Cloverly Formation

The Cloverly Formation rests disconformably on the Morrison Formation and is conformably overlain by the Thermopolis Shale. It is subdivided into a variety of members, depending on the location.[3][5] In the Bighorn Basin along the Montana-Wyoming border, Moberly (1960) divided the Cloverly into the following three members:

• The Pryor Conglomerate lies at the base and contains abundant black chert. It is named from thick beds exposed on the west side of the Pryor Mountains.
• The Little Sheep Member lies in the middle and is composed of pale-purple, gray to almost white, bentonitic mudstone.
• The uppermost unit is the Himes Member, which contains some coarse-grained channel sandstone deposits, but consists primarily of brightly multicolored (variegated) mudstones.

In contrast, Ostrom (1970) divided the formation into four units, which he named Units IV-VII:

• Unit IV equates to the Pryor Conglomerate of Moberly and consists of a conglomerate or conglomeratic sandstone.
• Unit V, overlaying Unit IV, consists of a lower grey-to-purple claystone with abundant fist-sized chalcedony and barite concretions; the unit is highly bentonitic and contains occasional channel sands.
• Unit VI is a discontinuous "salt and pepper" cross-stratified channel sandstone with occasional conglomerate, considered by Moberly to be part of the Himes Member.
• Unit VII, the uppermost, is a maroon to orange claystone with occasional highly rounded and polished pebbles of silica. [6]

Radiometric dating by the fission track method has yielded dates of 115 ± 10 Ma (million years ago) for the lower part of the Little Sheep Member[2] and 108.5 ± 0.2 Ma near the top of that member,[7] confirming that the Cloverly Formation is of Aptian to Albian age.

The sediments of the Cloverly Formation were deposited in alluvial and floodplain environments. The basal conglomerates probably represent braided river deposits, while the sandstones were deposited in fluvial channels. The mudstones that contain most of the fossils represent overbank, lacustrine, and pedogenic deposits.[3][5][8]

Animals recovered include the dinosaurs Deinonychus, Microvenator, Tenontosaurus, Zephyrosaurus and Sauropelta as well as fragmentary remains of Titanosaurs and Ornithomimids. As well, two genera of turtle Naomichelys and Glyptops and the lungfish Ceratodus.

Dinosaur eggs have been found in Montana.[9]

References for data: Ostrom 1970; Cifelli et al. 1998; Cifelli 1999; Nydam and Cifelli 2002. Possible goniopholidid remains are known from the formation.

Ornithischians

Ornithischians reported from the Cloverly Formation
Genus	Species	State	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Aquilops[10]	A. americanus	Montana	Cloverly VII[10]		A basal neoceratopsian.	Aquilops Sauropelta Tenontosaurus Zephyrosaurus being attacked by Deinonychus
Sauropelta[11]	S. edwardsorum[11]	Montana[11] Wyoming[11]		Known from "several articulated skeletons" and its armor plates are common fossils.[11] Only one partial skull is known."."[12]	Articulated skeletons are often encased in carbonate caliche deposits that require acid to be removed safely.[11]
Tenontosaurus[11]	T. tilleti[11]	Montana[11] Wyoming[13]		Its remains are the most common of any dinosaur of the formation.[11]	Juvenile remains are sometimes found together, suggesting that young Tenontosaurus lived in sibling groups. Deinonychus teeth are sometimes associated with Tenontosaurus remains suggesting a predator–prey relationship between the two.[11]
Zephyrosaurus[11]	Z. schaffi[11]	Montana[11]		Its remains are "very rare."[11]

Saurischians

Theropod eggshell fragments are known from the formation. Unidentifiable ornithomimid remains are present and most commonly represented by toe bones.[11] Indeterminate allosauroid remains are known from the formation. Remains identified by John Ostrom as Ornithomimus are suspected by Jack Horner to be of a new ornithomimid genus.[11]

Color key Taxon Reclassified taxon Taxon falsely reported as present Dubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon		Notes Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited.

Saurischians reported from the Cloverly Formation
Genus	Species	State	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Acrocanthosaurus[14]	A. atokensis[14]	Wyoming[14]	Cloverly VII[14]			Acrocanthosaurus Deinonychus Microvenator Sauroposeidon
Deinonychus[11]	D. antirrhopus[11]	Montana[11] Wyoming[13]		Its remains are "very rare."[11]	Tenontosaurus remains have been recovered in association with Deinonychus teeth on several occasions suggesting a predator–prey relationship between the two.[11]
Microvenator[11]	M. celer[11]	Montana[11] Wyoming[13]		Its remains are "extremely rare."[11] Known only from a "[p]artial skeleton with partial skull."[15] The specimen lacks feet and is catalogued as AMNH 3041.[16]	The type specimen AMNH 3041[11] was recovered by Barnum Brown from Cloverly strata in Montana in 1933.
Ornithomimus[17]	O. velox[17]	Montana[9] Wyoming[13]			Later found to be indeterminate ornithomimid remains.[17]
Rugocaudia[18]	R. cooneyi[18]	Montana[18]
Sauroposeidon[19]	S. proteles	Wyoming[14]	Cloverly VII[14]

Mammals

Mammals reported from the Cloverly Formation
Genus	Species	State	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Corviconodon	C. montanensis					Gobiconodon
Gobiconodon	G. ostromi
Montanalestes	M. keeblerorum

Bony fish

Indeterminate amiiformes are known from the formation.

Osteichthyes reported from the Cloverly Formation
Genus	Species	State	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Ceratodus[11]	C. frazieri[11]
	C. nirumbee[20]					Ceratodus

• List of dinosaur-bearing rock formations
• Cloverly Fauna

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cloverly Formation.

• Burton, D., Greenhalgh, B.W., Britt, B.B., Kowallis, B.J., Elliott, W.S., and Barrick, R. 2006. New radiometric ages from the Cedar Mountain Formation, Utah and the Cloverly Formation, Wyoming: implications for contained dinosaur faunas. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs 38(7): 52.
• Chen, Z.-Q. and Lubin, S. 1997. A fission track study of the terrigenous sedimentary sequences of the Morrison and Cloverly Formations in northeastern Bighorn Basin, Wyoming. The Mountain Geologist 34:51-62.
• Cifelli, R.L. 1999. Tribosphenic mammal from the North American Early Cretaceous. Nature 401:363-366.
• Cifelli, R.L., Wible, J.R., and Jenkins, F.A. 1998. Triconodont mammals from the Cloverly Formation (Lower Cretaceous), Montana and Wyoming. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 18: 237-241.
• Horner, John R. Dinosaurs Under the Big Sky (Cloverly Formation). Mountain Press Publishing Company. pp. 93–100. ISBN 0-87842-445-8.
• Nydam, R.L., and Cifelli, R.L. 2002. Lizards from the Lower Cretaceous (Aptian-Albian) Antlers and Cloverly Formations. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 22: 286-298.
• Ostrom, J. H. 1970. Stratigraphy and paleontology of the Cloverly Formation (Lower Cretaceous) of the Bighorn Basin area, Wyoming and Montana. Peabody Museum Bulletin 35:1-234
• Varricchio, D. J. 2001. Late Cretaceous oviraptorosaur (Theropoda) dinosaurs from Montana. pp. 42–57 in D. H. Tanke and K. Carpenter (eds.), Mesozoic Vertebrate Life. Indiana University Press, Indianapolis, Indiana.
• Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.): The Dinosauria, 2nd, Berkeley: University of California Press. 861 pp. ISBN 0-520-24209-2.