Chernihiv

Chernihiv (Ukrainian: Чернігів, IPA: [tʃerˈn(j)iɦiu̯]) also known as Chernigov (Russian: Черни́гов, IPA: [tɕɪrˈnjiɡəf]; Polish: Czernihów, IPA: [tʂɛrˈɲixuf])[lower-alpha 1] is a historic city in northern Ukraine, which serves as the administrative center of the Chernihiv Oblast (province), as well as of the surrounding Chernihiv Raion (district) within the oblast. Administratively, it is incorporated as a city of oblast significance. Population is 286,899 (2020 est.)[2] . Although today it bears a tiny remnant, the city had a strong Jewish presence that was eliminated in several episodes of mass extermination during the Nazi occupation.[3]

Not to be confused with Chernivtsi.
Chernihiv

Чернігів
City of regional significance
From top, left to right: Trinity Monastery, Chernihiv Philharmony, Administrative building, The building of the former provincial zemstvo, Pyatnytska Church, and view of ancient Chernihiv with Transfiguration, Borys and Hlib Cathedrals and Chernihiv Collegium
Flag
Coat of arms
Nickname(s): 
City of Legends
Chernihiv
Location of Chernihiv in Ukraine
Chernihiv
Chernihiv (Ukraine)
Coordinates: 51°29′38″N 31°17′41″E
Country Ukraine
Oblast Chernihiv Oblast
MunicipalityChernihiv City municipality
First mentioned907
City Status907
Government
 • MayorVladyslav Atroshenko[1] (Native Home[1])
Area
 • Total79 km2 (31 sq mi)
Elevation
136 m (446 ft)
Population
 (2020)
 • Total286,899
 • Density1,547/km2 (4,010/sq mi)
Postal code
14000
Area code(s)(+380) 462
Vehicle registrationCB / 25
Websitechernigiv-rada.gov.ua

Geography

Chernihiv stands on the Desna River 150 km to the north-north-east of Kyiv .

The area was served by Chernihiv Shestovitsa Airport, and during the Cold War it was the site of Chernigov air base.

History

Chernihiv was first mentioned in the Rus'–Byzantine Treaty (907) (as Черниговъ (Chernigov)), but the time of establishment is not known. According to the items uncovered by archaeological excavations of a settlement which included artifacts from the Khazar Khaganate, it seems to have existed at least in the 9th century. Towards the end of the 10th century, the city probably had its own rulers. It was there that the Black Grave, one of the largest and earliest royal mounds in Eastern Europe, was excavated in the 19th century.

Imperial Russia Armorial of Little Russia with the coat of arms of Chernihiv

In the southern portion of the Kievan Rus' the city was the second by importance and wealth.[4] From the early 11th century it was the seat of powerful Grand Principality of Chernigov, whose rulers at times vied for power with Kyivan Grand Princes, and often overthrew them and took the primary seat in Kyiv for themselves. The grand principality was the largest in Kievan Rus and included not only the Severian towns but even such remote regions as Murom, Ryazan and Tmutarakan. The golden age of Chernihiv, when the city population peaked at 25,000, lasted until 1239 when the city was sacked by the hordes of Batu Khan, which started a long period of relative obscurity.

The area fell under the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in 1353. The city was burned again by Crimean khan Meñli I Giray in 1482 and 1497 and in the 15th to 17th centuries it changed hands several times between Lithuania, Muscovy (1408–1420 and from 1503), and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (1618–1648), where it was granted Magdeburg rights in 1623 and in 1635 became a seat of Chernihiv Voivodeship. The area's importance increased again in the middle of the 17th century during and after the Khmelnytsky Uprising. In the Hetman State Chernihiv was the city of deployment of Chernihiv Cossack regiment (both a military and territorial unit of the time).

Under the 1667 Treaty of Andrusovo the legal suzerainty of the area was ceded to Tsardom of Russia, with Chernihiv remaining an important center of the autonomous Cossack Hetmanate. With the abolishment of the Hetmanate, the city became an ordinary administrative center of the Russian Empire and a capital of local administrative units. The area in general was ruled by the Governor-General appointed from Saint Petersburg, the imperial capital, and Chernihiv was the capital of local namestnichestvo (province) (from 1782), Malorosiyskaya or Little Russian (from 1797) and Chernigov Governorate (from 1808).

According to the census of 1897, in the city of Chernihiv there were about 11,000 Jews out of the total population of 27,006. Their primary occupations were industrial and commercial. Many tobacco plantations and fruit gardens in the neighborhood were owned by Jews. There were 1,321 Jewish artisans in Chernihiv, including 404 tailors and seamstresses, but the demand for artisan labor was limited to the town. There were 69 Jewish day-laborers, almost exclusively teamsters. But few were engaged in the factories.[5]

During World War II, Chernihiv was occupied by the German Army from 9 September 1941 to 21 September 1943.

The Statue of Lenin on Myru Avenue was toppled on February 21, 2014, as part of the demolitions of the statues of Lenin in Ukraine.[6][7]

Architecture
See also: Ancient Chernihiv

Chernihiv's architectural monuments chronicle the two most flourishing periods in the city's history - those of Kievan Rus' (11th and 12th centuries) and of the Cossack Hetmanate (late 17th and early 18th centuries.)

The oldest church in the city and one of the oldest churches in Ukraine is the 5-domed Transfiguration Cathedral, commissioned in the early 1030s by Mstislav the Bold and completed several decades later by his brother, Yaroslav the Wise. The Cathedral of Sts Boris and Gleb, dating from the mid-12th century, was much rebuilt in succeeding periods, before being restored to its original shape in the 20th century. Likewise built in brick, it has a single dome and six pillars. The crowning achievement of Chernihiv masters was the exquisite Pyatnytska Church, constructed at the turn of the 12th and 13th centuries. This graceful building was seriously damaged in the Second World War; its original medieval outlook was reconstructed to a design by Peter Baranovsky.

  • Regimental Chancellery building.
  • Eletsky monastery cathedral was modeled after that of Kyiv Pechersk Lavra. Note the contrast between its austere 12th-century walls and baroque 17th-century domes.
  • Chernihiv Philharmony
  • Hotel Desna.
  • Tarnovsky Museum of antiquities.

The earliest residential buildings in the downtown date from the late 17th century, a period when a Cossack regiment was deployed there. Two most representative residences are those of Polkovnyk Lyzohub (1690s) and Polkovnyk Polubutok (18th century). The former mansion, popularly known as the Mazepa House, used to contain the regiment's chancellery. One of the most profusely decorated Cossack structures is undoubtedly the ecclesiastical collegium, surmounted by a bell-tower (1702). The archbishop's residence was constructed nearby in the 1780s. St Catherine Church (1715), with its 5 gilded pear domes, traditional for Ukrainian architecture, is thought to have been intended as a memorial to the regiment's exploits during the storm of Azov in 1696.

Monasteries

All through the most trying periods of its history, Chernihiv retained its ecclesiastical importance as the seat of bishopric or archbishopric. At the outskirts of the modern city lie two ancient cave monasteries, formerly used as the bishops' residences.

The caves of the Eletsky Monastery are said to predate those of the Kyiv Pechersk Lavra (Kyiv Monastery of the Caves). Its magnificent 6-pillared cathedral was erected at the turn of the 11th and 12th centuries; some traces of its 750-year-old murals may still be seen in the interior. After the domes collapsed in 1611, they were augmented and reconstructed in the Ukrainian baroque style. The wall, monastic cells, and bell-tower all date from the 17th century. The nearby mother superior's house is thought to be the oldest residential building in the Left-Bank Ukraine. The cloister's holiest icon used to be that of Theotokos, who made her epiphany to Svyatoslav of Chernigov on 6 February 1060. The icon, called Eletskaya after the fir wood it was painted upon, was taken to Moscow by Svyatoslav's descendants, the Baryatinsky family, in 1579.

The nearby Chernihiv Glory Memorial we can find Saint Anthony Caves of Saint Elijah and the Holy Trinity features a small eponymous church, which was constructed 800 years ago. The roomy Trinity cathedral, one of the most imposing monuments of the Cossack baroque, was erected between 1679 and 1689. Its refectory, with the adjoining church of Presentation to the Temple, was finished by 1679. There are also the 17th-century towered walls, monastic cells, and the five-tiered belfry from the 1780s.

Other historic abbeys may be visited in the vicinity of Chernihiv; those in Kozelets and Hustynya contain superb samples of Ukrainian national architecture.

Economy

Industry

Cheksil is one of the largest enterprises in the textile industry in Ukraine based in Chernihiv. The first stage of the plant was put into operation in 1963.[8]The city has also the Musical Instrument Factory established in 1933. In 1995 was established a manufacturer of goods for animals, called COLLAR Company established by Yuri Sinitsa.[9][10][11]

Education
Chernihiv National University of Technology

Chernihiv has a Chernihiv National University of Technology, Chernihiv State Technological University and Taras Shevchenko National University "Chernihiv College".

Transport

Train
Chernihiv Ovruch railway in Chernihiv

Chernihiv has a train station with bus station called Chernihiv Ovruch railway. Narrow gauge railway of 76 versts was laid from the Kruty station of the Moscow Kyiv-Voronezh railway towards Chernihiv. In 1893, on the left bank of the Desna River, in the area of a modern automobile bridge, a railway station was built along the Kyiv highway. Passengers were delivered here from the city and back by horse transport. In 1925, traffic was opened on the Nizhyn - Chernigov section of the Southwest Railway. But the appearance of railway transport in Chernihiv was postponed until 1928 (the bridge over the Desna River was not ready and the trains still arrived on the left bank, where the old narrow-gauge railway station was located, from where passengers got to Chernihiv by road bridge). According to 2006 data, the volume of freight traffic is 84,737 wagons per year. Over 4.5 million passengers are transported each year. However, the condition of the rolling stock and the quality of the services provided do not meet modern requirements. Since the introduction of the new high-speed train timetable, the trailed wagons of the 93/94 Chernigov - Odessa train were canceled. As of 2015, regular trains Minsk - Odessa, St. Petersburg - Kyiv / Kharkiv run through Chernihiv, and there are direct connections with Moscow. Trains to Crimea (Simferopol, Feodosia) were canceled from December 27, 2014.

Air transport

The area was served by Chernihiv Shestovitsa Airport, and during the Cold War it was the site of Chernigov air base. The close airport is in Kyiv at the Boryspil Airport located 143.1 kilometres (89 miles) away, and the smaller, municipally owned Zhulyany Airport located 158.7 km away on the southern outskirts of the city of Kyiv.

Bus
Trolleybus in Chernihiv

The best way here from Kyiv is on a marshrutka from Chernihivska and Lisova metro station (100uah, two hours, around every 30 minutes), which drop off outside McDonald's (on pr Pobedy). Buses for Novhorod-Siversky leave hourly from Chernihiv's Central bus station (65uah, three hours), located near the Chernihiv train station.

Local public transport

Public transport includes buses and trolleybuses. There is no direct connection between railway station and Chernihiv-1 bus station to the most central sights on the Val - you will have to take any trolleybus or bus from the station to crossing of Prospekt Mira and Prospekt Pobedy (Hotel Ukraine stop; look for the end of the boulevard along Prospekt Mira near it), and than walk through historical centre a little. Trolleybus 1 and bus 38 will take you even one stop further, to Drama Theater stop near Pyatnickaya church, but no further. Consult map, as different routes come to Hotel "Ukraine" from different sides, you will have to walk along Prospekt Mira along its continuation after boulevard ends.

Sports & Facilities
See also: List of Chernihiv Sport Teams

FC Desna Chernhiv
Players of FC Desna Chernihiv 2014-05-22

The main Football club of Chernihiv is called FC Desna Chernihiv, the original name of the club was "Avanhard Chernihiv" during its first year of existence. Between 1961 and 1970 the club was called Desna. In 1972 it was replaced with SC Chernihiv (team of the SKA Kyiv) that played in Chernihiv for the next couple of years. In 1977 Desna was revived now in place of the amateur club "Khimik Cherhihiv" that won regional competitions. On 27 May 2018, the team got promoted to the Ukrainian Premier League for the first time in their history. The original team colours were blue shirts, blue shorts, blue socks. The team got into the Quarterfinals of the Ukrainian Cup in the season 2017-18 against Dynamo Kyiv. The club and during the season 2019-20 got again into the Quarterfinals of the Ukrainian Cup for the second time of the history of the club. In Premier League in the season 2019–20, Desna got into the play-offs for the Championship round table and qualified mathematically at least for the Europa League third qualifying round, for the first time in the history of the Club since 1960.[12]

FC Chernihiv

FC Chernihiv is another club in the city of Chernihiv, founded in 2003, which they play in [[Chernihiv Arena, they won the Chernihiv Oblast Football Championship. The club in 2020, got a certificate for vistup to participate for the Ukrainian Second League for the season 2020–21. For the first time in the entire history, the place will be represented in professional football by two teams, one of which is FC Desna Chernihiv.[13]

WFC Lehenda-ShVSM Chernihiv

WFC Lehenda-ShVSM Chernihiv is Ukrainian professional women's football club from Chernihiv. The team won 6 times the Top Division, four times the Women's Cup and been in both competition second only behind Zhytlobud-1 Kharkiv. The club won also the Italy Women's Cup in 2007. In the 2001–02, 2003–04, 2006–07 seasons they played in the UEFA Women's Cup.

Sport Complex
See also: List of Chernihiv Sport Complex

Stadion Yuri Gagarin
Stadion Yuri Gagarin in Chernihiv

The Club of FC Desna Chernihiv played at the Olympic sports training center "Chernihiv" (formerly Stadion Yuriya Gagarina). The Stadion Yuri Gagarin in Chernihiv and it was built in 1936 for 3,000 spectators in eastern portion of a city park (garden) that exists since 1804 and where previously was located residence of the Chernihiv Archbishops.

Chernihiv Arena

The city of Chernihiv has also another sport complex called Chernihiv Arena (Lokomotiv Stadium) in Kil'tseva St, 2а, Chernihiv, Chernihiv Oblast, Ukraine, 14039. Here play the club FC Chernihiv, WFC Lehenda-ShVSM Chernihiv the Ukrainian professional women's football club of city and sometimes FC Desna-2 Chernihiv.

Rivers in Chernihiv

Desna River

The city of Chernihiv is crossed by Desna River which is a river in Russia and Ukraine, a major left tributary of the Dnieper river. The word means "right hand" in the Old East Slavic language. Its length is 1,130 km (702 mi), and its drainage basin covers 88,900 km2 (34,324 sq mi).

In Ukraine, the river's width ranges from 60 to 250 metres (200 to 820 ft), with its average depth being 3 m (10 ft). The mean annual discharge at its mouth is 360 m3/s (13,000 cu ft/s). The river freezes over from early December to early April, and is navigable from Novhorod-Siverskyi to its mouth, which totals about 535 km (332 mi).

Snov River

Chernihiv has also The Snov river in Bryansk Oblast in Russia and Chernihiv Oblast in Ukraine, right tributary of the Desna River (Dnieper's basin). The length of the river is 253 km. The area of its drainage basin is 8,700 km2.The Snov freezes up in November - late January and stays icebound until March - early April. Part of the river forms the Russia–Ukraine border.

According to Ruthenian chronicles, in 1068 at Snov River took place a battle between Duke of Chernihiv Sviatoslav Yaroslavich and Cumans led by their Duke Sharukan.

Climate

Chernihiv has a humid continental climate (Köppen Dfb) with cold, cloudy and snowy winters, and warm, sunny summers. The average annual temperature for Chernihiv is 7.0 °C (44.6 °F), ranging from a low of −5.6 °C (21.9 °F) in January to a high of 19.5 °C (67.1 °F) in July. Precipitation is well distributed throughout the year though precipitation is higher during the summer months and lower during the winter months. The record high was 39.0 °C (102.2 °F) and the record low was −36.0 °C (−32.8 °F).

Climate data for Chernihiv
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 9.6
(49.3)		 16.2
(61.2)		 22.3
(72.1)		 28.9
(84.0)		 33.5
(92.3)		 39.0
(102.2)		 38.9
(102.0)		 38.0
(100.4)		 32.6
(90.7)		 27.8
(82.0)		 18.4
(65.1)		 14.0
(57.2)		 39.0
(102.2)
Average high °C (°F) −3.1
(26.4)		 −1.9
(28.6)		 3.8
(38.8)		 13.0
(55.4)		 20.0
(68.0)		 23.3
(73.9)		 25.2
(77.4)		 24.3
(75.7)		 18.5
(65.3)		 11.5
(52.7)		 3.8
(38.8)		 −1.2
(29.8)		 11.4
(52.6)
Daily mean °C (°F) −5.6
(21.9)		 −4.9
(23.2)		 −0.1
(31.8)		 8.0
(46.4)		 14.4
(57.9)		 17.8
(64.0)		 19.5
(67.1)		 18.4
(65.1)		 12.9
(55.2)		 6.9
(44.4)		 1.0
(33.8)		 −3.4
(25.9)		 7.1
(44.7)
Average low °C (°F) −8.7
(16.3)		 −8.2
(17.2)		 −3.7
(25.3)		 3.3
(37.9)		 8.9
(48.0)		 12.4
(54.3)		 14.2
(57.6)		 13.1
(55.6)		 8.0
(46.4)		 2.9
(37.2)		 −1.6
(29.1)		 −6.1
(21.0)		 2.9
(37.2)
Record low °C (°F) −36
(−33)		 −33.9
(−29.0)		 −29.9
(−21.8)		 −13.9
(7.0)		 −2.2
(28.0)		 1.1
(34.0)		 3.9
(39.0)		 2.0
(35.6)		 −4.3
(24.3)		 −10.8
(12.6)		 −23.5
(−10.3)		 −28
(−18)		 −36
(−33)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 41.2
(1.62)		 35.1
(1.38)		 35.5
(1.40)		 44.4
(1.75)		 50.8
(2.00)		 82.9
(3.26)		 83.8
(3.30)		 66.2
(2.61)		 58.4
(2.30)		 38.8
(1.53)		 45.6
(1.80)		 45.5
(1.79)		 628.2
(24.73)
Average precipitation days 20.4 17.9 14.6 11.1 10.2 10.4 8.2 8.6 9.5 11.4 15.8 19.7 157.8
Average snowy days 16 13 8 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 8 15 64
Average relative humidity (%) 85.5 81.6 75.1 64.0 63.3 66.7 68.6 68.4 74.8 80.4 87.3 88.0 75.3
Mean monthly sunshine hours 49.6 70.0 127.1 201.0 279.0 285.0 303.8 275.9 183.0 120.9 36.0 34.1 1,965.4
Source 1: Climatebase.ru[14]
Source 2: Weatherbase[15]
Panoramic view of the Krasna Square
Chernihiv panorama from Desna River to Catherine's Church

Notable people

International relations

Twin towns - Sister cities

Chernihiv is currently twinned with:

Footnotes
  1. Other English renditions of Чернигов include Tchernigov, Tschernigow, Tschernigov, Chernigiv and Chernigow.

Bibliography
  • Ocherk istorii goroda Chernigova 907–1907 gg. (Chernihiv 1908)
  • Hrushevs'kyi, M. (ed). Chernihiv i Pivnichne Livoberezhzhia (Kyiv 1928)
  • Martin Dimnik. The Dynasty of Chernigov, 1146-1246.
  • Rybakov, B. Drevnosti Chernigova (Moscow 1949)
  • Ignatkin, I. Chernigov (Kyiv 1955)
  • Iedomakha, I. Chernihiv (Kyiv 1958)
  • Logvin, G.N. (Г. Н. Логвин) (1965). Chernigov, Novgorod-Seversky, Glukhov, Putivl (Чернигов, Новгород-Северский, Глухов, Путивль) (in Russian). Moscow.
  • Asieiev, Iu. Arkhitektura Kyïvs'koï Rusi (Kyiv 1969)
  • Karnabida, A. Chernihiv. Istorychno-arkhitekturnyi narys (Kyiv 1969)
  • (1972) Історіа міст і сіл Української CCP - Чернігівська область (History of Towns and Villages of the Ukrainian SSR - Chernihiv Oblast), Kiev. (in Ukrainian)
  • Asieiev, Iu. Dzherela. Mystetstvo Kyïvs'koï Rusi (Kyiv 1980)
  • Pyotr Rappoport (П. А. Раппопорт) (1993). Ancient Russian Architecture (Древнерусская архитектура) (in Russian). Saint-Petersburg.

Notes
  1. Small biography on Vladyslav Atroshenko, Civil movement "Chesno" (in Ukrainian)
  2. "Чисельність наявного населення України (Actual population of Ukraine)" (PDF) (in Ukrainian). State Statistics Service of Ukraine. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
  3. http://jewua.org/chernigov
  4. Nasledie Svyatoy Rusi Archived 2018-04-02 at the Wayback Machine URL accessed on January 12, 2006
  5. jewishencyclopedia.com Copy from 12-volume Jewish Encyclopedia, which was originally published between 1901-1906.
  6. ""Leninopad" continues – monuments dismantled in Dnipropetrovsk, Poltava and Chernihiv". Ukrayinska Pravda. 2014-02-22.
  7. The monument of Lenin in Chernigov has fallen on YouTube
  8. "КОМПАНІЯ "ЧЕКСІЛ"". wwww.chernigiv-rada.gov.ua. Retrieved 3 November 2020.
  9. "Collar". www.findtm.ru. Retrieved 2 January 2021.
  10. "ЮРИЙ СИНИЦА – ГЕНЕРАТОР ИДЕЙ". www.zoomir.ru. Retrieved 2 January 2021.
  11. "Yuri Sinitsa, the COLLAR Company owner, became one of the winners!". www.collarglobal.com. Retrieved 2 January 2021.
  12. "FC Desna Chernihiv qualified for the Europa League for the first time since 1960". thetimeshub.in. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
  13. "FC Chernihiv". www.svoboda.fm. Retrieved 22 August 2020.
  14. "Climate Data for Chernihiv, Ukraine 1949-2011". Climatebase. Retrieved March 1, 2013.
  15. "Weatherbase: Historical Weather for Chernihiv, Ukraine". Weatherbase. Retrieved March 1, 2013.
  16. "Tarnobrzeg Official Website - Partner Cities". (in Polish) Urząd Miasta Tarnobrzeg. Archived from the original on 2007-12-18. Retrieved 2008-10-23.
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