsky, 3. Portisch,
4.-5. Chernin[18]		 1986: 4 players played two rounds of matches: Yusupov beat Timman; Sokolov beat Vaganian and Yusupov.
1987–90 1987:
Three 17–18 players, single round robin Interzonals; 3 qualified from each		 Subotica 1987:
1.-3. Sax, Short, Speelman;		 Sokolov, Timman, Vaganian, Yusupov,
Spraggett[16]

Karpov (seeded in second round)		 1988: 14 players played one round of matches,

1989: Karpov joined winners in quarter finals

Semi-finals (1989):
Karpov beat Yusupov
Timman beat Speelman		 Karpov
beat Timman in the final (1990)		 Kasparov (1987 champion) New York/Lyon 1990
Kasparov won
12½–11½
Szirák 1987:
1.-2. Salov, Hjartarson,
3.-4. Portisch;[19]
Zagreb 1987:
1. Korchnoi,
2.-3. Seirawan, Ehlvest
1990–93 Manila 1990
64 players Swiss, 11 qualified		 1.-2. Gelfand, Ivanchuk,
3.-4. Anand, Short,
5.-11. Sax, Korchnoi, Hübner, Nikolić, Yudasin, Dolmatov, Dreev		 Timman, Yusupov, Speelman

Karpov (seeded in second round)		 1991: 14 players, played one round of matches,

1991: Karpov joined winners in quarter-finals

Semi-finals (1992):
Short beat Karpov
Timman beat Yusupov		 Short
beat Timman in the final (1993)		 Kasparov (1990 champion) London September–October 1993:
Kasparov defeated Short 13–8 under the auspices of the PCA;
Netherlands[20] /Jakarta[21] September–November 1993: Karpov defeated Timman 12½–8½ under the auspices of FIDE
1993–95 (PCA) Groningen December 1993
54 players Swiss, 7 qualified		 1.-2. Adams, Anand,
3.-7. Kamsky, Kramnik, Tiviakov, Gulko, Romanishin		 Short 1994-95:
8 players, matches
Semi-finals :
Kamsky beat Short
Anand beat Adams		 Anand
beat Kamsky in the final (1995)		 Kasparov (1993 PCA champion) New York
September–October 1995
20 games match
Kasparov won 10½–7½
1993–96 (FIDE) Biel July 1993
73 players Swiss, 10 qualified		 1. Gelfand,
2.-9. Van der Sterren, Kamsky, Khalifman, Adams, Yudasin, Salov, Lautier, Kramnik,
10.-15. Anand[22]		 Timman, Yusupov 1994: 12 players played two rounds of matches. Semi-finals (February 1995):
Karpov beat Gelfand,
Kamsky beat Salov		 Elista 1996
20 games match
Karpov won 10½–7½
Karpov (seeded in the semi-finals) 1995: Karpov joined winners (Gelfand, Kamsky, Salov) in the semi-finals.

Split titles (1997–2006)

After 1996, interzonals ceased to exist, but FIDE continued to organize qualifying zonal tournaments.

Classical championships (1998–2004)
Years Candidates format Seeded into Candidates Candidates Winner(s) Seeded in Final Championship Final
1998 (Classical) Cazorla, May–June 1998
10-game match		 Kramnik, Shirov
(on rating)[23]		 Shirov won 5½–3½ Kasparov
(1995 champion)		 Match never took place
2000 (Classical) None Two players seeded in final:

Kasparov (1995 champion); Kramnik (on rating)[24]		 London: October-
November 2000
16-game match
Kramnik won 8½–6½
2002–2004 (Classical) Dortmund July 2002
preliminaries: two four players double round robins;
Semi-finals: the first from each group met the second from the other group in mini-matches		 Preliminaries:[25]
group 1: 1. Shirov, 2.Topalov, 3.Gelfand, 4.Lutz
group 2: 1.Bareev, 2.Leko, 3.Adams, 4.Morozevich
Semi-finals :
Leko beat Shirov and Topalov beat Bareev.		 Leko
(beat Topalov in the final)		 Kramnik
(2000 classical champion)		 Brissago:
September–October 2004
14-game match
drawn 7–7,
Kramnik retained title
FIDE championships (1997–2005)
Years Candidates format Seeded into Candidates Finalists Championship Final
1997–1998 (FIDE) Groningen
December 1997,
7 round, mini-match, knockout tournament		 100 players,[26]
Quarter-finalists:
Adams, Van Wely, Short, Krasenkov, Gelfand, Dreev, Anand and Shirov.[27]		 Anand (beat Adams in candidates final)
Karpov (1996 FIDE champion)		 Lausanne:
January 1998
6-game match
Drawn 3–3;
Karpov won rapid playoff 2–0
1999 (FIDE) Las Vegas
July–August 1999,
7 round, mini-match, knockout tournament		 100 players,[28]
Quarter-finalists:
Kramnik, Adams, Movsesian, Akopian, Shirov, Nisipeanu, Khalifman and J. Polgar[29]		 Semi-finals:
Khalifman beat Nisipeanu,
Akopian beat Adams		 Las Vegas 1999
6-game match
Khalifman won 3½–2½
2000 (FIDE) New Delhi (6 rounds)/final in Tehran
November–December 2000
7 round, mini-match, knockout tournament with final match played in Tehran		 100 players,[30]
Quarter-finalists:
Anand, Khalifman, Adams, Topalov, Tkachiev, Grischuk, Shirov and Bareev[31]		 Semi-finals:
Anand beat Adams,
Shirov beat Grischuk		 Tehran
December 2000
6-game match
Anand won 3½–½
2001–2002 (FIDE) Moscow
November–December 2001
7 round, mini-match, knockout tournament with relatively quick time controls		 128 players,[32]
Quarter-finalists:
Anand, Shirov, Ivanchuk, Lautier, Svidler, Gelfand, Ponomariov and Bareev		 Semi-finals:
Ponomariov beat Svidler,
Ivanchuk beat Anand		 Moscow
January 2002
8-game match
Ponomariov won 4½–2½[33]
2004 (FIDE) Tripoli
June–July 2004
7 round, mini-match, knockout tournament with relatively quick time controls		 128 players,[34]
Quarter-finalists:
Topalov, Kharlov, Kasimdzhanov, Grischuk, Radjabov, Dominguez, Adams, Akopian[35]		 Semi-finals:
Adams beat Radjabov,
Kasimdzhanov beat Topalov		 Tripoli July 2004
6-game match
drawn 3–3;
Kasimdzhanov won rapid playoff 1½–½[33]
2005 (FIDE) None 8 players seeded in final:

Kasimdzhanov (FIDE champion); Adams (as FIDE 2004 finalist);
Anand, Morozevich, Topalov (on rating),
Leko (as classical 2004 finalist),[36]
J. Polgár and Svidler (on rating)		 San Luis: 8 players,
double round robin,
September–October 2005
1. Topalov : 10/14
2.-3. Anand and Svidler : 8½/14
4.Morozevich: 7/14
Reunification
2006 Reunification match Topalov (FIDE champion),
Kramnik (classical champion)		 Elista October 2006
12-game match
drawn 6–6,
Kramnik won rapid playoff 2½–1½

Reunified title (since 2007)

After the reunification of the FIDE and "classical" titles, the Chess World Cup and FIDE Grand Prix series were introduced as qualification for the Candidates Tournament. The Swiss-system FIDE Grand Swiss was introduced in the latter half of 2019, acting as another qualification path for the 2020 Candidates Tournament.[37]

Years Qualification format Qualifiers Seeded into Candidates Candidates Format Candidates Winner(s) Seeded in Final Championship Final
2005–2007 Chess World Cup 2005
Khanty-Mansiysk
November–December 2005
128 players, 7 round, mini-match, knockout tournament;
+ mini-matches to establish places 1 through 16.
top 10 qualify		 1.Ponomariov, 2.Aronian, (3.Bacrot,[38])
4.Grischuk, 5.Bareev, 6.Gelfand, 7.Rublevsky, 8.Gurevich, 9.Kamsky, 10.Carlsen, 11.Malakhov		 Kasimdzhanov, Leko, Adams,
J. Polgár
(5th-8th of 2005 championship),

Shirov, Bacrot
(on rating)		 Candidates Matches 2007
Elista:
May–June 2007
16 players,
two rounds of matches,

4 players qualify for championship tournament		 Aronian,
Gelfand,
Grischuk,
Leko[39]		 Anand, Svidler, Morozevich
(2nd–4th in 2005);

Kramnik[40]
(2006 Champion)		 Mexico City:
September 2007
8 players,
double round robin
1. Anand 9/14
2.-3. Kramnik and Gelfand: 8/14
2008 Rematch Kramnik, Anand Bonn October 2008
12-game match
Anand won 6½–4½ to retain the title.
2007–2010 Chess World Cup 2007
Khanty-Mansiysk
November–December 2007
128 players, 7 round, mini-match, knockout tournament		 Kamsky
beat A. Shirov 2½-1½ in the final.		 Topalov
(2005 FIDE champion)		 Candidates Match 2009
Sofia
February 2009,
8-game match		 Topalov won 4½-2½ Anand
(2008 champion)		 Sofia April–May 2010
12-game match
Anand won 6½–5½ to retain the title.
2008–2012 FIDE Grand Prix 2008–2010
2 qualified[41]		 Aronian, Radjabov
(Grischuk)[41]		 (Carlsen) Grischuk,[41] Kramnik
(on rating),

Kamsky,[42]
Topalov,[43][44]
Mamedyarov[45]		 Candidates Tournament 2011
Kazan,
May 2011,[46]
8 players, matches
Semifinals:
Gelfand defeated Kamsky;
Grischuk defeated Kramnik		 Gelfand defeated Grischuk in the final 3½–2½ Anand
(2010 champion)		 Moscow May 2012
12-game match drawn 6–6,

Anand won rapid playoff 2½–1½
to retain the title

Chess World Cup 2009
Khanty-Mansiysk
November–December 2009
128 players, 7 round, mini-match, knockout tournament (1st qualifies)		 Gelfand (beat Ponomariov in the final)
2011–2013 Chess World Cup 2011
Khanty-Mansiysk
August–September 2011
128 players, 7 round, mini-match, knockout tournament (top three qualify)		 Svidler, Grischuk, Ivanchuk Gelfand[47]
Carlsen, Aronian, Kramnik[48]
Radjabov[45]		 Candidates Tournament 2013
London[49]
March 2013
8 player double round-robin tournament		 Carlsen
(won Candidates Tournament on tie breaks)		 Anand
(2012 champion)		 Chennai, November 2013
12-game match
Carlsen won 6½–3½
2012–2014 FIDE Grand Prix 2012–2013
2 qualified		 Topalov, Mamedyarov Anand[50]

Aronian, Karjakin[51]

Svidler[45]		 Candidates Tournament 2014
Khanty-Mansiysk,[52]
March 2014[53]
8 player double round-robin tournament		 Anand Carlsen
(2013 champion)		 Sochi, November 2014
12-game match
Carlsen won 6½-4½ to retain the title
Chess World Cup 2013
Tromsø
August–September 2013
128 players, 7 round, mini-match, knockout tournament (top two qualify)		 Kramnik, Andreikin
2014–2016 FIDE Grand Prix 2014–15
2 qualified		 Caruana, Nakamura Anand[54]

Topalov, Giri (ratings)[55]

Aronian (wildcard)[55]		 Candidates Tournament 2016
Moscow, March 2016
8 player double round-robin tournament		 Karjakin Carlsen
(2014 champion)		 New York, November 2016
12-game match drawn 6–6
Carlsen won rapid playoff 3–1 to retain the title
Chess World Cup 2015
Baku
October 2015
128 players, 7 round, mini-match, knockout tournament (top two qualify)		 Svidler, Karjakin
2017–2018 FIDE Grand Prix 2017
Two qualify		 Mamedyarov, Grischuk Karjakin[56]

Caruana, So (ratings)[57]

Kramnik (wildcard)[57]		 Candidates Tournament 2018
Berlin, March 2018
8 player double round-robin tournament		 Caruana Carlsen
(2016 champion)		 London, November 2018
12-game match drawn 6–6
Carlsen won rapid playoff 3–0 to retain the title[58]
Chess World Cup 2017
Tbilisi
September 2017
128 players, 7 round, mini-match, knockout tournament (top two qualify)		 Aronian, Ding
2019–2021 FIDE Grand Prix 2019
Two qualify		 Grischuk, Nepomniachtchi Caruana[59]

Giri (ratings)

Alekseenko (wildcard)

Maxime Vachier-Lagrave (replacement for Radjabov)		 Candidates Tournament 2020-21
Yekaterinburg, Mar-Apr 2020
+ TBD, spring 2021
8 player double round-robin tournament		 TBD Carlsen (2018 Champion) TBD, late 2021
14-game match
Chess World Cup 2019
Khanty-Mansiysk
September–October 2019
128 players, 7 round, mini-match, knockout tournament (top two qualify)		 (Radjabov) Vachier-Lagrave, Ding
FIDE Grand Swiss Tournament 2019
Isle of Man, October 2019
154-player Swiss tournament (top player qualifies)[37]		 Wang Hao
Years Qualification format Qualifiers Seeded into Candidates Candidates Format Candidates Winner(s) Seeded in Final Championship Final

See also

Notes
  1. https://en.candidates-2020.com/news_1_26-03-2020
  2. Israel Horowitz, From Morphy to Fischer, Batsford, 1973, page 52
  3. Israel Horowitz, From Morphy to Fischer, Batsford, 1973, page 116
  4. Bondarevsky was replaced in Candidates tournament because of illness
  5. from previous Candidates
  6. from 1948 Championship
  7. Bled, Zagreb, Beograd
  8. In the play-off, Stein finished first before Benko, and Gligorić third. Stein was eliminated because only three soviet players could qualify from the interzonal to the candidates tournament.
  9. after playoff match against Geller
  10. Portisch beat Reshevsky in play-off.
  11. Hort and Stein were eliminated having a worse Berger tie-break (Neustadtl score), the play-off had ended with all players having 4 / 8.
  12. Geller eliminated after play-off
  13. Tal eliminated after play-off
  14. Ribli eliminated after playoff
  15. Van Der Wiel and Torre eliminated after playoff
  16. chosen by the organizating federation
  17. Timman eliminated Tal in play-off
  18. Gavrikov eliminated after playoff
  19. Nunn eliminated after Playoff
  20. Zwolle (games 1-3) / Arnhem (games 4-6) / Amsterdam (games 7-12)
  21. (games 13-21)
  22. Epichine, Lputian, Shirov, Ivanchuk and I. Sokolov were eliminated by the tie-break (sum of the opponents Elo ratings).
  23. Anand, as a participant in the FIDE world championship cycle, believed he was contractually obligated to not participate in a rival cycle.
  24. Negotiations for a 1999 match with Shirov or Anand failed, as did negotiations in 2000, with Anand expressing dissatisfaction with the contract.
  25. Kasparov declined the invitation, as did Anand and other players engaged in the FIDE championship.
  26. Top seed Kramnik refused to participate on the grounds that 1996 FIDE champion Karpov's direct entry into the final was unacceptable;
    1995 classical champion Kasparov, 1996 finalist Kamsky and 1996 Women champion Z. Polgar refused in advance to participate.
  27. Topalov, Ivanchuk, Beliavsky, Salov, Bareev, Georgiev, J. Polgar, Sadler, Akopian, Lautier were eliminated
  28. 1998 FIDE champion Karpov, 1998 FIDE finalist Anand (Anand was negotiating to play a match against Kasparov for his title) and 1995 classical champion Kasparov refused to participate
  29. 1998 classical championship candidates Shirov and Kramnik were eliminated by Nisipeanu and Adams in quarterfinals.
  30. Classical champions Kasparov, Kramnik and 1998 FIDE champion Karpov didn't participate
  31. Morozevich, Leko, Krasenkov, Kasimdzhanov, Svidler, Gelfand, Short, Smirin, Dreev, Azmaiparashvili, Rublevsky, Almasi, Xu Jun, Gurevich were eliminated
  32. Classical champions Kramnik and Kasparov didn't participate. All other strongest players of the world took part, including former winners of the FIDE World Championship Anand, Khalifman (eliminated in third round) and Karpov (eliminated in first round).
  33. Reunification Match with Kasparov never took place
  34. Kasparov, Anand, Kramnik, Svidler, Shirov, Ponomariov, Leko, J. Polgár, Gelfand, Bareev, Karpov and Israeli players refused to participate, Morozevich was absent before the first round
  35. Ivanchuk, Short, Malakhov, Nisipeanu, Sokolov, Dreev, Akopian, Bacrot, Gurevich, Rublevsky, were eliminated
  36. Kramnik (as classical 2004 finalist) declined the invitation, and Kasparov, who had retired from competition, were replaced by J. Polgar and Svidler on rating
  37. "FIDE Grand Swiss update". FIDE. 19 February 2019. Retrieved 4 April 2019.
  38. Bacrot was qualified on rating
  39. Aronian beat A.Shirov ; Leko beat Bareev ; Grischuk beat Rublevsky ; Gelfand beat Kamsky
  40. Topalov was replaced by Kramnik (2006 Champion)
  41. Grischuk, third of FIDE Grand Prix, replaced Carlsen after he withdrew.
  42. 2009 candidate, loser of the 2009 Challenger Match
  43. 2010 finalist, loser of 2010 World Chess Championship match
  44. FIDE to move Candidates Matches, Topalov threatens boycott
  45. Nominee of the organizing committee.
  46. chessbase.com; Pairings for Candidates Matches are released
  47. Loser of the 2012 World Championship match
  48. Top three rated players not already qualified
  49. Levitov announces FIDE plans for Candidates Tournament in the 2014 World Championship cycle
  50. Loser of the 2013 World Championship match
  51. Top two rated players not already qualified
  52. FIDE Calendar 2014
  53. FIDE announces dates for world chess championship cycles
  54. Loser of the 2014 World Championship match
  55. World Chess Candidates Tournament (FIDE)
  56. Loser of the 2016 World Championship match
  57. Kramnik to play 2018 Candidates
  58. World Chess London
  59. Loser of the 2018 World Championship match

References
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